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A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


BY 
FREDERICK  WARREN  SANFORD 

ASSOCIATE  PROFESSOR  OF  LATIN  IN  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  NEBRASKA 

AND 


HARRY  FLETCHER  SCOTT 

ASSOCIATE  PROFESSOR  OF  LATIN  IN 
OHIO  UNIVERSITY,  ATHENS,  OHIO 


SCOTT,  FORESMAN  AND  COMPANY 

CHICAGO  NEW  YORK 


ii^u-^ 


»  •   •     •   ^      « 


«  ■  •    *  >   '   «      • 


Copyright  1919,  1922 

BY 

Scott,  Foresman  and  Company 


This  hook  is  dedicated  to  the 
memory  of 

Harold  W.  Johnston 

hy  the  authors 

who  count  it  an  honor  to  have  been 

numbered  among  his  pupils 


iviie50132 


PREFACE 

The  purpose  of  this  book  is  to  furnish  sufficiently  easy 
leading  material  for  pupils  in  the  second  year  of  their  Latin 
study,  and  also  to  provide  the  opportunity  for  drill  on  forms 
which  have  not  been  a  part  of  the  work  of  the  first  year. 

Children  demand  an  early  introduction  to  connected  dis- 
course, which  is  the  purpose  of  language.  It  is  important 
that  their  earlier  Latin  readings  shall  be  well  within  their 
powers.  Not  all  difficulties  can  be  eliminated.  Difficul- 
ties are  inherent  in  a  highly  inflected  language.  Not  all 
should  be  eliminated.  But  the  difficulties  should  be  sur- 
mountable, with  a  view  to  the  pupil's  legitimate  satisfaction 
from  day  to  day.  It  happens  that  no  Latin  author  saw  fit 
to  write  simple  Latin  stories  for  children.  The  best  substi- 
tute for  such  material  seems  to  be  a  simplified  form  of  narra- 
tive based  more  or  less  directly  on  ancient  authors.  This 
volume  aims  to  serve  the  purpose  indicated.  Its  plan  is  as 
follows: 

I.  Ten  review  lessons  are  given,  dealing  with  forms  and 
constructions  from  the  work  of  the  first  year.  These  lessons 
(pages  301  ff.)  follow  the  text  of  Caesar,  and  they  may  be 
omitted  by  teachers  who  prefer  to  do  so.  But  many  teachers 
will  find  it  worth  while  to  spend  the  time  necessary  to  cover 
them.  Summer  vacations  have  a  well-known  power  to  dim 
the  knowledge  acquired  the  preceding  year. 

II.  All  forms  and  uses  of  the  subjunctive  are  omitted 
from  the  first-year  book  of  this  series.  In  order  that  pupils 
may  have  the  opportunity  to  apply  in  the  most  effective  way 
knowledge  already  gained  before  attacking  new  modal  forms 
and  uses,  a  number  of  pages  of  simple  reading  matter  have 
been  provided.  These  consist  of  the  stories  of  Perseus  and 
Hercules  from   Ritchie's   Fabulae   Faciles,   a   book   published 

vii 


viii  PREFACE 

in  England,  but  well  known  and  much  used  in  this  country. 
The  Latin  is  simple,  the  stories  are  interestingly  told,  the 
vocabulary  is  well  selected.  As  here  presented,  neither  storj^ 
contains  subjunctives,  a  fact  which  has  made  alterations 
necessary  in  certain  parts  of  the  Hercules. 

III.  The  inflections  and  principles  of  syntax  which  were 
postponed  from  the  first  book  are  next  given  in  a  series  of 
thirty-five  lessons.  The  number  of  subjunctive  constructions 
has  been  kept  within  reasonable  limits.  If  pupils  carry  Latin 
but  two  years,  elaborate  study  of  the  subjunctive  is  inappro- 
priate. If  they  go  further,  other  uses  are  best  taken  up  in 
connection  with  the  reading  of  more  advanced  Latin.  These 
lessons  include  a  number  of  case  uses,  together  with  some 
pronouns,  adjectives,  and  irregular  verbs  which  are  commonly 
given  in  the  first  year's  work  of  the  four-year  high  school, 
but  which  many  teachers  prefer  to  postpone  to  a  later  part 
of  the  course. 

IV.  A  third  story  from  Fabulae  Faciles  follows,  that  of 
the  Argonauts.  Only  minor  changes  from  the  original  form 
are  made  in  this  story.  The  pupil  here  finds  subjunctive 
constructions  amply  illustrated. 

V.  The  stories  from  Roman  history  contain,  first  of  all, 
legends  of  early  Rome  recounted  in  the  first  book  of  Livy. 
They  are  given  in  a  greatly  simplified  form  in  respect  to 
vocabulary,  constructions,  sentence  length,  and  order  of 
words.  The  same  ground  was  covered  by  the  French  teacher 
Lhomond  in  the  eighteenth  centurj^  In  this  book,  however, 
all  the  stories  of  the  kings  and  several  of  the  earlier  biograph- 
ical sketches  of  notables  of  the  republic  have  been  written 
anew  from  the  sources  without  reference  to  Lhomond 's  w^ork 
and  in  much  simpler  form  than  his  sketches.  The  later 
biographies  have  been  adapted  from  his  Urbis  Romae  Viri 
Illustres,  considerably  simplified  and  shortened. 

VI.  The  reading  matter  concludes  with  the  first  book  of 
Caesar's  Gallic  War  in  simplified  form.     In  altering  the  text 


PREFACE  '  ix 

the  authors  have  intended  to  smooth  away  the  more  serious 
difficulties  and  yet  to  leave  the  essential  Caesarean  qualities 
intact.  Involved  sentences  have  been  simplified  by  being 
broken  up  into  shorter  sentences.  All  but  very  brief  passages 
in  indirect  discourse  have  been  converted  to  the  direct  form. 
The  second  part  of  the  book,  beginning  with  the  thirtieth 
chapter,  and  weighted  in  the  original  text  with  indirect  dis- 
course, is  thus  reduced  to  a  fairly  easy  narrative.  It  is  one 
of  the  most  attractive  portions  of  the  Gallic  War.  Its  graphic 
account  of  Caesar's  dealings  with  the  German  king  Ariovis- 
tus,  who  had  come  into  Alsace  to  stay,  but  did  not  stay, 
commands  the  unflagging  attention  of  any  pupil,  if  the  diffi- 
culties of  the  language  are  not  beyond  his  powers  of  mastery. 
The  authors  hope  that  the  reading  of  a  portion  of  Caesar's 
narrative  in  simplified  form  may  serve  to  give  some  knowledge 
of  the  character  of  this  work  which  has  so  long  held  its  place 
among  the  masterpieces  of  prose  narrative. 

VII.  To  the  end  of  the  Roman  stories  the  text  is  furnished 
with  page  vocabularies,  a  feature  of  long  standing  in  the  Lake 
Classical  Series.  At  the  place  of  first  occurrence  the  defini- 
tion of  each  word,  except  proper  nouns  and  adjectives,  is  pre- 
sented on  the  same  page  with  the  text.  This  plan  causes  a 
saving  of  the  pupil's  time  and  makes  possible  effective  vocab- 
ulary drill.  In  making  up  this  page  vocabulary,  however, 
many  of  the  words  appearing  in  the  first-year  book  of  this 
series  have  been  omitted,  and  words  in  the  vocabularies  of 
the  thirty-five  lessons  have  not  been  repeated  in  the  page 
vocabularies  attached  to  the  stories  following  the  Lessons. 
The  final  vocabulary  contains  all  words  in  the  selections 
for  reading  and  the  exercises,  including  proper  nouns  and 
adjectives. 

VIII.  Exercises  in  composition  are  given,  one  for  each 
week  of  the  time  likely  to  be  available  after  the  Lessons  are 
completed.  An  English-Latin  vocabulary  accompanies  the 
composition  section. 


X  PREFACE 

IX.  In  keeping  with  the  present  practice  in  high-school 
textbooks,  a  Grammatical  Appendix  displays  the  declensions 
and  conjugations  and  the  leading  principles  of  syntax  for 
convenient  reference.  The  authors  believe  that  it  contains 
all  the  grammatical  material  essential  at  this  stage  of  the 
pupil's  studies. 

X.  A  capable  teacher  finds  in  each  day's  reading  lesson 
ample  material  for  the  study  of  English  derivatives.  As  a 
supplement  to  such  work,  this  book  contains  connected  lists 
of  English  derivatives  from  Latin  to  be  found  in  the  ter- 
minologies of  elementary  science,  grammar,  geography,  and 
elementary  mathematics.  No  device  serves  better  to  demon- 
strate the  debt  that  our  own  language  owes  to  Latin. 

XL  In  the  preparation  of  notes  the  authors  have  intended 
not  to  smother  the  student  with  unnecessary  erudition.  The 
reading  matter  of  the  book  is  not  difficult.  The  notes,  accord- 
ingly, are  brief.  The  aim  has  been  to  give  apt  and  typical 
translations,  stimulating  suggestions,  and,  where  necessary, 
adequate  explanations. 

As  in  the  first-year  book,  consonant  i  has  been  represented 
by  j.  The  uncontracted  genitive  of  nouns  in  -ius  and  -ium 
has  also  been  used.  In  expecto,  existo,  and  other  compounds 
of  ex  with  words  beginning  with  s,  the  later  spelling,  without 
s,  has  been  employed.  The  advantage  of  the  use  of  these 
forms  for  pupils  who  take  but  two  years  of  Latin  is  obvious, 
and  for  others  the  change  to  slightly  different  forms,  if  neces- 
sary, need  cause  no  difficulty. 

While  the  reading  of  Cicero  or  Vergil  may  be  taken  up 
directly  after  this  book,  some  teachers  may  prefer  to  give  a 
half  year  to  the  reading  of  Caesar  as  the  next  element  of 
the  course.  With  a  five-year  course  a  full  year  can  be  given 
to  Caesar  or  to  Caesar  and  Nepos  after  the  reading  of  a  reason- 
ably large  amount  of  text  from  this  book. 

Frederick  Warren  Sanford 
Harry  Fletcher  Scott 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Preface      vii 

List  of  Illustrations xiv 

List  of  Abbreviations      xv 

PART   I 

The  Story  of  Perseus 1 

The  Story  op  Hercules      15 

PART   II 

Lesson  I.  The  Locative:   Declension  of  domus 57 

II.  Summary  of  Place  Constructions 59 

III.  Conjugation  of  nolo      62 

IV.  Declension  of  vetus  and  quisquam      64 

V.  The    Subjunctive    Mood:     Present   Subjunctive    of 

Regular  Verbs:   Clauses  of  Result      66 

VI.  Present  Subjunctive  of  Regular  Verbs  (Continued)  67 

VII.  Present   Subjunctive    of    sum    and    possum:     Noun 

Clauses  of  Fact 69 

VIII.  Imperfect    Subjunctive     of    Regular    Verbs:      Se- 
quence of  Tenses      72 

IX.  Imperfect  Subjunctive  of  sum  and  possum:    Imper- 
sonal Verbs 74 

X.  Dative  of  Purpose:   Dative  of  Reference      ....  76 

XI.  The  Perfect  Subjunctive:   Cum  Causal  Clauses      .  78 

XII.  The   Past  Perfect  Subjunctive:    Cum  Adversative 

Clauses      81 

XIII.  Subjunctive  of  fero:    Cum  Descriptive  Clauses  of 

Situation       83 

XIV.  Subjunctive    of    volo    and    eo:     Indirect   Questions  85 

XV.  Future  Passive  Participle:   Dative  of  Agent  ...  87 

XVI.  Present  and  Imperfect  Subjunctive  of  fio  and  nolo:  , 

Indirect  Discourse,  Completed 89 

xi 


xii  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

XVII.  Present    Passive    Imperative:     Impersonal    Use    of 

Certain  Verbs  in  the  Passive      91 

XVIII.  The  Gerundive 93 

XIX.  Clauses  of  Purpose  with  ut  and  ne       95 

XX.  Relative   Clauses   of   Purpose:     Ablative    of   Com- 
parison        97 

XXI.  The  Supine:   Declension  of  iste       99 

XXIL  Noun  Clauses  of  Desire        101 

XXIII.  Relative  Clauses  of  Description 102 

XXIV.  Clauses  of  Fear 104 

XXV.  Review  of  Participles 105 

XXVI.  The  Volitive  Subjunctive  in  Principal  Clauses       .    107 

XXVII.  The  Subjunctive  in  Wishes 108 

XXVIII.  The   Anticipatory   Subjunctive:    Dative   of   Posses- 
sion  110 

XXIX.  Conditional   Sentences:    Future   Conditional   Sen- 
tences, More  Vivid  and  Less  Vivid 112 

XXX.  Conditional  Sentences  Contrary  to  Fact 114 

XXXI.  Non-Committal    Conditional    Sentences:     Ablative 

of  Route 115 

XXXII.  The  Future  Imperative:   Vocative  in  -i 117 

XXXIII.  Conjugation  of  malo:    Adjectives  Denoting  a  Part  119 

XXXIV.  Classes  of  Perfect  Stems:   Negative  Commands   .    .   121 

XXXV.  Genitive     with     Certain     Verbs:      Subjuncti\t:     by 

Attraction 123 

PART   III 

The  Argonauts 127 

Stories  from  Roman  History 

1.  Aeneas  Settles  in  Italy      153 

2.  Founding  of  Alba  Longa 154 

3.  Romulus  and  Remus 155 

4.  Founding  of  Rome      157 

5.  The  Sabine  Women , 159 

6.  numa  pompilius 162 

7.  tullus  hostilius 164 


CONTENTS  xiii 

PAGE 

8.  Angus  Marcius 167 

9.  Tarquinius  Priscus 170 

10.  Servius  Tullius 173 

11.  Tarquinius  Superbus 176 

12.  Banishment  op  Tarquinius  Superbus 180 

13.  HoRATius  Cocles      182 

14.  Secession  of  the  Plebs 183 

15.  Menenius  Agrippa 185 

16.  Lucius  Quinctius  Cincinnatus 186 

17.  The  Gallic  Invasion      188 

18.  Gaius  Fabricius 192 

19.  Marcus  Atilius  Regulus      194 

20.  Hannibal 198 

21.  QuiNTus  Fabius  Maximus      200 

22.  PuBLius  Cornelius  Scipio  Africanus  • 202 

23.  Gaius  Marius 207 

24.  Lucius  Cornelius  Sulla 212 

25.  Gnaeus  Pompeius  Magnus 216 

26.  Gaius  Julius  Caesar      220 

27.  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero 233 

PART  IV 

Caesar's  Army 243 

Caesar's  Gallic  War,  Book  I  (Simplified) 249 

Review  Outline  of  First  Year  Work      301 

Lists  of  English  Derivatives  from  Latin 317 

Grammatical  Appendix 327 

Exercises  in  Latin  Composition 397 

English-Latin  Vocabulary  (following  416) 1 

Latin-English  Vocabulary      10 

Index      76 


LIST   OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 

PAGE 

FRfONTispiECE,  Temple  of  Jupiter  at  Pompeii  (Restored) 

Jupiter 2 

Minerva 7 

Juno 16 

A:s  Amazon 37 

View  of  Modern  Rome 56 

Vessels  Found  in  Pompeii 63 

Tomb  of  the  Emperor  Hadrian,  in  Rome     , 71 

Temple  in  Rome      80 

Key  from  an  Ancient  House 88 

Marble  Relief  in  Roman  Forum 98 

Roman  Sword  and  Scabbard  ... 100 

Jars  for  Storing  Oil  and  Grain,  Ancient  Ostia Ill 

Arch  of  Constantine 122 

Wall  Painting  from  Pompeii 125 

Ruins  of  Ostia 168 

Fragment  of  the  Wall  of  Servius  Tullius 173 

Roman  Aqueduct 208 

Gaius  Julius  Caesar 222 

Marcus  Tullius  Cicero 334 


XIV 


LIST   OF  ABBREVIATIONS 


abbr., 

abl., 

ace, 

adj., 

adv., 

Arg., 

compar., 

conj., 

contr., 

correl., 

dat., 

defect., 

dem., 

dep., 

dim., 

distrib., 

e.g., 

f., 
ff., 

freq., 

gen.. 

Her., 

i.e., 

imper., 

impers., 

indecl., 

indef., 

indie, 

intens.. 


abbreviation 

ablative 

accusative 

adjective 

adverb 

Argonauts 

comparative 

conjunction 

contracted 

correlative 

dative 

defective 

demonstrative 

deponent 

diminutive 

distributive 

exempli  gratia,  for 

example 
feminine 
following 
frequentative 
genitive 
Hercules 
id  est,  that  is 
imperative 
impersonal 
indeclinable 
indefinite 
indicative 
intensive 


mterj.. 

mterjection 

interrog.. 

interrogative 

intr., 

intransitive 

1., 

line 

lit.. 

literally 

m.. 

masculine 

n., 

neuter 

nom.. 

nominative 

num., 

numeral 

P-, 

past 

part.. 

participle 

pass.,   - 

passive 

Per., 

Perseus 

pf.,  perf.. 

perfect 

pers.. 

personal 

pi., 

plural 

possess.. 

possessive 

pr., 

present 

prep.. 

preposition 

pron.. 

pronoun 

pronom.. 

pronominal 

R., 

Roman  Stories 

rel., 

relative 

sg.,  sing., 

singular 

subjv.. 

subjunctive 

subst.. 

substantive 

super  1., 

superlative 

tr.. 

transitive 

voc, 

vocative 

XV 


PERSEUS 

Perseus  and  his  mother  were  set  adrift  on  the  sea  by 
Acrisius,  king  of  Ai'gos,  the  grandfather  of  Perseus,  because 
an  oracle  had  declared  that  Acrisius  would  some  day  perish 
at  the  hands  of  his  grandson. 

Jupiter,  however,  saved  the  mother  and  child,  bringing 
them  to  the  Island  of  Seriphus,  where  they  were  kindl}' 
received  by  Polydectes,  the  king. 

When  Perseus  reached  manhood  he  was  ordered  by  Poly- 
dectes to  bring  him  the  head  of  Medusa,  an  undertal<ing 
which  was  likely  to  prove  fatal.  But  Apollo  and  Mine  *va 
directed  him  on  his  journey  and  gave  him  a  special  eqLip- 
ment  for  his  task.  With  the  aid  thus  afforded,  he  accom- 
plished the  perilous  exploit  in  safety  and  escaped  from  the 
companions  of  Medusa,  who  sought  to  kill  him.  On  his  way 
back  he  rescued  Andromeda,  daughter  of  Cepheus,  the  king  of 
the  Ethiopians,  who  was  about  to  be  devoured  by  a  sea 
serpent.  He  married  Andromeda,  and  soon  after  returned 
with  her  to  the  island  from  which  he  had  been  sent  by  the 
crafty  Polydectes.  Finding  that  his  mother  had  taken 
refuge  from  the  king,  he  turned  the  latter  into  stone  througii 
the  magic  power  of  the  head  of  Medusa.  Afterward,  whih 
taking  part  in  athletic  games  he  accidentally  killed  his  grand- 
father, Acrisius,  thus  fulfilling  the  oracle  which  Acrisius  had 
vainly  sought  to  escape. 


XVI 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


If 

PART  I 

THE  STORY   OF   PERSEUS 

1.   Set  Adrift 

Haec  narrantur  a  poetis  de  Perseo.  Perseus  filius  ^rat 
Jovis,  maximi  deorum.  Avus  ejus  Acrisius  appellabatur. 
Acrisius  volebat  Perseum,  nepotem  suum,  necare;  nam  propter 
oraculum  puerum  timebat.  Comprehendit  igitur  Perseum, 
adhuc  infantem,  et  cum  matre  in  area  lignea  inclusit.  Tum  5 
arcam  ipsam  in  mare  conjecit.  Danae,  Persel  mater,  magno- 
pere  territa  est;  tempestas  enim  magna  mare  turbabat.  Per- 
seus autem  in  sinu  matris  dormiebat. 
1  - 

1.  Haec,  these  things,  i.e.,  the  following  stories.  This  substantive  use  of 
the  neuter  plural  of  hie  is  very  common. 

2.  Acrisius:  predicate  nominative  after  the  passive  of  a  verb  of  calling. 

6.  Danae:  a  Greek  name,  with  genitive  ending  in  -es,  ace.  in  -en. 

7.  enim:  postpositive,  i.e.,  it  stands  after  one  or  more  words  of  its  sen- 
tence; nam  (see  1.  3)  regularly  stands  first  in  a  sentence.  Another  post- 
positive word  is  autem,  1.  8. 

In  section  1  point  out  two  appositives;  an  ablative  of  agent. 

2.  avus,  -i,  m.,  grandfather.  include,  -cludere,  -clusi,  -clusus,  tr. 

3.  nepos,  -otis,  m.,  grandson,  neph-  [in+claudo],  shut  up,  enclose, 
ew.  6.  conjicio,   -jicere,  -jeci,  -jectum, 

4.  oraculum,  -i,  n.  [oro],  oracle.  ^^-  [com-+jaci6],  throw  together; 

com-prehendo,    -hendere,    -hendi,  ^^^^'  ^^®^- 

-hensum,  tr.,  seize,  arrest.  7.  enim,  conj.  (postpositive),  for. 

5.  ad-huc,  adv.,  until  now,  as  yet.         turbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [turba], 
in-fans,  gen.  -fantis,  adj.,    infant;  disturb,  throw  into  confusion. 

subst.,  m.  andf.,  infant,  babe.  8.  autem,  conj.,  but,  on  the  other 

area,  -ae,  /.,  chest,  box.  hand,  however,  furthermore. 

ligneus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.,  [lignum],  of  sinus,  -us,  m.,  a  fold;  bosom. 

wood,  wooden.  dormio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  iyitr.,  sleep. 


A  JU^ilOR  LATIN  READER 


JUPITER 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


2.   Cast  on  an  Island 


Juppiter  tamen  haec  omnia  vidit,  et  filium  suum  servare 
constituit.  Fecit  igitur  mare  tranquillum,  et  arcam  ad  insu-  lo 
lam  Serlphum  perdtixit.  Hujus  Insulae  Polydectes  tum  rex 
erat.  Postquam  area  ad  litus  appulsa  est,  Danae  in  harena 
quietem  capiebat.  Post  breve  tempus  a  piscatore  quodam 
reperta  est,  et  ad  domum  regis  Polydectis  adducta  est.  lUe 
matrem  et  puerum  benigne  excepit,  et  sedem  tutam  in  finibus  is 
suls  dedit.  Danae  hoc  donum  libenter  accepit,  et  pro  tanto 
beneficio  regi  gratias  egit. 


9.  tamen:  usually  postpositive,  but  sometimes  stands  first  in  its  clause; 
the  same  is  true  of  igitur,  1.  4. 

10.  mare  tranquillum:  two  accusatives  after  a  verb  of  making.  One 
accusative  may  be  an  adjective,  as  here. 

11.  Seriphum:  in  apposition  with  Insulam.  We  usually  say  in  English 
"the  island  of,"  ''the  city  of." 

12.  Postquam :  with  postquam  and  ubi  the  perfect  is  the  tense  most  fre- 
quently employed.  In  translation,  with  the  English  equivalents  "after" 
or  "when,"  we  sometimes  employ  the  past  perfect  tense,  sometimes  the 
past. 

13.  piscatore  quodam:  the  forms  of  quldam  sometimes  precede  and 
sometimes  follow  the  word  they  modify. 

16.  dedit:  els,  dative  of  indirect  object,  is  to  be  understood. 

In  section  2  point  out  a  complementary  infinitive;  a  dative  of  indirect 
object. 


10.  tranquillus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  calm, 
still. 

11.  per-duco,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -duc- 
tum,  tr.,  lead  through,  lead,  bring, 
conduct. 

12.  appello,  -ere,  -puli,  -pulsum,  tr. 
[ad+pello],  drive  to,  bring  io^with 
or  without  navem,  land,  put  in. 

harena  {sometimes  spelled  arena), 
-ae, /..  sand;  shore,  beach. 

13.  quies,-etis,/.,rest;  peace,  quiet. 

piscator,  -oris,  m.  [piscor,  to  fish], 
fisherman. 

14.  domus,  -us,  (-i),/.,  home,  house. 


ad-duc6,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductum, 
tr.,  lead  to,  conduct,  bring;  incite, 
induce. 

15.  benigne,  adv.  [benignus  ],  kindly. 

excipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptum,  tr. 
[ex+capio],  take  out,  take  up, 
catch;  receive,  entertain. 

sedes,  -is,  /.  [sedeo],  seat,  chair; 
residence,  abode. 

17.  gratia,  -ae,  /.  [gratus],  favor,  in- 
fluence; gratitude,  thanks,  re- 
quital; gratias  agere,  to  express 
thanks;  gratiam  referre,  to  make 
requital,  to  requite;  gratia  {with 
gen.),  for  the  sake  of. 


4  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

3.   Perseus  Sent  on  His  Travels 

Perseus  igitur  multos  annos  ibi  habitavit,  et  cum  matre 
sua  vltam  egit  beatam.     At   Pol3^dectes  Danaen  magnopere 

20  amabat  atque  earn  in  matrimonium  ducere  volebat.  Hoc 
tamen  consilium  Perseo  minime  gratum  erat.  Polydectes 
igitur  Perseum  dimittere  constituit.  Turn  juvenem  ad  se 
vocavit  et  haec  dixit:  ''Turpe  est  vitam  hanc  ignavam  agere; 
jam  dudum  tu  adulescens  es;  quousque  hie  manebis?     Tem- 

25  pus  est  arma  capere  et  virtutem  praestare.  Hinc  abi,  et 
caput  Medusae  mihi  refer." 

18.  annos :  accusative  of  duration  of  time. 

21.  Perseo:  dependent  on  gratum;  for  the  case  see  App.  50. 

23.  haec:  used  as  in  1.  1;  with  dixit,  spoke  as  follows. 

agere:  subject  of  est;  an  infinitive  used  as  a  noun  is  in  the  neuter  gender; 
hence  the  predicate  adjective,  turpe,  is  neuter. 

24.  jam  dudum  es,  you  have  long  been;  with,;am  dudum  a  present  tense 
is  translated  by  an  EngUsh  present  perfect,  an  imperfect  by  an  Enghsh 
past  perfect ;  ja?^  dudum  eras  would  mean  you  had  long  been. 

25.  abi:  imperative  of  abed.     What  is  the  imperative  of  eo? 

26.  refer:  the  present  imperative  of /cro  and  its  compounds  is  irregular. 
See  App.  34. 


19.  beatus,  -a,  -imi,  adj.,  happy, 
prosperous. 

20.  atque,  conj.,  and  also,  and. 

matrimonium,  -i,  n.  [mater],  mar- 
riage; in  matrimonium  dare,  give 
in  marriage,  arrange  a  marriage 
for;  in  matrimonium  diicere, 
marry. 

21.  minime,  superl.  adv.  [minimus], 
least,  very  little;  by  no  means, 
not  at  all. 

23  voco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [vox], 
call,  summon. 

turpis,  -e,  adj.,  unseemly,  shameful, 
disgraceful. 

ignavus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [in-+gnavus, 
busy],  inactive,  cowardly. 


24.  dudum,  adv.,  before,  formerly; 
jam  dudum,  this  long  time,  a 
long  time  ago. 

adulescens,  adulescentis,  -ium,  adj. 
[pr.  part,  of  adolesco],  youthful; 
subst.,  m.,  a  young  man,  a  youth. 

quo-usque,  adv.,  till  when?  how 
long? 

25.  prae-sto,  -stare,  -stiti,  -stitum, 
intr.  and  tr.,  stand  before;  excel, 
be  better;  exhibit,  show. 

hinc,  adv.  [hie],  from  this  place, 
hence. 

ab-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  intr.,  go 
away,  depart. 

26.  re-fero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latum,  tr., 
bear  back,  bring  back;  pedem 
referre,  withdraw,  retire,  retreat; 
gratiam  referre,  requite. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


4.   Perseus  Gets  His  Outfit 

Perseus,  ubi  haec  audlvit,  ex  insula  discessit  et,  postquam 
ad  continentem  venit,  Medusam  quaeslvit.  Diu  frustra 
quaerebat;  nam  naturam  loci  ignorabat.  Tandem  Apollo  et 
Minerva  viam  demonstraverunt.  Primum  ad  Graeas,  sororee  30 
Medusae,  p^rvenit.  Ab  his  talaria  et  galeam  magicam  ac- 
cepit.  Apollo  autem  et  ^linerva  falcem  et  speculum  de- 
derunt.  Tum  postquam  talaria  pedibus  induit,  in  aera  as- 
cendit.  Diu  per  aera  volabat;  tandem  tamen  ad  eum  locum 
venit  ubi  Medusa  cum  ceteris  Gorgonibus  habitabat.  Gor-  35 
gones  autem  monstra  erant  specie  horribili;  capita  enim  earum 
serpentibus  omnino  contecta  erant;  mantis  etiam  ex  aere 
factae  erant. 

27.  Perseus:  in  Latin,  when  the  verbs  of  a  principal  and  a  subordinate 
clause  express  action  by  the  same  person  or  thing,  the  noun  or  pronoun 
used  to  denote  the  subject  frequently  stands  before  the  subordinate  clause. 

haec,  this;  see  note  on  haec,  1.  23, 

31.  galeam  magicam:  this  rendered  the  wearer  invisible. 

33.  pedibus,  on  his  feet;  dative,  used  with  the  compound  induit. 
faeras  a  word  of  Greek  origin,  which  retains  its  Greek  accusative  form. 

36.  specie  horribili,  of  horrible  aspect,  ablative  of  description. 

37.  aere :  from  aes. 


28.  continens,  -entis,  /.  [contineo], 

continent,  mainland. 

frustra,  adv.,  in  vain,  to  no  purpose. 

29.  ignoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  not 
know,  be  unaware  of. 

tandem,  adv.,  at  length,  finally. 

30.  primum,  adv.  [primus],  in  the 
first  place,  first  of  all;  cum 
primum,  as  soon  as;  quam  pri- 
mum, as  soon  as  possible. 

31.  talaria,  -ium,  n.  pi.,  winged 
sandals. 

galea,  -ae,  /.,  helmet. 

magicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  magical, 
magic. 

32.  falx,  falcis,  /.,  sickle. 
speculum,  -i,  n.  [specio,  look],  mir- 
ror. 


33.  induo,  -duere,  -dui,  -dutum,  tr., 
put  on. 

aer,  aeris,  m.,  the  air. 

35.  ceteri,   -ae,    -a,    adj.,    pi.,    the 
other,  the  rest  of. 

36.  monstrum,    -i,  n.,    [moneo],  a 
divine  omen,  portent;  monster. 

species,  -ei,  /.,  appearance,  aspect. 

horribilis,  -e,  adj.  [horreo],  terrible, 
fearful,  dreadful. 

37.  serpens,  gen.  -entis,  /.  [pr.  part, 
of  serpo,  crawl],  serpent. 

omnino,    adv.    [omnis],    altogether, 
entirely,  at  all;  only. 

con-tego,  -tegere, -texi,  -tectum,  tr., 
cover. 

aes,  aeris,  n.,  copper,  bronze. 


6 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


5.   The  Gorgon's  Head 

Res  erat  difficillima  abscidere  caput  Gorgonis;  ejus  enim 
40  conspectu  homines  in  saxum  vertebantur.  Propter  hanc  cau- 
sam  Minerva  illud  speculum  dederat.  Perseus  igitur  tergum 
vertit,  et  in  speculum  inspiciebat;  hoc  modo  ad  locum  venit 
ubi  Medusa  dormiebat.  Tum  falce  sua  caput  ejus  uno  ictu 
abscidit.  Ceterae  Gorgones  statim  e  somno  excitatae  sunt 
45  et,  ubi  rem  viderunt,  ira  commotae  sunt.  Arma  rapuerunt, 
et  Perseum  occidere  volebant;  ille  autem,  dum  fugit,  galeam 
magicam  induit  et,  ubi  hoc  fecit,  statim  e  conspectu  earum 
evasit. 


40.  vertebantur:  the  Latin  imperfect,  like  the  English  past,  often  ex- 
presses repeated  or  customary  action. 

42.  speculum:  ancient  mirrors  consisted  of  polished  metal  plates. 

hoc  modo :  ablative  of  manner. 

46.  dum  fugit,  while  he  fled,  while  fleeing;  when  a  dum  clause  denotes 
situation,  it  takes  the  present  indicative,  regardless  of  the  tense  of  the 
principal  verb. 

In  section  5  what  is  the  subject  of  the  first  sentence?  Account  for  the 
case  of  ictu,  43;  for  the  tense  of  fecit,  47.  What  different  forces  have  the 
perfects  vertit,  venit,  and  the  imperfects  Inspiciebat,  dormiebat,  42-43? 


39.  abscido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisum, 
tr.  [abs+caedo],  cut  off. 

40.  conspectus,  -us,  m.  sight,  view, 
verto,  -ere,  verti,  versum,  tr.,  turn. 

42.  inspicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  -spec- 
turn,  look  into,  look. 

43.  ictus,  -us,  771.,  blow,  stroke. 

44.  somnus,  -i,  m.,  sleep. 

excito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,   tr.,   call 
out,  rouse. 


45.  ira,  -ae,  /.,  anger,  wrath,  ire. 

com-moveo,  -movere,  -movi,  -mo- 
tum,  tr.,  move  deeply,  excite, 
arouse,  alarm. 

rapio,  -ere,  rapui,  raptum,  tr.,  seize, 
carry  off. 

46.  occido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisum,  tr. 
[ob+caedo],  cut  down,  kill. 

dum,  conj.,  while;  until. 

48.  e-vado,  -vadere,  -vasi,  -vasum, 
intr.,  come  out,  escape. 


6.   The  Sea  Serpent 

Post  haec  Perseus  in  fines  Aethiopum  venit.     Ibi  Cepheus 
50  quidam  illo  tempore  regnabat.     Hie  Neptunum,  maris  deum, 

49.  Cepheus  quidam,  a  certain  Cepheus,  or  a  man  named  Cepheus. 

50.  tempore:  ablative  of  time. 

Hie:  a  pronoun  referring  to  Cepheus. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


MINERVA 


8 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


olim  offenderat.  Neptunus  autem  monstrum  saevissiinum 
mlserat.  Hoc  cotldie  e  marl  veniebat  et  homines  devorabat. 
Ob  hanc  causam  pavor  animos  omnium  occupaverat.  Cepheus 
igitur  oraculum  dei  Hammonis  consuluit,  atque  a  deo  jussus 
S3  est  filiam  monstro  tradere.  Ejus  autem  filia,  nomine  An- 
dromeda, virgo  formosissima  erat.  Cepheus,  ubi  haec  audi- 
vit,  magnum  dolorem  percepit.  Volebat  tamen  elves  suos  e 
tanto  periculo  extrahere,  atque  ob  eam  causam  constituit 
imperata  Hammonis  facere. 


62.  mari:  it  should  be  remembered  that  neuter  nouns  with  the  genitive 
plural  in  -ium  have  the  ending  -i  in  the  ablative  singular. 

63.  omnium,  of  all  (i.e.,  men);  a  substantive  use  of  an  adjective;  com- 
pare the  neuter  haec,  1.  23. 

64.  oraculum :  the  word  may  mean  the  seat  of  an  oracle,  as  here,  or  the 
reply  given  by  an  oracle.  The  consultation  of  oracles  sprang  from  the 
belief  that  information  and  advice  could  be  obtained  from  certain  divini- 
ties. Oracles  were  usually  given  by  oral  utterances  of  a  priest  or  priestess 
in  a  state  of  real  or  pretended  frenzy,  or  by  signs.  The  temple  (with  its 
oracle)  of  the  Egyptian  god  Hammon  stood  in  an  oasis  of  the  Libyan  desert. 
His  oracles  were  signs  interpreted  by  a  priest.  The  most  famous  oracle 
of  antiquity  was  that  of  Apollo  at  Delphi,  in  Greece,  where  the  oracular 
response  was  delivered  by  a  priestess  in  a  state  of  excitement  resembling 
madness. 

66.  monstro:  tradere  takes  an  indirect  object. 

nomine :  ablative  of  respect. 

66.  Cepheus,  ubi :  the  order  for  translation  is  explained  in  the  note  on 
Perseus,  ubi,  1.  27. 

In  section  6  explain  the  case  of  deo,  54;  of  Andromeda,  55;  of  virgo,  56. 
What  are  the  principal  parts  of  void? 


61.  offendo,  -fendere,  -fendi,  -fen- 
sum,  ir.,  [ob+fendo,  strike],  of- 
fend. 

saevus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  fierce,  savage. 

62.  de-voro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
swallow,  devour. 

63.  ob,  prep,  with  ace,  on  account  of. 

pavor,  -oris,  m.  [paveo,  be  afraid], 
terror,  alarm. 

64.  consulo,  -sulere,  -sului,  -sultum, 
ir.  and  intr.,  consult;  consult  the 
interests  of  {vrith  dative) . 


66.  virgo,  virginis,/.,  young  woman, 
maiden,  virgin. 

formosus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [forma], 
beautiful,  handsome. 

67.  percipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptum, 

tr.  [per+capio],  perceive,  feel. 

68.  ex-traho,  -trahere,  -traxi,  -trac- 
tum,  tr.,  draw  out;  extricate,  re- 
lease. 

69.  imperatum,  -i,  n.  [pf.  part,  of 
impero],  command,  order. 


A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


9 


7.   A  Human  Sacrifice 

Turn  rex  diem  certam  dixit  et  omnia  paravit.  Ubi  ea  eo 
dies  venit,  Andromeda  ad  litus  deducta  est  et  in  conspectu 
omnium  ad  rupem  alligata  est.  Omnes  fatum  ejus  deplo- 
rabant,  nee  lacrimas  tenebant.  At  subito,  dum  monstrum 
expectant,  Perseus  accurrit;  et,  ubi  lacrimas  vidit,  causam 
doloris  quaerit.  lUl  rem  totam  exponunt  et  puellam  demon-  65 
strant.  Dum  haec  geruntur,  fremitus  terribilis  auditur;  simul 
monstrum,  horribili  specie,  procul  conspicitur.  Ejus  con- 
spectus  timorem   maximum   omnibus  injecit.     At   monstrum 

60.  diem:  in  the  plural,  dies  is  always  masculine,  in  the  singular  some- 
times masculine,  sometimes  feminine. 

omnia,  all  things,  everything;  or  with  paravit,  made  all  preparations. 
The  masculine  plural  forms  of  omnis  used  substantively  mean  all  men,  as 
in  1.  53,  the  neuter  plural  forms,  all  things. 

63.  nee  tenebant,  and  did  not  restrain;  neque  is  regularly  used  in  Latin 
for  and  not. 

dum  .  .  .  expectant,  while  they  were  awaiting;  the  present  tense  with 
dum,  as  in  1.  46. 

64.  accurrit:  for  vivid  effect  a  past  event  or  situation  may  be  repre- 
sented as  present.  The  present  in  this  use  is  called  the  historical  present, 
which  may  often  be  translated  by  the  English  past.  Several  other  exam- 
ples occur  in  this  section. 

67.  specie:  the  case  use  is  the  same  as  in  1.  36. 

68.  timorem  .  .  .  omnibus  injecit,  inspired  all  with  the  greatest  fear; 
literally,  threw  the  greatest  fear  into  all;  omnibus  is  a  dative  with  a  compound 
verb,  as  in  1.  33. 


60.  certus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
cemo],  fixed,  certain. 

61.  de-duc6,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -duc- 
tum,  tr.,  lead  away;  draw  down; 
navem  deducere,  to  launch  a  ship. 

62.  rupes,  -is,  /.,  rock,  cliff. 
alligo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,   tr.    [ad+ 

ligo,  bind],  bind  to,  tie  to. 
fatum,  -i,  n.  [p.  part,  of  for,  speak], 

fate,  destiny. 
de-pl6ro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  de 

plore,  lament. 

64.  accurro,  -currere,  -curri,  -cur- 
sum,  inir.  [ad+curro],  run  to, 
come  up  hurriedly. 


65.  ex-pono,  -ponere,  -posul,  -po- 
situm,  tr.,  set  forth,  explain;  ex- 
pose, abandon;  set  ashore. 

66.  fremitus,  -us,  m.  [fremo,  roar], 
a  roar,  a  loud  noise. 

terribilis,  -e,  adj.  [terreo],  dreadful, 
terrible. 

67.  procul,  adv.,  in  the  distance,  at 
a  distance,  far  off. 

conspicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  -spectum, 
tr.,  [con-+specio],  look,  perceive, 
observe. 

68.  injicio,  -jicere,  -jeci,  -jectum,  tr. 
[in+ jacio  ],  throw  into,  hurl  upon ; 
inspire  in,  cause. 


10 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


magna  celeritate  ad  lit  us  contendit,  jamque  ad  locum  appro- 
70  pinquabat  ubi  puella  stabat. 

69.  magna  celeritate:  ablative  of  manner. 

In  section  7  account  for  the  tense  of  geruntur,  66;  of  stabat,  70. 


8.   The  Rescue 


At  Perseus,  ubi  haec  vidit,  gladium  suum  rapuit,  et,  post- 
quam  talaria  induit,  in  aera  sublatus  est.  Tum  desuper  in 
monstrum  impetum  subito  fecit  et  gladio  suo  collum  ejus 
graviter  vulneravit.     Monstrum,  ubi  sensit  vulnus,  fremitum 

75  horribilem  edidit  et  sine  mora  totum  corpus  sub  aquam 
mersit.  Perseus,  dum  circum  lit  us  volat,  reditum  ejus  ex- 
pectabat;  mare  autem  interjea  undique  sanguine  inficitur. 
Post  breve  tempus,  belua  rursus  caput  sustulit;  mox  tamen 
a   Perseo   ictu   graviore   vulnerata   est.     Tum  iterum   se  sub 

80  undas  mersit,   neque  postea  visa  est. 

72.  in  {monsirum) ,  on. 

80.  neque:  translate  as  in  1.  63. 

In  section  8  account  for  the  case  of  gladio,  73;  of  Perseo,  79;  of  idu,  79. 
What  case  is  governed  by  sub  with  a  verb  of  motion?  By  in  meaning 
into?     ^y  circum?     By  sine? 


72.  tollo,  -ere,  sustuli,  sublatum,  tr., 
lift,  elevate,  raise;  elate;  remove. 

de-super,  adv.,  from  above. 

73.  collum,  -i,  n.,  neck. 

74.  graviter,  adv.  [gravis],  heavily; 
severely;  with  dignity,  impres- 
sively. 

sentio,  -ire,  sensi,  sensum,  tr.,  feel, 
see,  perceive. 

75.  e-do,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditum,  tr., 
give  out,  put  forth;  give  birth  to; 
exhibit;  inflict. 

sub,  prep,  with  ace.  and  abl.,  under. 


76.  mergo,  -ere,  mersi,  mersum,  tr., 
plunge,  sink. 

reditus,  -us,  m.  [redeo],  return. 

77.  inter-ea,  adv.,  meanwhile,  in  the 
meantime. 

undique,  adv.,  from  all  parts,  on  all 
sides,  all  around,  everywhere. 

sanguis,  sanguinis,  m.,  blood. 

inficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum,  tr.  [in 
+facio],  stain,  dye,  color. 

78.  belua,  -ae,  /,  wild  beast,  mon- 
ster, 

80.  unda,  -ae,/.,  wave. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


11 


9.   The  Reward  of  Valor 

Perseus,  postquam  in  lltus  descendit,  prlmum  talaria  exuit; 
turn  ad  rupem  venit  ubi  Andromeda  vlncta  erat.  Ea  autem 
omnem  spem  salutis  deposuerat  et,  ubi  Perseus  adiit,  terrore 
paene  exanimata  erat.  lUe  vincula  statim  solvit  et  puellam 
patri  reddidit.  Cepheus  ob  banc  rem  maximo  gaudio  affectus  85 
est.  Meritam  gratiam  pro  tanto  beneficio  Perseo  rettulit; 
praeterea  Andromedam  ipsam  ei  in  matrimonium  dedit.  Ille 
libenter  hoc  donum  accepit,  et  puellam  duxit.  Paucos  annos 
cum  uxore  sua  in  ea  regione  habitavit,  et  in  magno  honore  erat 
apud  omnes  Aethiopes.  Magnopere  tamen  cupiebat  matrem  90 
suam  rursus  videre.  Tandem  igitur  cum  uxore  e  regno 
Cephei  discessit.  ^ 

83.  terrore:  ablative  of  cause,  App.  78. 

86.  meritam  gratiam  rettulit,  made  a  deserved  requital,  or  repaid  the 
favor  as  it  deserved. 

pro,  in  return  for. 

88.  puellam  duxit,  married.  Ducd  lias  reference  to  that  part  of  the 
ceremony  in  which  the  bridegroom  led  the  bride  to  his  own  house. 
With  regard  to  the  woman,  the  verb  for  marry  is  nuhere,  literally,  to  veil 
oneself,  with  the  dative  of  the  bridegroom's  name. 

In  section  9  account  for  the  case  of  palri  85;  of  Perseo,  86;  of  annos, 
88.  Point  out  a  complementary  infinitive.  What  cases  are  governed  by 
the  prepositions  ad,  ob,  apud? 


81.  exuo,  -uere,  -ul, -utum,fr.,  take 
off,  remove. 

82.  vincio,  -ire,  vinxi,  vinctimi,  tr.^ 
bind,  fasten. 

83.  de-pono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -posi- 

tum,  tr.,  set  down,  deposit;   lay 
aside, 
ad-eo,  -ire,  -ii  or  -ivi,  -ittmi,  intr., 
go  or  come  up  to,  come  up,  ap- 
proach. 

terror,    -oris,    w.    [terreo],    terror, 
fright. 

84.  paene,  adv.,  nearly,  almost. 

ex-animo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  put 
out  of  breath,  stun,  exhaust. 

vinculum,  -1, 71.  [vincio],  bond,  fetter. 


solvo,  -ere,  solvi,  solutum,  tr., 
loosen,  unbind,  release;  relax;  of 
ships,  with  or  without  navem  or 
naves,  set  sail,  weigh  anchor. 

85.  afficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum, 
tr.  [ad+facio],  do  to;  treat;  affect. 

86.  meritus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part, 
of  mereo],  due,  deserved,  just. 

87.  praeter-ea,  adv.,  in  addition, 
besides,  further. 

89.  regio,  -onis,  /.  [rego],  region, 
district. 

honor, -oris,  m.,  honor,  repute,  es- 
teem; Honor,  -oris,  m.,  Honor 
personified  as  a  god. 

90.  apud,  prep,  with  ace,  among, 
with;  near;  at  the  house  of;  on 
the  bank  of. 


12 


A   JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


10.   Turned  to  Stone 

Postquam  Perseus  ad  insulam  navem  appulit,  se  ad  locum 
contulit    ubi    mater    olim    habitaverat.      At    domum    invenit 

95  vacuam  et  omnino  desert  am.  Tres  dies  per  totam  insulam 
matrem  quaerebat;  tandem  quarto  die  ad  templum  Dianae 
pervenit.  Hue  Danae  refugerat,  quod  Polydectem  timebat. 
Perseus,  ubi  haec  cognovit,  ira  magna  commotus  est;  ad 
regiam  Polydectis  sine  mora  contendit  et,  ubi  eo  venit,  statim 

100  in  atrium  irrupit.  Polydectes  magno  timore  affectus  est,  et 
fugere  volebat.  Dum  tamen  ille  fugit,  Perseus  caput  Me- 
dusae monstravit;  ille  autem,  simul  atque  hoc  vidit,  in  saxum 
versus  est. 


93.  se  .  .  .  contulit,  betook  himself,  proceeded. 
97.  quod:  a  conjunction. 

99.  eo:  an  adverb. 

100.  magno  timore  affectus  est,  was  very  badly  frightened.  What  is  it 
literally? 

102.  simul  atque,  as  soon  as;  the  same  rule  as  to  the  tense  of  the  verb 
applies  to  this  phrase  as  to  postquam  and  ubi,  explained  in  the  note  on  1.  12. 

In  section  10  account  for  the  case  of  vacuam,  descrtam,  95;  of  die,  96; 
of  atrium,  100;  of  Medusae,  101.  What  case  does  per  govern?  What  are 
the  meanings  of  the  adverbs  hic,  hinc,  hue? 


95.  de-sero,  -serere,  -semi,  -ser- 
tum,  tr.,  [sero,  join],  abandon, 
desert. 

96.  quartus, -a,-um,  ac(;.  [quattuor], 
fourth. 

97.  hue,  adv.  [hic],  this  way,  to  this 
place. 

re-fugio,  -fugere,  -fugi,  -fugiturus, 

intr.,  flee  back;  flee  away,  escape. 

99.  regia,  -ae,  /.  [regius],  palace. 


eo,  adv.  [is],  to  that  place,  thither; 
on  that  account. 

100.  atriimi,  -i,  n.,  atrium,  the  prin- 
cipal room  or  hall  of  a  house. 

irrumpo,  -rumpere,  -rupl,  -ruptiun, 

tr.  and  intr.   [in+rumpo],    burst, 
break  in,  rush  into,  burst  into. 

102.  monstro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr. 
[monstrum],  show,  exhibit;  point 
out. 


11.    The  Oracle  Fulfilled 

Post  haec  Perseus  cum  uxore  sua  ad  urbem  Acrisil  rediit. 
105  Ille   autem,   ubi   Perseum   vIdit,   magno   terrore   affectus   est. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


13 


Nam  propter  oraculum  istud  nepotem  suum  adhuc  timebat. 
In  Thessaliam  igitur  ad  urbem  Larissam  statim  refugit; 
frustra  tamen,  neque  enim  fatum  suum  vltavit.  Post  paucos 
annos  rex  Larissae  Itidos  magnos  fecit;  nuntios  in  omnes 
partes  dimlserat  et  diem  edixerat.  Multi  ex  omnibus  urbibus  no 
Graeciae  ad  ludos  convenerunt.  Ipse  Perseus  inter  alios 
certamen  discorum  iniit.  At,  dum  discum  conjicit,  avum 
suum  casu  occidit;  Acrisius  enim  inter  spectatores  ejus  cer- 
taminis  forte  stabat. 


106.  istud:  this  word  is  declined  like  ille,  and  usually  means  that  or 
that  of  yours.     Here  the  force  is,  that  oracle  of  which  you  know. 

107.  Larissam,  of  Larissa;  an  appositive  translated  like  Seriphum,  L  IL 
109.  ludos  fecit,  gave  games. 

in  omnes  partes,  in  all  directions. 

112.  discorum:  the  discus  was  a  flat  piece  of  stone  or  metal. 

113.  casu,  by  chance,  accidentally;  casus  is  one  of  a  class  of  very  com- 
mon nouns  used  without  prepositions  to  express  manner. 

What  cases  are  governed  by  the  prepositions  propter,  ex,  inter?     What 
is  the  regular  position  of  enim? 


106.  iste,  ista,  istud,  demonstr.  pron., 
that  of  yours,  that. 

109.  ludus,  -i,  m.,  game,  sport. 

110.  e-dico,  -dicere,  -dixi,  -dictum, 

tr.,  declare,  proclaim,  appoint. 

112.  certamen,    -inis,    n.    [certo], 
struggle,  contest,  rivalry. 


discus,  -i,  m.,  discus,  quoit. 

in-eo,  -ire,   -ii  or  -ivi,    -itum,  ir., 
enter;  enter  upon,  form. 

113.  spectator,    -oris,   m.    [specto], 

onlooker,  spectator. 

114.  forte,  ady.  [a6Z.  o/fors,  chance], 
perhaps,  by  chance. 


HERCULES 

Hercules  was  a  Greek  hero,  celebrated  for  his  feats  of 
strength.  While  only  an  infant  he  strangled  two  serpents 
which  had  been  sent  by  Juno  to  destroy  him.  In  his  boy- 
hood he  devoted  himself  to  athletic  pursuits,  and  in  a  fit  of 
anger  he  slew  the  centaur  who  was  his  teacher  of  music. 
Having  been  seized  by  the  King  of  Egypt  as  a  victim  for 
sacrifice,  he  killed  the  king,  as  well  as  the  priest  who  was 
about  to  sacrifice  him.  His  next  exploit  was  to  cut  off  the 
ears  of  the  envoys  of  the  Minyae  who  had  come  to  Thebes 
to  demand  tribute,  thus  causing  a  war  in  which  the  Thebans 
under  the  leadership  of  Hercules  were  victorious.  While  in  a 
state  of  temporary  madness  he  slew  his  children,  and  there- 
upon was  ordered  by  the  oracle  at  Delphi  to  give  himself  up 
to  the  service  of  Eurystheus,  King  of  Tiryns.  At  his  com- 
mand he  performed  the  celebrated  Twelve  Labors,  as  fol- 
lows: L  Slaying  the  Nemean  lion.  2.  Slaying  the  Hydra  of 
Lerna.  3.  Capturing  the  Cerynian  stag.  4.  Capturing  the 
boar  of  Erymanthus.  5.  Cleaning  the  Augean  stables.  6. 
Killing  the  birds  of  Stymphalus.  7.  Capturing  the  Cretan 
bull.  8.  Capturing  the  horses  of  Diomede.  9.  Obtaining  the 
girdle  of  Hippolyte.  10.  Bringing  the  oxen  of  Geryon  from 
the  island  of  Erythia.  1 1 .  Procuring  the  golden  apples  of  the 
Hesperides.  12.  Bringing  Cerberus  from  the  underworld.  In 
connection  with  these  labors  he  also  performed  numerous 
other  exploits. 

His  death  came  from  the  putting  on  of  a  poisoned  robe 
which  had  been  dipped  in  the  blood  of  the  centaur,  Nessus. 
After  his  death  he  was  taken  by  Jupiter  to  Olympus. 


14 


THE  STORY  OF  HERCULES 

1.   The  Infant  Prodigy 

Hercules,  Alcmenae  fllius,  olim  in  Graecia  habitabat.  Hie 
dicitur  omnium  hominum  validissimus  fuisse.  At  Juno,  re- 
glna  deorum,  Alcmenam  oderat,  et  Herculem  adhuc  infantem 
necare  voluit.  Misit  igitur  duas  serpentes  saevissimas;  hae 
media  nocte  in  cubiculum  Alcmenae  venerunt,  ubi  Hercules 
cum  fratre  suo  dormiebat.  Nee  tamen  in  cunis,  sed  in  sctito 
magno  cubabant.  Serpentes  jam  appropinquaverant  et 
scutum  movebant;  itaque  puerl  e  somno  excitati  sunt. 

1.  Hie  dicitur  .fuisse,  he  is  said  to  have  been;  died  and  verbs  of  similar 
meaning  are  frequently  employed  in  the  passive  with  a  personal  subject 
and  a  dependent  infinitive. 

3.  oderat,  hated;  this  verb  has  only  the  tenses  formed  on  the  perfect 
stem;  the  perfect,  however,  is  translated  as  a  present,  the  past  perfect  as 
an  imperfect,  and  the  future  perfect  as  a  future. 

5.  media  nocte,  in  the  middle  of  the  night. 

8.  itaque,  and  so;  more  frequently  the  word  means  therefore. 

3.  odi,  odisse,   osurus,   defect.,  tr.,       cubiculum,  -I,  n.  [cubo],  bedcham- 
hate.  ber. 

6.  medius,  -a,   -um,   adj.,   middle,      6.  cunae,  -arum,/,  pi.,  a  cradle, 
intervening,  middle  of.  7.  cubo,  -are,  cubui,  cubitum,  intr., 

lie  down,  recline. 


2.   Hercules  and  the  Serpents 

Iphicles,  f rater  Herculis,  magna  voce  exclamavit;  at  Her- 
cules ipse,  puer  fortissimus,  haudquaquam  territus  est.     Par-  lo 
vis  manibus  serpentes  statim  prehendit  et  colla  earum  magna 
VI  compressit.     Tall  modo  serpentes  a  puero  interfectae  sunt. 

9.  ex-clamo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,      12.  comprimo,    -primere,     -pressi, 
cry  out,  exclaim.  -pressiun,  tr.  [com-+prem6],  press 

10.  haud-quaquam,  adv.,  not  at  aU„         together,  squeeze;  suppress. 

by  no  means.  talis,  -e,  adj.,  such,  of  such  a  kind. 

15 


16 


A   JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


JUNO 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


17 


Alcmena    autem,    mater    puerorum,    clamorem   audlverat    et 
maritum  suum  e  somno  excitaverat.     lUe  lumen  accendit  et 
gladium   suum  rapuit;   tum  ad  pueros   properabat,   sed,   ubi  15 
ad  locum  venit,  rem  miram  vidit;  Hercules  enim  ridebat  et 
serpentes  mortuas  monstrabat. 


13.  clamor,  -oris,  m.  [clamo],  shout, 
shouting,  noise. 

14.  maritus,  -i,  m.,  husband. 

lumen,  -inis,  n.  [compare  lux],  light, 
a  light. 


accendo,  -cendere,  -cendi,  -censum, 
tr.  [ad+cendo,  burn],  kindle,  light. 

16.  minis,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  wonderful, 
strange. 

17.  mortuus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  pari, 
of  morior],  dead. 


3.   The  Music  Lesson 

Hercules  a  puero  corpus  suum  cllligenter  exercebat.  Mag- 
nam  partem  diel  in  palaestra  consumebat;  didicit  etiam 
arcum  intendere  et  tela  conjicere.  His  exercitationibus  vires  20 
ejus  confirmatae  sunt.  In  musica  etiam  a  Lino  Centauro 
erudiebatur.  (Centaur!  autem  equi  erant,  sed  caput  hominis 
habebant.)     Huic  tamen  arti  minus  dlligenter  studebat.     Hie 

18.  a  puero,  froyn  boyhood;  literally,  fro7n  a  hoy. 
exercebat:  the  imperfect  of  repeated  or  habitual  action. 

19.  palaestra:  the  name  given  by  the    Greeks  to  the  place  in  which 
instruction  and  training  were  given  the  young  in  wrestling  and  boxing. 

20.  vires:  review  the  declension  of  vis,  App.  3,  (5). 

23.  huic  arti  .  .  .  studebat,  he  devoted  himself  to  this  art;  dative  with  a 
special  verb,  App.  5L 


18.  dlligenter,  adv.  [diligens,  indus- 
trious], industriously,  diligently. 

exerceo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  tr.   [ex+ 
arced,  enclose],  train,  drill. 

19.  palaestra,    -ae,  \/.,     wresthng- 
place,  place  of  exercise. 

con-sumo,  -sumere,-sumpsi,-sump- 
tum,  tr.,  consume,  spend. 

disco,  -ere,  didici,  — ,  tr.,  learn. 

20.  in-tendo,  -tendere,  -tendi,  -ten- 
tum,  //■.,  stretch;  bend,  aim. 


exercitatio,  -onis,  /.  [exercito,  train], 
exercise,  training. 

21.  con-firmo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
strengthen,  establish. 

musica,  -ae, /.,  music. 

22.  erudio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  tr.  [e+ 
rudis,  rough],  educate,  instruct. 

23.  ars,  artis,  -ium,  /.,  art. 

minus,  adv.  [neut.  of  minor],  less. 

~^  studeo,  -ere,  studui,  — ,  intr.  (takes 
dative),  be  devoted,  apply  oneself, 
study;  favor. 


18 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


Linus  Herculem  olim  culpabat,  quod  parum  studiosus  erat. 
25  Turn  puer  Iratus  citharam  subito  rapuit  et  summis  viribus 
caput  magistrl  infelicis  percussit.  lUe  ictu  prostratus  est,  et 
paul5  post  e  vita  excessit,  neque  quisquam  postea  id  officium 
suscipere  voluit. 

26.  lUe:  he  {i.e.,  Linus);  ille  is  used  to  refer  to  some  person  other  than 
the  subject  of  the  sentence  immediately  preceding. 

27.  paulo:  an  adverb,  but  in  origin  an  ablative  of  degree  of  difference; 
with  posty  a  little  later;  literally,  later  by  a  Utile. 

id  officium:  i.e.,  the  task  of  instructing  Hercules  in  music. 


24.  culpo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  ir. 
[culpa],  blame,  rebuke. 

parum,  adv.,  too  little,  insufficiently. 

studidsus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [studium], 
eager,  fond,  studious. 

26.  cithara,  -ae,  /.,  cithara,  guitar. 

simimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [superl.  of 
superus],  highest;  utmost,  great- 
est; top  of,  highest  part  of. 

26.  magister,  -tri,  m.,  master, 
teacher. 

in-felix,  gen.  -felicis,  adj.,  unfortu- 
nate, unhappy. 


percutio,  -cutere,  -cussi,  -cussimi,  tr. 
[per+quatio,  shake],  pierce,  strike. 

pro-stemo,  -sternere,  -stravi,  -stra- 
tum, tr.,  spread  out;  overthrow, 
lay  prostrate. 

27.  paulo,  adv.  [ahl.  of  paulum,  a 
little],  (by)  a  little,  a  little. 

quisquam,  quicquam,  indef.  pron., 
any  one,  any  thing. 

officium,  -i,  n.  [opus+facio],  duty, 
service. 

28.  suscipia,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptum, 

tr.,  [sub+capi5],  undertake. 


4.   Hercules  Escapes  from  Being  Sacrificed 

De  Hercule  haec  etiam  inter  alia  narrantur.     Olim,   dum 

30  iter  facit,  in  fines  Aegyptiorum  venit;  ibi  rex  quidam,  nomine 

Buslris,  ills  tempore  regnabat;  hie  autem,  vir  crudelissimus, 

homines  immolare  consueverat.     Herculem  igitur  corripuit  et 

29.  haec  inter  alia,  these  things  among  others. 

31.  vir:  in  apposition  with  hie. 

32.  consueverat,  was  accustomed;  consuesco  means  become  accustomed; 
its  perfect  tense  therefore  denotes  a  present  state,  has  become  accustomed, 
i.e.,  is  accustomed;  likewise  the  past  perfect  consueverat  denotes  a  past 
state,  he  had  become  accustomed,  i.e.,  was  accustomed. 


31.  criidelis,  -e,  adj.,  cruel. 

32.  immolo,   -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr. 
[in+mola,  meal],  sacrifice. 

c6n-suesc6,  -suescere,  -suevi,  -sue- 
tum,  intr.,   become  accustomed; 


pf.,    be   accustomed,    be   in    the 
habit  of. 

corripio,  -ripere,  -ripui,  -reptum,  tr. 
[com-+rapio],  seize,  take  hold  of, 
snatch  up. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


19 


in  vincula  conjecit.  Turn  nuntios  dimlsit  et  diem  sacrificio 
edixit.  Mox  ea  dies  appetlvit,  et  omnia  rite  parata  sunt. 
Mantis  Herculis  catenls  ferrels  vinctae  sunt,  et  mola  salsa  in  35 
caput  ejus  inspersa  est.  Mos  enim  erat  apud  antiquos  salem 
et  far  capitibus  victimarum  imponere.  Jam  victima  ad  aram 
stabat;  jam  sacerdos  cultrum  stimpserat.  Subito  tamen  Her- 
cules  magno  conatu  vincula  perrupit.  Tum  ictu  sacerdotem 
prostravit,  altero  regem  ipsum  occldit.  40 

33.  sacrificio,  for  the  sacrifice,  dative. 

37.  capitibus:  dative  with  a  compound  verb,  App.  55. 

40.  altero:  ictu  is  to  be  supplied. 


33.  sacrificium,  -i,  n.  [compare  sa- 
crifico],  sacrifice. 

34.  rite,  adv.  [compare  ritus,]  in  a 
proper  manner,  fitly,  duly. 

35.  catena,  -ae, /.,  chain. 
ferreus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [ferrum],  of 

iron. 
mola,  -ae, /.,  meal,  coarse  flour, 
salsus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [sal],  salted. 

36.  inspergo,  -spergere,  -spersi, 
-spersum,  tr.  [in+spargo,  sprin- 
kle], sprinkle  over. 

antiquus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  ancient,  of 

long  ago. 
sal,  sails,  m.,  salt. 


37.  far,  farris,  n.,  grain,  meal, 
victima, -ae,/.,  victim  (for  sacrifice). 
impono,  -ponere,  -posul,  -positum, 

tr.  [in+pono],  place  upon,  impose; 
put  on  board. 

ara,  -ae, /.,  altar, 

38.  sacerdos, -Otis,  m.  andf.  [sacer], 
priest,  priestess. 

culter,  -tri,  m.,  knife. 

sumo,  -ere,  sumpsi,  sumptum,  tr. 
[sub+emo],  take,  take  up. 

39.  conatus,  -us,  m.  [conor],  attempt. 

per-rumpo,  -rumpere,  -rupi,  -rup- 
tum,  tr.,  burst  through,  burst 
asunder. 


5.   Ear-Cropping 


Hercules,  jam  adulescens,  urbem  Thebas  incolebat.  Rex 
Thebarum,  vir  ignavus,  Creon  appellabatur.  Minyae,  gens 
bellicosissima,  Thebanis  finitimi  erant.  LegatI  autem  a  Mi- 
nyls  ad  Thebanos  quotannis  veniebant  et  centum  boves  postu- 

43.  Thebanis:  dative,  depending  on  the  adjective /ImYimi. 

44.  veniebant:  imperfect  of  repeated  action. 


43.  bellicosus, -a, -um,  cwi/.  [bellum],      44.  centum,  indecl.  num.  adj.,  hun- 
warlike,  martial.  dred. 


20  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

45  labant.  ThebanI  enim  oliin  a  Minyls  superati  erant;  tributa 
igitur  regl  Minyarum  quotannls  pendebant.  At  Hercules 
elves  suos  hoc  stlpendio  llberare  constituit.  Legates  igitur 
comprehendit,  atque  aures  eorum  abscldit.  Legati  autem 
apud  omnes  gentes  sacrl  habentur. 


47.  cives  suos,  his  fellow  citizens,     stipendio:  ablative  of  separation, 
App.  64. 

49.  habentur,  are  considered.     Ill  treatment  of  envoys  was  assigned 
as  the  reason  for  several  wars  in  antiquity. 

In  section  5  account  for  the  gender,  number,  and  case  of  sacrl,  49. 

45.  tributum,    -i,    n.    [p.     part,    of  47.  libero,    -are,    -avi,    -atum,    tr. 
tribuo,  assign],  tribute,  payment.  [liber],  set  free,  free,  liberate,  re- 

46.  pendo,  -ere,  pependi,  pensum,  lease. 
tr.,  weigh,  pay  out,  pay. 


6.   Defeat  of  the  Minyae 

50  Erginus,  rex  Minyarum,  ob  haec  vehementer  iratus  erat,  et 
cum  omnibus  copiis  in  fines  Thebanorum  contendit.  Creon 
adventum  ejus  per  exploratores  cognovit;  ipse  tamen  pugnare 
noluit;  nam  magno  timore  affectus  est;  ThebanI  igitur  Her- 
culem  imperatorem  creaverunt.     llle  nuntios  in  omnes  partes 

55  dimisit  et  copias  coegit.  Tum  proximo  die  cum  magno  ex- 
ercitu  profectus  est.  Locum  idoneum  delegit  et  aciem  In- 
struxit.     Tum  ThebanI  e  superiore  loco  impetum  in  hostes 

53.  magno  timore:  see  note  on  Per.,   100. 

50.  vehementer,    adv.    [vehemens,       55.  cogo,  cogere,  coegi,  coactum,  tr. 
vehement,    violent],     violently;  [com-+ago],  drive  together,  bring 

very  much,  greatly.  together,    collect;   compel,   force. 

52.  explorator,    -oris,  ?u.   [explore],       56.  proficiscor,  proficlsci,  profectus 
scout.  sum,  inlr.,  set  out,  start,  depart. 

53.  nolo,  nolle,  nolui,  tr.  and  intr.       57.   superior,    -ius,    adj.    [comp.    of        I 
[ne+volo],    be  unwilling,    not   to  superus],   higher;   previous,    pre- 
wish.  ceding;  superior. 


A   JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


21 


fecerunt.    lUl  autem  impetum  sustinere  non  potuerunt,  itaque 
acies  hostium  pulsa  est  atque  in  fugam  conversa. 

59.  conversa:  supply  est,  which,  like  the  other  forms  of  sum,  is  some- 
times omitted  in  the  perfect  passive. 

In  section  6  account  for  the  case  of  timore,  Herculem,  53;  of  wipcrdtorem, 
54;  of  die,  55. 

58.  sustineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  -ten-  59.  pello,  -ere,  pepuli,  pulsum,  tr., 
tum,  tr.  [sub+teneo],  hold  up,  '  beat;  drive  out,  drive  away,  rout, 
sustain,  witlistand.  con-verto,  -vertere,  -verti,  -versum, 

tr.,  turn  around,  turn. 


7.   Madness  and  Murder 

Post  hoc  proelium  Hercules  copias  suas  ad  urbem  reduxit.  eo 
Omnes  ThebanI  propter  victoriam  maxime  gaudebant.  Creon 
autem  magnis  honoribus  Herculem  decoravit,  atque  filiam 
suam  el  in  matrimonium  dedit.  Hercules  cum  uxore  sua 
vltam  beatam  agebat;  sed  post  paucos  annos  subito  in  furo- 
rem  incidit,  atque  liberos  suos  ipse  sua  manu  occidit.  Post  65 
breve  tempus  ad  sanitatem  recluctus  est,  et  propter  hoc 
f acinus  magno  dolore  affectus  est;  mox  ex  urbe  effugit  et  in 
silvas  se  recepit.  Nolebant  enim  elves  sermonem  cum  eo 
habere. 

61.  gaudebant:  what  arc  the  principal  parts  of  this  verb?    What  land  of 
verb  is  it? 

64.  in  furorem  incidit,  became  insane;  how  literally? 

65.  ipse  sua,  his  own;  but  the  two  Latin  words  are  more  emphatic  than 
the  English  translation. 

68.  se  recepit,  betook  himself,  withdrew;  compare  se  contulii,  Per.  93. 


60.  re-duco,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -duc- 
tum,  tr.,  lead  back. 

61.  maxime,  swperl.  adv.  [maximus], 
in  the  highest  degree,  most,  espe- 
cially, exceedingly. 

62.  decoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr. 
[decus,  decoration],  adorn,  honor. 

64.  furor,  -oris,  m.  Jfuro,  to  rage], 
madness,  fury. 


65.  incido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  — ,  intr. 
[in+cado],  fall  in,  fall  into. 

66.  sanitas,  -atis,  /.  [sanus],  health, 
sanity. 

67.  facinus,     facinoris,     n.,     deed; 
crime. 

effugio,  -fugere,  -fugi,  — ,  intr.  [ex 
+fugio],  escape. 

68.  sermo,  -onis,  m..  [sero,  entwine], 
talk,  conversation. 


22 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


8.   Hercules  Consults  the  Oracle 

70  Hercules  magnopere  cupiebat  tantum  scehis  expiare.  Con- 
stituit  igitur  ad  oraculum  Delphicum  Ire;  hoc  enim  oraculum 
erat  omnium  celeberrimum.  Ibi  templum  erat  Apollinis, 
plurimls  donis  ornatum.  Hoc  in  templo  sedebat  femina  quae- 
dam,  nomine  Pythia,  et  consilium  dabat  ils  qui  ad  oraculum 

75  veniebant.  Haec  autem  femina  ab  ipso  Apolline  docebatur, 
et  voluntatem  del  hominibus  enuntiabat.  Hercules  igitur, 
qui  Apollinem  praecipue  colebat,  hue  venit.  Tum  rem  totam 
exposuit,  neque  scelus  celavit. 

72.  omnium:  supply  drdculorum. 

73.  donis:  presented  by  states  and  individuals. 

Hoc  in  templo :  a  monosyllabic  preposition  may  stand  between  a  noun 
and  a  modifier. 

In  section  8,  account  for  the  case  of  omnium,  72;  of  nomine,  74. 


70.  scelus,  sceleris,  n.,  wickedness, 
crime. 

ex-pio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [pio, 
appease],  atone  for,  appease. 

72.  celeber,  -bris,  -bre,  adj., 
thronged;  renowned,  famous. 

73.  plurimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [superl. 
of  multus],  most,  very  much, 
very  many. 

omo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  fit  out, 


furnish,  equip;  adorn, 
sedeo,  -ere,  sedi,  sessum,  intr.,  sit. 

75.  doceo,   -ere,   -ui,    doctum,    tr., 
teach;  show,  explain. 

76.  e-nuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
assert;  proclaim,  reveal. 

77.  praecipue,  adv.  [praecipuus,  es- 
pecial], especially. 

cold,  -ere,  colui,  cultum,  tr.,  culti- 
vate, till. 


9.   The  Oracle's  Reply 

Ubi   Hercules   finem   fecit,    Pythia   diu   tacebat.      Tandem 

80  tamen  jussit  eum  ad  urbem  Tiryntha  Ire,  et  Eurysthei  regis 

omnia  imperata  facere.     Hercules,  ubi  haec  audlvit,  ad  urbem 

illam  contendit,  et  Eurystheo  regl  se  in  servitutem  tradidit. 

80.  Tiryntha:  a  word  of  Greek  origin,  retaining  its  Greek  accusative 
form.     P«roper  names  must  always  be  translated  by  the  nominative. 

82.  in  servitutem,  in  slavery. 

79.  taceo,  -ere,  tacui,  taciturn,  intr.      82.  servitus, -utis,/.  [servus],  servi- 
and  tr.,  be  silent,  be  silent  about.  tude,  slavery. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  23 

Duodecim  annos  in  servitute  Eurysthel  tenebatur,  et  duode- 
cim  labores,  quos  ille  imperaverat,  confecit.     Hoc  enim  uno 
modo  tantum  scelus  expiarl  potuit.     De  his  laboribus  plurima  si 
si  poetis  scripta  sunt.     Multa  tamen  quae  poetae  narrant  vix 
credibilia  sunt. 

85.  plurima,  a  great  many  things,  an  adjective  used  substantively. 
In  section  9  account  for  the  case  of  eum,  80;  of  regi,  82. 

83.  duodecim,     indecl.    num.    adj.  intr.   [in+paro],  command;  con- 
[duo+decem],  twelve.  trol. 

84.  labor,  -oris,  m.,  labor,  toil.  87.  credibUis,  -e,  adj.  [credo],  credi- 
impero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  and  ble. 


10.   First  Labor  —  Slaying  the  Nemean  Lion  - 

Primum  ab  Eurystheo  jussus  est  Hercules  leonem  occldere, 
qui  illo  tempore  vallem  Nemaeam  reddebat  Infestam.  In 
silvas  igitur  quas  leo  incolebat  statim  se  contulit.  Mox  90 
feram  vidit,  et  arcum  quern  secum  attulerat  intendit;  ejus 
tamen  pellem,  quae  densissima  erat,  trajicere  non  potuit.  Turn 
clava  magna,  quam  semper  gerebat,  leonem  percussit.  Frus- 
tra  tamen,  neque  enim  hoc  modo  eum  occldere  potuit.  Tum 
demum  collum  monstri  bracchils  suls  complexus  est,  et  fauces  95 
ejus  summis  viribus  compressit.     Hoc  modo  leo  brevi  tem- 

91.  secum:  the  preposition  cum  regularly  follows,  and  is  attached  to, 
a  personal,  a  reflexive,  or  a  relative  pronoun. 

88.  led,  -onis,  m.,  lion.  trajicio,  -jicere,  -jecl,  -jectimi,   tr. 

89.  infestus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  unsafe,  <^nd    intr.     [trans +jaci6],     hurl  . 
hostile.  across;  pierce. 

91.  fera,  -ae,  /.,   wild  beast,   wild      93.  clava,  -ae,/.,  staff,  club, 
animal.  95.  demum,  adv.,  at  last,  at  length. 

affero,   afferre,   attuli,  allattmi,   tr.      bracchium,    -i,    n.,    the    fore-arm, 
[ad+fero],  bring  to,  bring.^  arm. 

92.  pellis,    pellis,    -ium,   /.,    skin,      com-plector,  -plecti,  -plexus  simi,  tr. 
hide,  pelt.  [plector,  embrace],  clasp,  embrace. 

densus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  close,  thick.         fauces,  -ium,/.  pi.,  throat. 


24  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

pore  exanimatus  est;  nulla  enim  resplrandi  facultas  ei  daba- 
tur.  Turn  Hercules  cadaver  ad  oppidum  in  umeris  rettulit  et 
pellem  quam  detraxerat  postea  pro  veste  gerebat.  Omnes 
100  autem  qui  earn  regionem  incolebant,  ubi  famam  de  morte 
leonis  acceperunt,  vehementer  gaudebant,  et  Herculem  magno 
in  honore  habebant. 

97.  respirandi  facultas,  chance  of  breathing,  chance  to  breathe;  resplrandi 
is  a  gerund. 

99.  pro  veste,  as  a  garment. 

97.  re-spiro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr.,      umerus,  -i,  m.,  upper  arm,  shoulder, 
breathe  out;  breathe.  99.  de-traho,  -trahere,  -traxl,  -trac- 

facultas,  -atis,/.  [facilis],  means,  op-  tum,  tr.,  draw  off,  strip  off. 

portunity,  chance.  vestis,  -is,/.,  garment,  clothing. 

98.  cadaver,  -eris,  n.,  a  dead  body;       100.    fama,  -ae,  /.,   report,   rumor, 


corpse. 


talk. 


11.   Second  Labor  —  Slaying  the  Lernaean  Hydra 

Post  haec  jussus  est  ab  Eurystheo  Hydram  necare.  Hoc 
autem   monstrum   erat   quod   novem   capita   habebat.   i  Her- 

105  cules  igitur  cum  amico  lolao  profectus  est  ad  paludem  Ler- 
naeam,  quam  Hydra  incolebat.  Mox  monstrum  invenit  et, 
quamquam  res  erat  magni  perTculT,  collum  ejus  laeva  pre- 
hendit.  Tum  dextra  capita  novem  abscidere  coepit.  Quotiens 
tamen   hoc .  fecerat,  nova  capita   exoriebantur.     Diu  frustra 

110  laboravit;  tandem  hoc  conatu  destitit;   constituit  deinde  ar- 

103.  Hoc:  although  the  reference  is  to    Hydram,  a  feminine  noun,  the 
demonstrative,  in  accordance  with  Latin  usage,  takes  its  gender  from  the 
.  predicate  noun  monstrum. 

109.  exoriebantur,  grew  out;  imperfect  of  repeated  action. 

110.  conatu:  ablative  of  separation. 

105.  palus, -udis,/.,  swamp,  marsh.  often  as. 

107.  laeva,  -ae,  /.  [laevus,  on  the      109.  ex-orior,    -oriri,   -ortus    sum, 

left  side],  the  left  hand.  intr.,  come  forth,  arise,  appear. 

^       108.  quotiens.  Off y.  [quot,  how  many],       110.  de-sisto,  -sistere,  -stiti,   -sti- 
interrog.,  how  often?  relative,  as  tum,  intr.,  leave  off,  desist  from. 


A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER  25 

bores  succidere  et  ignem  accendere.  Hoc  celeriter  fecit,  et, 
postquam  ligna  ignem  comprehenderunt ,  face  ardente  colla 
adussit,  unde  capita  exoriebantur.  Nee  tamen  sine  magno 
labore  haec  fecit.  Auxilium  enim  Hydrae  tulit  cancer  ingens, 
qui,  dum  Hercules  capita  abscidit,  crura  ejus  mordebat.  115 
Postquam  monstrum  tall  modo  interfecit,  sagittas  suas  san- 
guine ejus  imbuit,   itaque  mortiferas  reddidit. 

112.  comprehenderunt,  caught. 

113.  nnde,  from  which,  =ex  quibus. 

In   section    11    account   for   the   gender   of   hoc,   109;  for   the   case  of 
mortiferas,  117, 

111.  succido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisum,       114.  cancer,  -cri,  m.,  a  crab. 
ir.  [sub  +  caedo],  cut  down,  fell.  ^g^  ^rus,  cruris,  n.,  leg. 

112.  lignum,  -i,  n.,  wood,  firewood.       _j--__j-        '  , 

^         »     >      >  y  mordeo,-ere,momordi,morsum,^r., 

fax,  facis, /.,  torch,  firebrand.  bj^g 

ardens^m.  ardentis,  adj.  [pr.  part.       ^^^    .^ 
0/ ardeo],  glowmg,  fiery.  soak,  steep. 

113.  ad-uro,  -urere,  -ussi,  -ustum,  . .,  _       j  •   r-~        ■ 
/r    hum   Ronr                                         mortifer,  -era,  -erum,  a/Z;.  [mors + 
tr    burn,  sear.                                             ^^^.^^  death-deaUng,  deadly. 

unde,    adv.,    from     which    place, 

whence. 


12.   Third  Labor  —  Capture  of  the  Cerynian  Stag 

Postquam  Eurystheo  caedes  Hydrae  nuntiata  est,  magnus 
timor  animum  ejus  occupavit.    Jussit  igitur  Herculem  cervum 
quendam  ad  se  referre;  noluit  enim  virum  tantae  audaciae  in  120 
urbe  retinere.     Hie  autem  cervus,  cujus  cornua  aurea  fuisse 
traduntur,  incredibili  fuit  celeritate.     Hercules  igitur  primum 

120.  tantae  audaciae:  genitive  of  description,  App.  44. 

121.  fuisse  traduntur,  are  said  to  have  been. 

122.  celeritate :  ablative  of  description;  either  the  ablative  or  the  genitive 
in  this  use  may  stand  in  the  predicate. 

119.  cervus,  -i,  m.,  stag.  an  army). 

120.  audacia,  -ae,  /.  [audax],  bold-      aureus,  -a,  -um,  adj.    [aurum],  erf 

ness.  gold,  golden. 

121.  comu, -us,  71.,  horn;  wing  {of       122.  in-credibilis,-e,a4/., incredible. 


26  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

vestigia  ejus  in  silvls  animadvertit.  Deinde,  ubi  cervum 
ipsiun  vidit,  summis  viribus  currere  coepit.  Usque  ad  ves- 
125  perum  cucurrit,  neque  nocturnum  tempus  sibi  ad  quietem 
rellquit.  Frustra  tamen,  nuUo  enim  modo  praedam  consequi 
poterat.  Tandem,  postquam  totum  annum  cucurrerat  (ita 
traditur),  cervum  cursti  exanimatum  cepit  et  vivum  ad 
Eurystheum  rettulit. 

125.  sibi:  dative  after  rellquit,   but   may  be  omitted  in  translation. 

ad,  for. 

127.  cucurrerat:  with  postquam  and  ubi  the  perfect  is  the  tense  most 
frequently  used,  as  has  been  stated  before.  The  past  perfect  is  here  em- 
ployed because  its  clause  denotes  a  situation. 

ita  traditur,  so  the  story  goes. 

In  section  12  account  for  the  case  of  Eurysthed,  118;  of  Herculem,  119; 
of  annum,  127;  of  cursu,  128. 

123.  vestigium,  -i,  n.,  footstep,       125.  noctumus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [nox], 
track.  nightly,  at  night,  night  (as  adjec- 

animadverto,  -vertere,  -verti,  -ver-  tive). 

sum, /r.  [animus +  advert6],  direct  126.  con-sequor,    -sequi,    -secutus 

the  mind  to,   observe,   notice;  stmi,  tr.,  follow  up;  overtake; 

punish.  gain. 

124.  usque,  adv.,  all  the  way,  even,       128.  cursus,  -us,  m.,  chariot. 

all  the  time,  until.  vivus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.   [vivo],  hving, 

vesper,  -eri,  m.,  evening.  alive. 


13.  Fourth  Labor  —  The  Erymanthian  Boar 

130  Post  haec  jussus  est  Hercules  aprum  quendam  capere,  qui 
illo  tempore  agros  Erymanthios  vastabat  et  incolas  hujus 
regionis  magnopere  terrebat.  Hercules  rem  suscepit  et  in 
Arcadiam  prefect  us  est.     Postquam  in  silvam  paulum  pro- 

132.  rem,  task;  res  is  to  be  rendered  freely  according  to  the  context. 

130.  aper,  apri,  m.,  a  wild  boar.  a  little],  somewhat. 

131.  incola,  -ae,  m.  and  f.  [incolo],      progredior,   -gredi,   -gressus    sum, 
inhabitant,  resident.  i^tr.    [pro+gradior,  step],  go  on, 

133.  paulum,  adv.  [ace.  of  paulum,  advance,  proceed. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  27 

gressus  est,  apro  occurrit.  Ille  autem,  simul  atque  Herculem 
vidit,  statim  refugit  et,  timore  perterritus,  in  altam  fossam  135 
se  projecit.  Hercules  igitur  laqueum  quern  attulerat  injecit, 
et  summa  cum  difficultate  aprum  e  fossa  extraxit.  Ille,  etsi 
multum  reluctabatur,  nullo  modo  se  llberare  potuit,  et  ab 
Hercule  ad  Eurystheum  vivus  relatus  est. 

134.  apro:  dative  with  occurrit,  which  is  a  compound  of  oh  and  curro. 

In  section  13,  is  the  preposition  cum,  137,  necessary  to  the  expression  of 
manner?    Account  for  the  case  of  vivus,  139. 

134.  occurro,  -currere,  -currl,  -cur-      laqueus,  -I,  m.,  noose. 

sum,    intr.     [ob+curro],    run    to      137.  difficultas,  -atis,  /.  [difficilis], 
meet,  meet.  difficulty. 

135.  per-terreo,    -terrere,    -terrui,      etsi,  conj.,  though,  although,  even 
-territum,  ir.,  frighten  thoroughly,  if. 

terrify.  138.  multum,  adv.  [ace.  of  multum], 

136.  projicio,  - jicere,  -jeci,  -jectum,  much,  greatly. 

/r.  [pro+jacio],  hurl  forward,  hurl      reluctor, -ari,-atus  sum,  znfr.,  strug- 
down.  gle  against,  resist. 


14.   Hercules  at  the  Centaur's  Cave 

De    quarto    labore,    quern    supra    narravimus,    haec    etiam  uo 
traduntur.     Hercules,   dum   iter   in   Arcadiam  facit,   ad   earn 
regionem  venit  quam  Centauri  incolebant.     Mox,   quod  nox 
jam  appetebat,  ad  antrum  devertit,  in  quo  Centaurus  quidam, 
nomine  Pholus,  habitabat. 

Ille  Herculem  benigne  excepit  et  cenam  paravit.     At  Her-  145 
cules,   postquam   cenavit,   vinum   a   Pholo   postulavit.      Erat 

140.  narravimus:  the  plural  as  used  by  the  author  to  refer  to  himself 
was  formerly  common  in  English  also,  especially  in  newspaper  editorials. 

143.  jam,  now,  or  by  this  time;  nunc  means  now  (absolutely),  at  the 
■present  time. 

140.  supra,   adv.    [superus],  above,  turn  away,  turn  aside. 

"^^^^^-  145.  cena,  -ae,  /.,  dinner. 

143.  antrum,  -i,  n..  cave.  146.  ceno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr. 

de-verto,  -vertere,  -verti,  — ,  intr.y  and  tr.  [cena],  dine,  dine  upon. 


28 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


autem  in  antro  magna  amphora,  vino  optimo  repleta,  quam 
Centauri  ibi  deposuerant.  Pholus  hoc  vinum  dare  nolebat, 
quod  reliquos  Centauros  timebat;  nullum  tamen  vinum  prae- 
150  ter  hoc  in  antro  habebat.  ''Hoc  vinum,"  inquit,  "mihi  com- 
missum  est.  Si  igitur  hoc  dabo,  Centauri  me  interficient." 
Hercules  tamen  eum  irrisit,  et  ipse  cyathum  vini  ex  amphora 
hausit. 


150.  inquit:  this  verb  is  regularly  used  in  the  present  tense  with  direct 
quotations  and  stands  after  one  or  more  words  of  a  quotation;  it  corre- 
sponds to  the  English  "said  I."  It  is  defective,  that  is,  it  lacks  some  forms 
of  person,  tense,  and  mood. 


147.  amphora,  -ae,/.,  jar,  flagon. 

optimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [swpeii.  of 
bonus],  best. 

re-pleo,  -plere,  -plevi,  -pletum,  tr., 
fill  again,  refill. 

149.  praeter,  'pre-p.  with  ace.  [com- 
pare  prae,  before],  except;  past, 
beyond;  in  addition  to;  contrary 
to. 


150.  inquam,  inquis,  inquit,  intr. 
defect.,  say,  employed  in  direct  quo- 
tations. 

152.  irrideo,  -ridere,  -risi,  -risum, 
intr.  [in+rideo],  laugh  at,  jeer, 
mock. 

cyathus,  -i,  m.,  cup. 

153.  haurio,   -Ire,  hausi,  haustum, 

tr.,  draw,  drain;  swallo\N'. 


15.   The  Fight  with  the  Centaurs 

Simul  atque  amphora  aperta  est,  odor  jucundissimus  un- 
155  dique  diffusus  est;  vinum  enim  suavissimum  erat.  Centauri 
notum  odorem  senserunt,  et  omnes  ad  locum  convenerunt. 

Ubi  ad  antrum  pervenerunt,  magnopere  irati  erant,  quod 
Herculem  bibentem  viderunt.  Tum  arma  rapuerunt,  et  Pho- 
lum    interficere    volebant.      Hercules    tamen    in    aditu    antri 


154.  odor,  -oris,  m.,  smell,  odor. 

jucundus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  pleasant, 
agreeable. 

165.  diffundo,  -fundere,  -fudi,  -fu- 
sum,  tr.  [dis-+fundo],  pour  out, 
spread,  diffuse. 

suavis,  -e,  adj.,  sweet,  agreeable, 
pleasant. 


156.  notus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part, 
of  nosco,  learn,  know],  known, 
familiar. 

158.  bibo,  bibere,  bibi,  — ,  tr.  and 

intr.,  drink. 

159.  aditus,  ,-us,  m.'  [adeo,  -ire], 
entrance,  means  of  approach, 
access. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  29 

constitit,  et  impetum  eorum  fortissime  sustinebat.  Faces  leo 
ardentes  in  eos  conjecit;  multos  etiam  sagittls  suls  vulneravit. 
Hae  autem  sagittae  eaedem  erant  quae  sanguine  Hydrae  olim 
imbutae  erant.  Omnes  igitur  quos  ille  sagittls  vulneraverat 
veneno  statim  absumpti  sunt;  reliqui  autem,  ubi  hoc 
viderunt,  terga  verterunt  et  fuga  saltitem  petierunt.  i65 

161.  in,  at,  the  usual  meaning  of  in  with  words  meaning  lo  throw. 
165.  fuga,  inflight;  the  ablative  denotes  means,  however. 

160.  con-sist5,   -sistere,   -stiti,   — ,  ab-  sumo,  -sumere,  -sumpsi,  -sump- 

intr.,  take  one's  stand,  halt,  make  turn,  tr.,  consume,  destroy, 
a  stand. 

164.  venenum,  -i,  n.,  drug,  poison.  ^^^-  tergum,  -i,  n.,  back. 


16.   The  Fate  of  Pholus 

Postquam  reliqui  ffigerunt,  Pholus  ex  antro  egressus  est,  et 
corpora  spectabat  eorum  qui  sagittls  interfecti  erant.  Mag- 
nopere  autem  miratus  est,  quod  tarn  levl  vulnere  exanimati 
erant,  et  causam  ejus  rei  quaerebat.  Adiit  igitur  locum  ubi 
cadaver  cujusdam  Centauri  jacebat  et  sagittam  e  vulnere  i7o 
traxit.  Haec  tamen,  sive  casu  sive  consilio  deorum,  e  mani- 
bus  ejus  lapsa  est  et  pedem  leviter  vulneravit.  Ille  extemplo 
dolorem  gravem  per  omnia  membra  sensit,  et  post  breve 
tempus  vi  venenT  exanimatus  est.  Mox  Hercules,  qui  re- 
liquos  Centauros  secutus  erat,  ad  antrum  rediit,  et  magno  175 
cum    dolore    Pholum    mortuum    vidit.      IMultis    cum    lacrimls 

171,  sive  .  .  .  deorum,  either  by  chance  or  by  design  of  the  gods. 

In  section  16  point  out  two  ablatives  of  manner;  a  deponent  verb. 

167.  specto,  -are,  -avi,   -atum,   tr.       171.  traho,  -ere,  traxi,  tractum,  tr., 
[freq.    of   specio,    look],  observe,  draw,  drag. 

watch,  look  at,  look  to.  ^72.  labor,  labi,  lapsus  sum,  intr., 

168.  miror,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr.  and  glide,  slip,  fall. 

intr.      [mirus],      be     astonished;       leviter,  adv.  [levis],  lightly,  shghtly. 
won  er  a  .  extemplo,  adv.,  immediately,  forth- 

levis,  -e,  adj.,  hght,  slight,  trifling.  with,  without  delay. 

170.  jaceo,  -ere,  jacui,  — ,  intr.,  lie,       173.  membrum,  -i,  n.,  limb,  mem- 
be  prostrate.  ber. 


30 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


corpus  amTci  ad  sepulturam  dedit;  turn,   postquam  alterum 
cyathum  vim  hausit,  somno  se  dedit. 

177.  sepultura,  -ae,  /.  [sepelio],  burial. 


17.  Fifth  Labor  —  Cleansing  the  Augean  Stables 

Deinde  Eurystheus  Herculi  hunc  laborem  graviorem  im- 
180  posuit.  Augeas  quidam,  qui  illo  tempore  regnum  in  Elide 
obtinebat,  tria  milia  boum  habebat.  Hi  in  stabulo  ingentis 
magnitudinis  includebantur.  Stabulum  autem  illuvie  ac 
squalore  obsitum  erat;  neque  enim  ad  hoc  tempus  umquam 
purgatum  erat.  Hoc  jussus  est  Hercules  intra  spatium  unius 
185  diei  purgare.  lUe,  etsi  res  erat  multae  operae,  negotium  sus- 
cepit.  Primum,  magno  labore  fossam  duodeviginti  pedum 
fecit,  per  quam  fluminis  aquam  de  montibus  ad  murum 
stabuli  perduxit.     Tum,   postquam  murum  perrupit,   aquam 

179.  Herculi,  upon  Hercules. 

181.  tria  milia  boum,  three  thousand  cattle;  it  must  be  kept  in  mind 
that  the  singular  mille  is  an  adjective,  the  plural  milia  a  noun,  used  with 
a  genitive  of  the  whole.    Boum  is  the  genitive  plural  of  bos,  App.  3,  (5) . 

183.  neque  imiquam,  never. 

185.  erat  multae  operae,  was  one  of  great  labor;  a  genitive  of  description 
standing  in  the  predicate,  like  the  ablative  of  description  in  1.  122. 

186.  duodeviginti  pedum:  the  genitive  of  description  with  numerals  is 
regularly  employed  to  express  measure.    The  reference  is  to  width. 

In  section  17  account  for  the  case  of  magnitudinis,  182.  What  case  is 
governed  by  intra?    By  contra? 


181.  obtineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  -ten- 
turn,  tr.  [ob+teneo],  hold,  possess. 

stabulum,  -i,  n.,  stable,  stall. 

182.  magnitude,  -inis,  /.  [magnus], 
size,  magnitude. 

illuvies,  — ,   abl.   -e,  /.,    overflow; 
dirt,  filth. 

183.  squalor,  -oris,  m.,  squalor,  filth. 

ob-sero,  -serere,  -sevi,  -situm,  tr., 
plant;  cover,  fill. 

umquam,  adv.,  ever. 


184.  purgo,  -are,  -avi,  -atimi,  tr. 
[purus+ago],  clean,  cleanse;  ex- 
cuse; purgatus,  -a,  -um,  p.  part, 
as  adj.,  free  from  blame. 

spatitun,  -i,  n.,  space,  distance,  in- 
terval. 

185.  opera,  -ae,  /.  [opus],  effort, 
labor,  toil. 

negotitun,  -i,  n.  [nec-f-6tium],  busi- 
ness, matter;  affair,  task;  diffi- 
culty, trouble. 

186.  duodeviginti,  indecl.  num.  adj., 
twenty. 


A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


31 


in  stabulum  immlsit  et  tall  modo,  contra  opinionem  omnium, 
opus  confecit.  190 

189.  immitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -mis-      opinio,  -onis,  /.   [opinor,  suppose], 
sum,  tr.  [in+mitto],  send  in,  let  in.  opinion;  expectation. 


18.   Sixth  Labor  —  The  Birds  of  Stymphalus 

Post  paucos  dies  Hercules  ad  oppidum  Stymphalum  iter 
fecit;  jusserat  enim  eum  Eurystheus  aves  Stymphalides 
necare.  Hae  aves  rostra  aenea  habebant,  et  carne  hominum 
vescebantur.  lUe,  postquam  ad  locum  pervenit,  lacum  vidit; 
in  hoc  autem  lacu,  qui  non  procul  erat  ab  oppido,  aves  habi-  195 
tabant.  Nulla  tamen  dabatur  appropinquandi  facultas.  La- 
cus  enim  non  ex  aqua  sed  e  limo  constitit;  Hercules  igitur 
neque  pedibus  neque  lintre  progredi  potuit. 

Tandem  postquam  magnam  partem  diei  frustra  consumpsit, 
hoc    conatu   destitit   et   ad   Vulcanum  se   contulit  auxilium-  200 
que  ab  eo  petiit.     Vulcanus,  qui  a  fabiis  maxime  colebatur, 
crepundia,  quae  ipse  ex  aere   fabricatus  erat,   Herculi  dedit. 
His    Hercules    dirum    crepitum    fecit,    et     aves    perterritae 

193.  came:   ablative  governed  by  vescebantur.     Name  the   deponent 
verbs  that  govern  the  ablative. 

197.  constitit:  from  consto. 

198.  pedibus,  on  foot;  ablative  of  means,  here  suggesting  in  addition 
the  idea  of  manner. 

In  section  18  account  for  the  case  of  Stymphalum,  191;  of  lintre,  198;  of 
conatu,  200;  of  fabris,  201. 


193.  rostrum,  -i,  n.  [rodo,  gnaw], 
beak;  pL,  rostra,  -orum,  the 
Rostra,  a  platform  for  speakers  in 
the  Forum,  adorned  with  beaks  of 
captured  ships. 

aeneus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [aes],  of  cop- 
per, of  bronze. 

caro,  camis,  /.,  flesh. 

194.  vescor,  -i,  — ,  — ,  intr.,  {takes 
ablative)  feed  upon. 

197.  limus,  -1,  m.,  mud,  mire, 
con-sto,  -stare,  -stiti,  -statunis,  intr., 


stand  together;  consist;  impers., 
con-stat,  it  is  knowTi,  it  is  certain. 

198.  linter,  -tris,  /.,  boat,  skiff. 

201.  faber,  -bri,  w., workman,  smith. 

202.  crepundia,  -orum,  n.,  pi.  [crepo, 

to  rattle],  a  child's  rattle,  a  rattle. 

fabricor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr.  [faber], 

make,  construct,  build. 

203.  dims,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  dreadful, 
dire. 

crepitus,  -us,  m.  [crepo,  to  rattle], 
clattering,  noise. 


32  A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 

avolaverunt ;    ille    autem,    dum    avolant,   magnum   numerum 
205  eorum  sagittis  transfixit. 

204.  a-vol6, -are, -avi, -atunis,  w/r.,      205.  trans-flgo,  -figere,  -fixi,  -fix- 
fly  away.  um,  tr.,  pierce,  transfix. 


19.   Seventh  Labor  —  The  Cretan  Bull 

Tum  jussit  Herculem  Eurystheus  taurum  quendam  fero- 
cissimum  ex  insula  Creta  vivum  referre.  Ille  igitur  navem 
conscendit  et, ;  cum  primum  ventus  idoneus  fuit,  solvit.  Ubi 
tamen  insulae  jam  appropinquabat,  magna  tempestas  subito 

210  coorta  est  navisque  cursum  tenere  non  poterat.  Nautae 
paene  omnem  spem  salutis  deposuerunt;  tantus  timor 
animos  eorum  occupaverat.  Hercules,  tamen,  etsi  navigandi 
imperitus  erat,  haudquaquam  territus  est. 

Post  breve  tempus  summa  tranquillitas  consecuta  est,   et 

215  nautae,  qui  se  ex  timore  jam  receperant,  navem  incolumem 
ad  terram  perduxerunt.     Hercules  e  navi  egressus  est,  et,  ubi 

206.  ferocissimum,  very  savage.  The  translation  of  the  superlative  by 
very  is  frequently  necessary. 

208.  cum  primum,  as  soon  as.  With  this  phrase,  as  with  uhi,  postquam, 
siviul  atque,  the  perfect  indicative  is  most  frequently  employed,  as  ex- 
plained in  the  note  on  Perseus,  12. 

solvit,  -.set  sail.    Solvo  is  used  in  this  sense  either  with  or  without  navem. 

Ubi  .  .  .  jam  appropinquabat:  the  imperfect,  like  the  past'  perfect,  is 
employed  with  postquam  and  uhi  in  clauses  denoting  situation;  compare 
1.  127. 

209.  insulae:  dative  with  appropinquabat. 

212.  navigandi  imperitus,  ignorant  of,  unskilled  in,  navigation.  The 
genitive  of  the  gerund  here  depends  upon  an  adjective;  in  1.  196  it  was  used 
with  a  noun,  facultds. 

215.  se  receperant,  had  recovered. 

206.  taurus,  -i,  m.,  bull.  [navis+ago],  sail,  navigate. 

208.  conscendo,  -scendere,  -scendi,  213.  imperitus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [m-+ 

-scensum,  Ir.    [  c  o  m-  +  s  c  a  n  d  o,  peritus],  inexperienced,  unskilled. 

climb],  climb;  go  aboard,  embark 

on.  214.  tranquillitas,  -atis,  /.  [tranquil- 

210.  co-6rior,    -oriri,    -ortus    sum,  lus],  stillness;  a  calm  (a/ s^-a). 

intr.,  come  forth,  arise.  215.  incolumis,  -e,  adj.,  unharmed, 

212.  navigo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr.  safe. 


A   JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  33 

ad  regem  Cretae  venit,  causam  veniendi  docuit.  Deinde, 
postquam  omnia  parata  sunt,  ad  earn  regionem  contendit 
quam  taurus  vastabat.  Mox  taurum  vidit,  et,  quamquam 
res  erat  magni  periculi,  cornua  ejus  prehendit.  Turn  ingenti  220 
labor.e  monstrum  ad  navem  traxit  et  cum  praeda  in  Graeciam 
rediit. 

20.  Eighth  Labor  —  Capture  of  the  Horses 

OF   DiOMEDE 

Postquam  ex  Insula  Creta  rediit,  Hercules  ab  Eurystheo  in 
Thraciam  missus  est  et  equos  Diomedis  reducere  jussus.  Hi 
equi  carne  hominum  vescebantur;  Diomedes  autem,  vir  cru-  225 
delissinms,  iis  projiciebat  peregrlnos  omnes  qui  in  eam 
regionem  venerant.  Hercules  igitur  magna  celeritate  in 
Thraciam  contendit  et  hos  equos  ab  Diomede  postulavit. 
Quod  tamen  ille  hos  tradere  nolebat,  Hercules,  Ira  com- 
motus,  regem  interfecit  et  cadaver  ejus  equls  projici  jussit.  230 

Ita  mira  rerum  commutatio  facta  est;  is  enim  qui  antea 
multos  cum  cruciatQ  necaverat  ipse  eodem  supplicio  necatus 
est.  Ubi  haec  nuntiata  sunt,  omnes  qui  eam  regionem  in- 
colebant  maxima  laetitia  affect!  sunt,  et  Herculi  meritam 
gratiam  referebant.  Non  modo  maximis  honoribus  et  prae-  235 
mils  eum  decoraverunt,  sed  regnum  etiam  ei  obtulerunt. 
Ille  tamen  regnum  accipere  nolebat  et,  postquam  ad  mare 
rediit,   navem  occupavit.     Ubi  omnia  ad  navigandum  parata 

225.  came :  why  ablative? 

234.  meritam  gratiam  referebant:  for  the  translation  consult  the  note 
on  Per.  86. 

238.  ad  navigandum, /or  sailing;  one  of  the  commonest  uses  of  the  gerund 
is  the  accusative  with  ad  in  expressions  of  purpose. 

226.  peregrinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [per      234.  laetitia,   -ae,  /.,   [laetus],  joy, 
+ager],  strange,    foreign;   suhsi.,  happiness. 

peregrinus,  -i,  m.,  a  foreigner.  ^       ^    ,  ui    r       a     ^       ^ 

ooi  -4.-4.--      -   '       r    r  235.  mode, oar.  ao/.of modus Lonlv, 

mm^h^nge'  "''''''  '  merely,  a  little  while  ago;  recently! 

232.  cruciatus,  -us,  m,   [cnicio,  to      236.  ofifero,  -ferre,  obtuli,  oblatum, 

torture],  torture.  //•.   [ob-f-fero],  bring  before,  offer. 


34  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

sunt,  equos  in  navem  collocavit;  deinde  idoneam  tempesta- 
240  tern  nactus  sine  mora  e  portu  solvit  et  paulo  post  equos  in 
lit  us  Argolicum  exposuit. 

239.  tempestatem,  weather;  with  what  meaning  has  the  word  been  used 
previously? 

240.  nactus:  the  past  participle  of  a  deponent  verb  is  usually  active 
in  meaning.  It  therefore  agrees  with  the  subject  when  denoting  an  act 
of  the  subject;  an  act  attributed  to  the  subject,  if  expressed  by  the  past 
participle  of  a  non-deponent  verb,  requires  the  ablative  absolute  construc- 
tion. 

paulo  post:  see  note  on  1.  27. 

In  section  20,  would  it  be  proper  to  use  cum  with  magna  celeritdte,  227? 
Would  it  be  proper  to  omit  cum  in  the  phrase  cum  crucidtu,  232? 

240.  nanciscor,  -i,  nactus  sum,  tr.,  get,  obtain;  meet  with,  find. 


21.  Ninth  Labor  —  The  Girdle  of  Hippolyte 

Gens  Amazonum  dicitur  omnino  ex  mulieribus  constitisse. 
Hae  summam  scientiam  re!  mllitaris  habebant,  et  maximam 
virtutem   praebebant;   nam   etiam   cum   viris   proelium   com- 

245  mittere  audebant.  Hippolyte,  Amazonum  regina,  balteum 
habuit  celeberrimum,  quem  Mars  ei  dederat.  Admeta  autem, 
Eurysthei  filia,  famam  de  hoc  balteo  acceperat,  et  eum  pos- 
sidere  vehementer  cupiebat.  Eurystheus  igitur  Herculem 
jussit    copias    cogere    et    bellum    Amazonibus    Inferre.     Ille 

250  nuntios  in  omnes  partes  dimlsit  et,  postquam  magna  multi- 
tudo  convenit,  eos  delegit  qui  maximum  usum  in  re  militari 
habebant. 


242.  constitisse:  from  consto. 

243.  rei  militaris,  military  science,  art  of  war. 

244.  proelium  committere,  to  engage  in  battle. 

249.  bellum  Amazonibus  inferre,  to  make  war  on  the  Amazons. 


242.  mulier,  -eris, /.,  woman.  exhibit,  show. 

243.  scientia,  -ae, /.  [sciens,  know-  245.  balteus,  -i,  m.,  girdle,  belt. 
ing],  knowledge,  expertness,  skill.  247.  possideo,  -sidere,  -sedi,  -ses- 

militaris,  -e,  adj.  [mfles],  military.  sum,  tr.  [por /or  pro  +  sedeo],  pos- 

244.  praebeo,  -ere,  praebul,  prae-  ^^^s,  have. 

bitum,  tr.  [prae,  before  +habe6],  251.  usus,  -us,  m.  [utor],  use;  prac- 

hold  forth,  offer;  furnish,  supply;  tice,  experience. 


A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER  35 

22.   The  Girdle  Refused 

His  virls  Hercules  causam  itineris  exposuit;  ill!  auctoritate 
ejus  adducti  iter  cum  eo  facere  constituerunt.  Turn  cum  iis 
quibus  persuaserat  navem  conscendit  et,  ventum  idoneum  255 
nactus,  post  paucos  dies  ad  ostium  fluminis  Thermodontis 
appulit.  Postquam  in  fines  Amazonum  venit,  nuntium  ad 
Hippolytam  misit,  qui  causam  veniendi  docuit  et  balteum 
poposcit.  Ipsa  Hippolyte  balteum  tradere  volebat,  quod  de 
Herculis  virtute  famam  acceperat;  quod  tamen  reliquae  260 
Amazones  nolebant,  negavit.  At  Hercules,  ubi  haec  nunti- 
ata  sunt,  belli  fortunam  temptare  constituit. 

Proximo   igitur   die    copias   eduxit.     Turn   locum   idoneum 
delegit   et   hostes    ad    pugnam   evocavit.     Amazones    quoque 
copias   suas   ex   castris   eduxerunt   et   non   magno   intervallo  265 
aciem  instruxerunt. 

253.  His  viris:  dative  of  indirect  object, 
auctoritate;  ablative  of  cause.  \ 

255.  quibus:  dative  with  persuaserat,  App.  51. 

256.  post  paucos  dies:  in  this  phrase  post  is  employed  as  a  preposition. 
It  has  also  been  employed  as  an  adverb  in  phrases  of  the  same  or  similar 
meaning,  with  ablative  of  degree  of  difference;  e.g.,  panels  post  diebus. 

ad  ostium  Thermodontis:  the  Thermodon  was  a  river  in  Pontus,  a 
country  on  the  southern  coast  of  the  Black  Sea.  The  Amazons  were 
also  represented  as  dwelling  to  the  north  on  the  river  Don. 

259.  volebat,  was  willing. 

261,  nolebant:  the  words  balteum  tradere  are  to  be  understood. 

negavit:  this  is  the  common  word  for  say  that  not  accompanied  by 
indirect  discourse.     It  is  often  used  also,  as  here,  with  the  meaning  refuse. 

haec :  neuter  plural  used  substantively. 

265.  non  magno  intervallo,  at  no  great  distance  {interval) ;  ablative  of 
degree  of  difference. 

What  part  of  the  verb  is  veniendi,  258? 

256.  ostium,    -i,    n.    [compare    os],     262.  tempto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr. 
door;  mouth,  entrance.  [intens.  oj  tendo],  try,  make  trial 

259.  posco,  -ere,  poposci,  — ,  tr.,  ask,  o^- 

request,  demand.  264.  e-voc6,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
261.  nego,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  and         call  out. 

tn/r.,  say  no,  say  that  not;  refuse,  265.  intervallum,    -i,    n.,    interval, 

deny.  distance. 


36 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


23.   The  Battle 

Palus  erat  non  magna  inter  duos  exercitus;  neutri  tamen 
initium  transeundi  facere  volebant.  Tandem  Hercules  sig- 
num  dedit  et,  ubi  paludem  transiit,  proelium  commisit. 

Amazones  impetum  virorum  fortissime  sustinuerunt  et 
contra  opinionem  omnium  magnam  virtutem  praestiterunt ; 
mult  OS  quidem  eorum  occlderunt,  multos  etiam  in  fugam 
conjecerunt.  Viri  enim  novo  genere  pugnae  perturbabantur, 
nee  soiitam  virtutem  praestabant.  Hercules  autem,  ubi  haec 
vidit,  de  suis  fortunis  desperare  coepit.  Mllites  igitur  ve- 
hementer  cohortatus  ad  pristinam  virtutem  tantum  dedecus 
deprecatus  est;  quibus  verbis  animi  omnium  erecti  sunt; 
nam  multl,  etiam  qui  vulneribus  confecti  erant,  proelium 
sine  mora  redintegraverunt. 


267.  non  magna,  of  no  great  extent. 

neutri:  the  plural  of  neuter  is  employed  with  reference  to  two  groups. 

270.  Amazones  magnam  virtutem  praestiterunt:  the  Amazons  were 
said  to  have  ventured  to  attack  the  territories  of  other  nations,  and  to 
have  made  their  way  even  into  Attica,  the  district  about  Athens. 

271.  praestiterunt:  praesto  may  be  transitive,  as  here,  in  the  sense  of 
exhibit,  display,  or  it  may  be  intransitive  with  the  meaning  excel,  in  which 
case  it  usually  governs  a  dative. 

274.  nee:  translate  and  not. 

277.  quibus:  translate  by  a  demonstrative,  these. 

278.  etiam  qui,  even  those  who. 

In  section  23  point  out  a  gerund;  a  genitive  of  the  whole;  an  ablative  of 
of  cause. 


273,  genus,  generis,  n.,  race,  fam- 
ily, birth,  descent;  kind,  class. 

per-turbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
throw  into  confusion,  throw  into 
disorder,  disturb. 

275.  de-spero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr. 
and  intr.,  despair  of,  despair. 

276.  co-hortor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr., 
encourage,  rally,  admonish. 

pristinus,    -a,    -um,   adj.    [compare 


prior],  former,  original. 

de-decus,  -decoris,  n.  [decus,  decor- 
ation, honor],  disgrace,  dishonor. 

277.  de-precor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr., 
avert  by  prayer,  deprecate. 

erigo,  -rigere,  -rexi,  -rectum,  //•.  [e 
+  rego],  lift  up;  arouse,  encourage. 

279.  red-integro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
tr.  [integro,  make  whole],  renew, 
restore. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


37 


AN   AMAZON 


38  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

24.  Defeat  of  the  Amazons 

280  Diu  et  acriter  pugnatum  est;  tandem  tamen  ad  solis  oc- 
casum  magna  commutatio  rerum  facta  est,  et  mulieres  terga 
verterunt  atque  fuga  salutem  petierunt.  Multae  autem  vul- 
neribus  defessae,  dum  fugiunt,  captae  sunt;  in  quo  numero 
ipsa  erat  Hippolyte.     Hercules  summam  clementiam  praestitit 

285  et,  postquam  balteum  accepit,  llbertatem  omnibus  captivis 
dedit.  Post  haec  socios  ad  mare  reduxit  et,  quod  non  mul- 
tum  aestatis  supererat,  in  Graeciam  proficlsci  mattiravit. 
Navem  igitur  conscendit  et,  tempestatem  idoneam  nactus, 
statim  solvit.     Antequam  tamen   in   Graeciam   pervenit,   ad 

290  urbem  Trojam  navem  appellere  constituit;  frumentum  enim 
quod  secum  habebat  jam  deficere  coeperat. 

280.  Diu  .  .  .  pugnatum  est,  the  battle  was  long  and  fierce;  literally,  it 
was  fought  long  and  fiercely,    ad  solis  occasum,  about  sunset. 

286.  non  multum  aestatis,  not  much  of  the  summer;  multum  is  neuter 
of  the  adjective  used  as  a  noun;  aestatis  is  genitive  of  the  whole. 

In  section  24  point  out  two  complementary  infinitives. 

280.  occasus,   -us,  m.  [ob  4- casus],      mature, -are, -a vi, -atum,  w/r.  [ma- 
falling  down,  setting;  solis  occa-  turns],  set  about  early,  hasten. 

sus,  sunset,  ^^^        ^  •    i    r 

„«-      ,.         ..  .    r  1-     -      1       289.  ante-quam,  con?.,  before. 

284.  dementia,  -ae,  /.  [clemens],  ^        y       j  j 

forbearance,  mercy.  291.  deficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum, 

»V       287.  super-simi,-esse,-fui, — yintr.,  tr.  and  intr.  [de+facio],  fail,  run 

1%:         be  left  over,  survive,  remain.  out;  withdraw,  desert. 


25.   Laomedon  and  the  Sea  Monster 

Laomedon  quidam  illo  tempore  regnum  Trojae  obtinebat; 
ad  hunc  Neptunus  et  Apollo  anno  superiore  venerant  et, 
quod  Troja  nondum  moenia  habebat,  ad  hoc  opus  auxilium 
295  obtulerant.  Postquam  tamen  horum  auxiUo  moenia  confecta 
sunt,  nolebat  Laomed5n  praemium  quod  proposuerat  per- 
solvere. 

294.  moenia,  -ium,  n.  pL,  walls  {of  situm,  tr.,  set  forth,  relate;  offer, 

a  city).  propose. 

296.  pro-pono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -po-      per-solv5,  -solvere,  -solvi,  -solutum, 

tr.,  pay,  pay  over. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER  39 

Neptunus  igitur  et  Apollo,  ob  banc  causam  irati,  mon- 
strum  quoddam  miserunt  specie  horribili,  quod  cotidie  e  marl 
veniebat  et  homines  pecudesque  vorabat.  TrojanI  igitur,  300 
timore  perterriti,  in  urbe  continebantur,  et  pecora  omnia  ex 
agris  intra  muros  compulerant.  Laomedon,  his  rebus  com- 
motus,  oraculum  consuluit;  a  deo  autem  jussus  est  flliam 
Hesionem  monstro  objicere. 

301.  continebantur,  ivere  confining  themselves;  the  passive  voice  is  some- 
times used  in  a  reflexive  sense,  i.e.,  it  denotes  an  act  done  by  the  actor 
to  or  for  himself;  se  continebant  might  have  been  used. 

In  section  25  point  out  an  ablative  of  cause;  an  ablative  of  time;  an 
ablative  of  description. 

300.  pecus,-udis,/.,  a  head  of  cattle,       pecus,  -oris,  n.,  cattle,  herd,  flock, 
beast;  pL,  flock,  herd.  302.  com-pello,  -peUere,  -puU,  -pul- 

voro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  devour.  ^""^'  ^''^  ^^'^^^  together,  collect. 

304.  objicio,  -jicere,  -jeci,  -jectum, 

301.  contineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  -ten-  </•.  [ob+jacio],  throw  before,  throw 
tum,  tr.  [com-+teneo],  hold  to-  to,  offer,  e^'pose;  set  against, 
gether;   shut  in,  confine.                          oppose. 


26.   The  Rescue  of  Hesione 

Laomedon,  ubi  hoc  responsum  renuntiatum  est,  magnum  305 
dolorem  percepit.  Sed  tamen,  quod  elves  suos  tanto  periculo 
llberare  volebat,  oraculo  parere  constituit  et  diem  sacrificio 
dixit.  Sed,  sive  casu  sive  consilio  deorum,  Hercules  tempore 
opportunissimo  Trojam  attigit;  ipso  enim  temporis  puncto 
quo  puella  catenis  vincta  ad  lit  us  deducebatur  ille  navem  310 
appulit.  Hercules,  e  navi  egressus,  de  rebus  quae  gerebantur 
certior  f actus  est;  tum,  Ira  commotus,  ad  regem  se  contulit 

307.  oraculo:  dative  with  the  special  verb  parere. 

sacrificio,  for  the  sacrifice,  dative. 

309.  ipso  .  .  .  temporis  puncto  quo,  at  the  very  moment  when. 

312.  certior  factus  est,  ivas  informed;  literally,  was  made  more  certain. 

305.  re-nuntio,   -are,   -avi,   -atum,  attingo,  -tingere,  -tigi,  -tactum,  tr. 

intr.,    bring  back    word,    report,  [ad+tangoj,  t9uch;  arrive  at. 

announce.  punctum,  -i,  n.  {p.  part,  of  pungo], 

309.  opportunus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [ob+  Poi^^^J  moment. 

portus],  fit,  opportune. 


40  A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 

et  auxilium  suum  obtulit.  Rex  libenter  ejus  auxilium  accepit; 
deinde  Hercules  monstrum  interfecit  et  puellam,  quae  jam 
S15  omnem  spem  salutis  deposuerat,  incolumem  ad  patrem 
redtixit.  Laomedon  magno  cum  gaudio  flliam  suam  accepit, 
et  Hercull  pro  tanto  beneficio  meritam  gratiam  rettulit. 

In  section  26  account  for  the  case  of  perlculo  306;  of  incolurnem,  315. 
Give  the  principal  parts  of  vincio  and  vinco. 


27.  Tenth  Labor  —  The  Oxen  of  Geryon 

Post  haec  jussus  est  Hercules  ad  insulam  Erythiam  ire 
bovesque  Geryonis  arcessere.     Res  erat  summae  difficultatis, 

320  quod  boves  a  gigante  Eurytione  et  a  cane  bicipite  custodie- 
bantur.  Ipse  autem  Geryon  speciem  horribilem  praebebat; 
habebat  enim  tria  corpora  inter  se  conjuncta.  Hercules 
tamen,  etsi  intellegebat  periculum  magnum  esse,  negotium 
suscepit  et,  postquam  per  multas  terras  iter  fecit,  ad  eam 

325  partem  Libyae  pervenit  quae  Europae  proxima  est.  Ibi  in 
utraque  parte  freti  quod  Europam  a  Libya  dividit  columnas 
constituit,   quae   postea   Herculis   Columnae   appellatae  sunt. 


322.  inter  se,  together,  to  one  another;  how  Uterally? 

323.  periculum  magnum  esse:  what  class  of  verbs  take  the  infinitive 
with  subject  accusative? 

325.  in  utraque  parte,  on  both  sides. 

327.  Herculis  Columnae :  the  Rock  of  Gibraltar  and  a  hill  on  the  oppo- 
site side  of  the  Straits  doubtless  gave  rise  to  this  legend. 

In  section  27  account  for  the  case  of  difficultatis  319;  of  Europae  325;  of 
Columnae  327. 


319.  arcesso,     -cessere,      -cessivi,  323.  intellego,  -legere,   -lexi,  -lec- 
-cessitum,  <r.,  send  for,  summon.  tum,   tr.    [inter  +  lego],    perceive, 

_--      .   .            ^.              .      ,  understand,  know. 

320.  gigas,  -antis,  m.,  giant.  ^^^    ^^^^q^^^    ^^^q^^^    utrumque, 

biceps,  -cipitis,  adj.,  two-headed.  pron.,  each  {of  two). 

custodio,  -ire,  >ivi,  -itum,  tr.  [custos],  fretum,  -i,  n.,  a  strait,  channel, 

watch,  guard.  colxmma,  -aLCff.,  column,  pillar. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  41 

28.   The  Golden  Ship 

Dum  hie  moratur,  Hercules  magnum  ineommoduru  ex 
calore  solis  accipiebat.  Tandem  igitur,  Ira  commotus,  arcum 
suum  intendit  et  solem  sagittis  petiit.  Sol  tamen,  audaciam  330 
virl  admlratus,  lintrem  auream  el  dedit.  Hercules  hoc  donum 
libentissime  accepit;  nullam  enim  navem  in  his  regionibus 
invenire  potuerat.  Turn  lintrem  deduxit  et,  ventum  nactus 
idoneum,  post  breve  tempus  ad  insulam  pervenit.  Post(iuam 
ex  incolls  cognovit  de  loco  ubi  boves  erant,  eo  statim  profec-  335 
tus  est  et  a  rege  Geryone  boves  postulavit.  Quod  tamen  ille 
hoSttradere  nolebat,  Hercules  et  regem  ipsum  et  gigantem 
Eurylionem  interfecit. 

328.  Dum  moratur:  a  dum  clause  of  situation,  as  in  Per.  63,  which  regu- 
larly takes  a  present  indicative  even  if  the  principal  verb  is  past. 

331.  admiratus:  to  be  translated  as  a  present  participle,  a  force  which 
the  past  participles  of  certain  deponent  verbs  often  have. 

328.  moror,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr.  and  329.  calor,  -oris,  m.,  heat. 

^    intr.  [mora],  delay,  linger;  hinder.  33^^  ad-miror,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr., 

m-commodum,  -1,  n.,  mconvenience,  be  astonished  at,  admire, 
misfortune,  loss. 


29.    A  Miraculous  Hail-Storm 

Tum  Hercules  boves  per  Hispaniam  et  Liguriam  compei- 
lere  constituit.  Postquam  igitur  omnia  parata  sunt,  boves  340 
ex  insula  ad  continentem  transportavit.  Ligures  tamen,  gens 
bellicosissima,  dum  ille  per  fines  eorum  iter  facit,  magnis 
copils  convenerunt,  atque  eum  longius  progredl  prohibebant. 
Hercules  magnam  difficultatem  habebat;  barbari  enim  in  locis 

342.  fines:  not  boundaries. 

magnis  copiis,  xoith  large  forces;  ablative  of  accompaniment,  App.  70,  b. 

343.  eum  .  .  .  progredi  prohibebant,  tried  to  -prevent  him  from  proceeding. 
The  infinitive  with  subject  accusative  often  depends  on  prohibeo.  The 
imperfect  tense  here  denotes  an  attempted  action. 

341.  trans-porto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,      343.  prohibeo,  -hibere,  -hibui,  -hibi- 

/r.,  carry  over,  transport.  ^"^.    '''•     [pro+habeo],    check, 

stop,  restram;  keep  out,  prohibit. 


42  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

345'  superioribus  constiterant,  et  saxa  telaque  in  eum  conjiciebant. 
lUe  quidem  paene  omnem  spem  salutis  deposuerat;  sed  tem- 
pore opportunissimo  Juppiter  imbrem  lapidum  ingentium  e 
caelo  demlsit.  Hi  magna  vl  ceciderunt  et  magnum  numerum 
Ligurmn  occlderunt;  ipse  tamen  Hercules,  ut  in  talibus  rebus 

350  accidere  consuevit,  nihil  incommodi  cepit. 

346.  quidem:  this  word  often  has  a  concessive  force,  it  is  true,  to  be  sure; 
it  is  then  followed  in  the  next  sentence  by  some  adversative  word,  here 
sed,  hut,  nevertheless. 

349.  in  talibus  rebus:  i.e.,  when  favored  with  divine  help. 

350.  consuevit:  the  force  of  the  tenses  of  this  verb  is  explained  in  the 
note  on  1.  32. 

nihil  incommodi,  no  harm;  incommodi  is  a  genitive  of  the  whole. 

In  section  29  account  for  the  tense  oi  facit  342;  for  the  case  of  vi  348. 

347.  imber,  -bris,  m.,  rain,  storm.         350.  accido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  — ,  intr. 
-     .     ,     .,.  [ad+cado],   fall    upon;    happen, 

lapis,  lapidis,  m.,  stone.  come  about. 


30.   Passage  of  the  Alps 

Postquam  Ligures  hoc  modo  superati  sunt,  Hercules  quam 
celerrime  progressus  est,  et  post  paucos  dies  ad  Alpes  per- 
venit.  Necesse  erat  hos  transire,  quod  in  Italiam  boves 
ducere  volebat;  res  tamen  summae  erat  difficultatis.  Hi 
355  enim  montes,  qui  Galliam  ulteriorem  ab  Italia  dividunt,  nive 
perenni  teguntur;  quam  ob  causam  neque  frtimentum  neque 
pabulum  in   his  regionibus  invenlri  potest.     Hercules  igitur, 

351.  quam  celerrime,  as  rapidly  as  possible;  quam  is  employed  with  a 
superlative  to  indicate  the  highest  degree  possible. 

355.  Galliam  ulteriorem:  i.e.,  Gaul  north  of  the  Alps;  the  valley  of  the 
Po  in  Italy  was  also  inhabited  at  one  time  by  a  Gallic  population  and  was 
known  to  the  Romans  as  Gallia  citerior,  nearer  Gaul. 

356.  quam  ob  causam,  for  this  reason;  for  the  position  of  the  preposi- 
tion see  the  note  on  hoc  in  templo,  1.  73. 

In  section  30,  what  is  the  subject  of  erat  353? 

353.  necesse,  indecl.  adj.,  necessary.  356.  perennis,  -e,  adj.  [per+annus], 

355.  ulterior,  -ius,  compar.  adj.,  far-  lasting  through  the  year,  perennial, 

ther.  357.  pabulum,  -i,  n.  [compare  pasco], 

nix,  nivis, /.,  snow.  food,  pasturage,  fodder. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


43 


antequam    ascendere    coepit,    magnam    copiam    frumenti    et 
pabuli  comparavit,  et  boves  oneravit.     Postquam  in  his  rebus 
tres  dies  consumpserat,   quarto   die  profectus  est  et,   contra  seo 
omnium  opinionem,  boves  incolumes  in  Italiam  traduxit. 

359.  com-paro,     -parare,     -paravi,  a  burden],  load,  fill. 

-paratum,  tr.,  prepare.  361.  traduco,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -duc- 

onerd,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [onus,  turn,  //-.  [trans+duco],  lead  across. 


31.   Cacus  Steals  the  Oxen 

Post  breve  tempus  ad  flumen  Tiberim  venit;  illo  tamen 
tempore  nulla  erat  urbs  in  eo  loco.  Roma  enim  nondum 
condita  erat.  Hercules,  itinere  fessus,  constituit  ibi  paucos 
dies  morari  atque  se  ex  laboribus  recreare.  Hand  procul  3(;5 
a  valle  ubi  boves  pascebantur  antrum  erat,  in  quo  gigas 
quidam,  nomine  Cacus,  turn  habitabat.  Hie  speciem  terri- 
bilem  praebebat,  non  modo  quod  ingenti  magnitudine  corporis 
erat,  sed  quod  ignem  ex  ore  explrabat.  Cacus  autem  de 
adventti  Herculis  famam  acceperat;  noctu  igitur  venit  et,  370 
dum  Hercules  dormit,  quattuor  pulcherrimorum  bourn  abri- 
puit.  Hos  caudls  in  antrum  traxit;  hoc  enim  modo  putavit 
Herculem  vestigils  deceptum  boves  non  inventurum  esse. 

362.  Tiberim:  a  few  third  declension  nouns  have  -im  as  the  ending  of 
the  accusative  singular. 

368.  ingenti  magnitudine:   ablative   of   description;   \vhat   other   case 
might  be  employed? 


364.  fessus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  wearied, 
tired,  exhausted. 

365.  re-creo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
renew,  restore,  refresh. 

366.  pasco,  pascere,  pavi,  pastum, 

Ir.,  supply  with  food,  feed;  pass., 
graze,  feed. 

369.  OS,  oris,  n.,  mouth, 

expiro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [ex+ 
spiro,  breathe],  breathe  out. 


370.  noctii,  adr.  [nox],  at  night,  by 
night- 

371.  abripio,  -ripere,  -ripul,  -rep- 
tum,  tr.  [ab+rapio],  snatch  away, 
steal. 

372.  Cauda, -ae,/.,  tail. 

puto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  (clean, 
prune) ;  think,  suppose. 

373.  decipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -cep- 
tum,  tr.  [de+capio],  beguile,  de- 
ceive. 


44  A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 

32.   Hercules  Discovers  the  Theft 

Postero  die,  simul  atque  e  somno  excitatus  est,  Hercules 
375  furtum  animadvertit,  et  boves  amissos  undique  quaerebat. 
Hos  tamen  nusquam  reperire  poterat,  non  modo  quod  loci 
naturam  ignorabat,  sed  quod  vestigils  falsis  deceptus  est. 
Tandem,  ubi  magnam  partem  diei  frustra  consumpsit,  cum 
reliquls  bobus  progredi  constituit.  At,  dum  proficiscT  parat, 
380  unus  e  bobus  quos  secum  habuit  mtigire  coepit.  Extemplo 
ii  qui  in  antro  inclusi  erant  mugltum  reddiderunt;  hoc  modo 
Hercules  locum  invenit.  Tum  vehementer  iratus,  ad  spelun- 
cam  quam  celerrime  se  contulit.  At  Cacus  saxum  jngens 
dejecerat  et  aditum  speluncae  omnino  obstruxerat. 

374.  simul  atque:  the  tense  of  the  verb  with  this  phrase  was  explained 
in  the  note  on  Per.  102. 

380.  unus  e  bobus :  with  cardinal  numbers  and  with  quldam  an  ablative 
with  ex  or  de  is  more  common  than  a  genitive  of  the  whole;  the  latter, 
however,  sometimes  occurs,  as  in  1.  371. 

383.  quam  celerrime:  to  be  translated  as  in  1.  351. 

375.  furtum,  -i,  ?^.  [fur,  thief],  theft.       381.  mugitus,  -us,  m.  [mugio],  low- 

376.  nusquam,   adv.    [ne+usquam],  ing,  bellowing. 

nowhere.  382.  spelunca,  -ae,/.,  cave,  cavern. 

377.  falsus,  -a,  -um,  adj.    [v.  part.       _..     , ..... 

of  fallo],   false,    deceptive,    mis-       384.  dejicio,  -jicere,  -jeci,  -jectum, 
leading.  ^^-  [de+jacio],  throw  down. 

380.  mugio,  -ire,  -ivi,  — ,  intr.,  low,       ob-struo,  -struere,  -struxi,  -struc- 
bellow.  tum,  tr.,  stop  up,  bar. 


33.    Recovery  of  the  Oxen 

385  Hercules,  quoniam  nullum  alium  introitum  reperire  poterat, 
hoc  saxum  amovere  conatus  est;  sed  propter  ejus  magnitu- 
dinem  res  erat  difficillima.  Diu  laborabat,  neque  quidquam 
efficere     poterat.     Tandem     tamen     magno     conatu     saxum 

387.  neque,  but  not;  occasionally  neque  is  used  as  the  equivalent  of  sed 
non  instead  of  et  non. 

—  >  -  .  -  ■ 

385.  quoniam,  con/,  [quom, /or  cum,  entrance. 

+jam],  since,  inasmuch  as.  386.  a-moveo,  -movere,  -m6vi,-mo- 

introitus,  -us,  m.  [introeo,   go  in],  tum,  //■.,  move  away. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  45 

amovit  et  speluncam  patefecit.  Ibi  amissos  boves  magno 
cum  gaudio  conspexit.  Sed  Cacum  ipsum  vix  cernere  potuit,  390 
quod  spelunca  repleta  erat  fum5  quern  ille  more  suo  evome- 
bat.  Hercules,  inusitata  specie  turbatus,  breve  tempus 
haesitabat;  mox  tamen  in  speluncam  irrupit  et  coUum  mon- 
stri  bracchiis  complexus  est.  Ille,  etsi  multum  reluctatus  est, 
nuUo  modo  se  liberare  potuit;  et,  quod  nulla  facultas  respl-  395 
randi  dabatur,  mox,  quod  necesse  fuit,  exanimatus  est. 

391.  more  suo,  according  to  his  custom;  the  ablative  is  employed  to 
express  the  idea  of  *'in  accordance  with." 

392.  breve  tempus :  accusative  of  duration  of  time. 

396.  quod   (a  thing),  which;  neuter,  because  referring  to  the  fact  in 

exanimatus  est. 

389.  patefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -fac-      evomo,  -vomere,  -vomui,  -vomitum, 
turn,  ir.  [pateo  +  facio],  lay  open,  ^r.,  vomit  forth. 

open,  throw  open.  392.  in-usitatus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  un- 

390.  cemo,  cernere,  crevi,  cretum,  ^^^^1'  extraordinary. 

tr.,  distinguish;  discern,  perceive.       ^93.  haesito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr. 

[fre(j.  of  haereo],  stick  fast,  remain 

391.  fumus,  -i,  m.,  smoke.  fixed,  hesitate. 


34.    Eleventh  Labor  —  The  Golden  Apples 
OF  the  Hesperides 

Eurj^stheus,  postquam  boves  Geryonis  accepit,  laborem 
undecimum  Herculi  imposuit,  graviorem  quam  quos  supra 
narravimus.  Jussit  enim  eum  aurea  poma  ex  horto  Hesperi- 
dum  auferre.  Hesperides  autem  nymphae  erant  quaedam  ^m 
forma  praestantissima,  quae  in  terra  longinqua  habitabant,  et 
quibus    aurea    quaedam    poma    a    Junone    commissa    erant. 

398.  quam:  supply  ei  erant. 
400.  quaedam:  with  nymphae. 

398.  undecimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [un-  401.  forma,  -ae,  /.,   form,  appear- 
decim,  eleven],  eleventh.  ance;  beauty. 

399.  pomum,  -1,  n.,  fruit,  apple.  prae-stans,  gen.  -stantis,    adj.  [pr. 

400.  aufero,  auferre,  abstuH,  abla-  port,  of  praesto],  preeminent,  dis- 
tum,  <r.   [ab+fero],  carry  away,  tinguished,  surpassing. 

carry  off.  longinquus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [longus],' 

nympha,  -ae, /.,  nymph.  remote,  disian; ;  Lngthy,  long. 


46  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

Multi  homines,  auri  cupiditate  induct!,  haec  poma  auferre 
jam  antea   conati  erant;   res  tamen   difficillima  erat.     Nam 

405  hortus  in  quo  poma  erant  muro  ingenti  undique  circumdatus 
est;  praeterea  draco  quidam,  qui  centum  capita  habebat,  por- 
tam  horti  diligenter  custodiebat.  Opus  igitur  quod  Eurys- 
theus  Hercull  imperaverat  erat  summae  difficultatis,  non 
modo    ob    causas    quas    memoravimus,    sed    quod    Hercules 

410  situm  horti  omnino  ignorabat. 

408.  Hercull :  dative  with  imperaverat,  had  imposed  upon  Hercules. 

In  section  34  point  out  a  dative  governed  by  a  compound  verb;  an 
ablative  of  description;  a  genitive  of  description;  an  infinitive  with  subject 
accusative. 

403.  cupiditas,    -atis,  /.    [cupidus],      406.  draco,    -onis,    m.,    serpent, 
eagerness,  longing,  desire.  dragon. 

in-duco,  -ducere,  -duxi,   -ductum,  409.  memoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr. 

tr.y  lead  in;  move,  induce.  [memor,   mindful],    mention,    re- 

405.  cu'cum-do,  -dare,  -dedi,  -da-  count,  relate. 

turn,  tr.,  place  around,  surround.  410.  situs,  -us,  m.,  site,  location. 


35.   Atlas,  Who  Upheld  the  Heavens 

Hercules,  quamquam  quietem  vehementer  cupiebat,  con- 
stituit  tamen  Eurystheo  parere;  et  simul  ac  jussa  ejus  acce- 
pit,  proficisci  maturavit.  Multos  mercatores  interrogaverat 
de  sede  Hesperidum;  nihil  tamen  certum  reperire  potuerat. 
415  Frustra  per  multas  terras  iter  fecit,  et  multa  perlcula  subiit; 
tandem,  postquam  in  his  itineribus  totum  annum  consumpsit, 
ad  extremam  partem  orbis,  quae  proxima  erat  Oceano,  per- 

412.  Eurystheo :  dative  with  parere. 

417.  orbis:  supply  terrdrum;  the  two  words  together  mean  the  world; 
the  ancients  regarded  the  earth  as  a  circular  plane  or  disk. 

412.  jussum,   -i,   n.    [p.    part,   of  and  tr.,  go  under;  undergo,  sub- 
jubeo],  order,  command.  mit  to;  enter. 

413.  mercator,  -oris,  m.  [mercer,  to  417.  extremus,  -a,    -um,  adj.   [ex- 
trade],  trader,  merchant.  teniSy  on  the  outside],  outermost, 

,  farthest,  most  distant. 

inter-rogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  ask,  ,  .      ,  L     : ^       •  •    i 

niiP^Hon  »     '       »  orbis,  orbis,  -lum,  m.,  ring,  circle; 

quesiion.  orbis  terrarum,  the  earth,  the 

415.  sub-eo,  -ire,    -ii,   -itum,   intr.  world. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  47 

venit.  Hic  stabat  vir  quidam,  nomine  Atlas,  ingenti  magni- 
tudine  corporis,  qui  caelum  (ita  tradunt)  umeris  suls  sustine- 
bat,  et  in  terram  decidere  prohibebat.  Hercules  tantum  420 
laborem  magnopere  miratus,  post  paulo  in  colloquium  cum 
Atlante  venit  et,  postquam  causam  itineris  exposuit,  auxilium 
ejus  petiit. 

419.  ita  tradunt,  so  legend  has  it,  as  the  legend  goes;  literally  so  they  hand 
down. 

umeris:  ablative  of  means,  but  to  be  translated  on  his  shoulders. 

caelum  decidere:  infinitive  with  subject  accusative,  object  of  prohibebat, 
as  in  1.  343. 

421.  miratus:  a  past  participle  to  be  translated  as  a  present,  as  explained 
in  the  note  on  1.  331. 

In  section  35  point  out  a  dative  governed  by  an  adjective. 

420.  decide,  -cidere,  -cidi,  — ,  intr.  [de+cado],  fall  down,  fall  off. 


36.   A  Substitute 


Atlas  autem  potuit  Herculi  maxime  prodesse;  ille  enim, 
quoniam  ipse  erat  pater  Hesperidum,  situm  horti  bene  sclvit.  425 
Postquam  igitur  audivit  causam  itineris  Herculis,  ''Ipse," 
inquit,  ''ad  hortum  ibo;  ego  si  hortabor,  flliae  certe  poma  sua 
sponte  tradent."  Hercules,  ubi  haec  audivit,  magnopere 
gavlsus  est;  cupiebat  enim  rem  sine  vl  fieri.  Constituit  igitur 
oblatum  auxilium  accipere.  Sed  quod  Atlas  abiturus  erat,  430 
necesse  erat  aliquem  caelum  umeris  sustinere.  Hoc  igitur 
negotium  Hercules  libenter  suscepit  et,   quamquam  res  erat 

424.  Herculi:  dative  with  prodesse.     Why? 

427.  sua  sponte,  of  their  own  accord,  without  compulsion;  sponte  is 
found  almost  exclusively  in  the  ablative,  expressing  manner,  with  7ned, 
sua,  tud. 

424.  pro-sum,  prodesse,  profui,in<r. ,  tainly. 

be   useful,   benefit,  profit,  serve.       428.  (spons)    spontis,   /.     [compare 

425.  bene,  adv.  [bonus],  well.  spondeo,  promise],  only  abl.  sing. 
427.  hortor,-ari,-atus  sum,  fr.,  urge,           in  common  use  {generally  urith  the 

encourage,  exhort.  possessives  mea,  tua,  sua),  of  one's 

certe,  adv.  [certus],  assuredly,  cer-  own  accord,  voluntarily. 


4g  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

summl  laboris,  totum  pondus  caell  continues  complures  dies 
solus  sustinuit. 


In  section  36  point  out  an  accusative  of  duration  of  time. 


433.  pondus,  pendens,  n.  [compare  successive,  continuous. 

pendo],  weight,  a  weight.  com-plures,  -plura,  adj.,  several,  a 

continuus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [contineo],  number  of,  many. 


37.   Return  of  Atlas 

435  Atlas  interea  abierat  et  ad  hortum  Hesperidum,  qui  pauca 
milia  passuum  aberat,  se  quam  celerrime  contulerat.  Eo 
ubi  venit,  causam  veniendi  exposuit,  et  a  flliabus  suis  poma 
vehementer  petlvit.  Illae  diti  haerebant;  nolebant  enim  hoc 
facere,  quod  ab  ipsa  Junone,  de  qua  ante  dictum  est,  hoc 

440  munus  acceperant.  Atlas  tamen  post  multa  verba  ils  per- 
suasit,  et  poma  ad  Herculem  rettulit.  Hercules  interea,  qui 
plures  dies  expectaverat,  neque  ullam  famam  de  reditu 
Atlantis  acceperat,  hac  mora  graviter  commotus  est.  Tan- 
dem  quinto   die  Atlantem   vidit   redeuntem,   et   mox   magno 

445  cum  gaudio  poma  accepit;  tum,  postquam  gratias  pro  tanto 
beneficio  egit,  ad  Graeciam  proficisci  maturavit. 

435.  pauca  milia  passuum,  a  few  miles.  The  use  of  mille  in  the  plural 
was  explained  in  the  note  on  1.  181. 

437.  filiabus:  if  the  dative  and  ablative  plural  of  fllia  were  written 
filils,  with  what  other  word  would  it  be  confused  in  those  cases? 

In  section  37  account  for  the  case  of  milia  436;  of  ils  440;  of  die  444. 
What  is  the  force  of  a  superlative  with  quam? 

438.  haereo,  -ere,  haesi,  haesurus,  multus],  subsl.,  n.  sg.,  more;  pL, 

intr.,  stick,  chng;  hesitate.  plures,  plura,  adj.,.  more,  a  greater 

440.  munus,   muneris,  n.,  service,  number  of. 

duty;  present,  gift.  444.  quintus, -a, -um, oc(;.  [quinque], 

442.  plus,    gen.   pluris    [compar.    of  fifth. 


38.   Twelfth  Labor  —  Cerberus,  the  Three-Headed  Dog 

Postquam   aurea  poma   ad   Eurystheum   relata  sunt,   unus 

modo  relinquebatur  e  duodecim  laboribus  quos  Pythia  Her- 

448.  quos  Pythia  Herculi  praeceperat,  which  Pythia  had  enjoined  upon 
Hercules;  the  accusative  and  the  dative  are  explained  in  App.  55,  a. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER  49 

cull  praeceperat.  Eurystheus  autem,  quod  Herculem  mag- 
nopere  timebat,  se  ab  eo  in  perpetuum  liberare  volebat.  Jus-  450 
sit  igitur  eum  canem  Cerberum  ex  Oreo  in  lucem  trahere. 
Hoc  opus  omnium  difficillimum  erat;  nemo  enim  umquam  ex 
Oreo  redierat.  Praeterea  Cerberus  iste  monstrum  erat  horri- 
bill  speeie,  qui  tria  eapita  serpentibus  saevis  cineta  habebat. 
Antequam  tamen  hune  laborem  narramus,  non  alienum  vide-  455 
tur,  quoniam  de  Oreo  mentionem  fecimus,  pauca  de  ista 
regione  proponere. 

450.  in  perpetuum, /orefer;  the  neuter  adjective  is  used  as  a  noun. 
455.  alienum,  out  of  place. 

In  section  38  account  for  the  case  of  laborihus  448;  could  the  genitive 
be  used  instead? 

449.  praecipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -cap-  all  time,  forever. 

turn,    tr.    [prae,    before,  +  capio],      ^^^    ^^^  ^^.    ^^^^^^ 

enjom  upon,  impose  upon;  teach.  another's;  out  of  pkce;  unfavor- 

450.  perpetuus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  con-  ^|^|g 
tinuous,    constant,    perpetual; 

subst.,  n.  sg.,  in  perpetuum,  for      456.  mentio,  -onis, /.,  mention. 


39.    Orcus  or  Hades,  the  Abode  of  the  Dead 

De  Oreo,  qui  Idem  Hades  appellabatur,  haec  traduntur. 
Ut  quisque  e  vita  diseesserat,  manes  ejus  ad  Orcum,  sedem 
mortuorum,  a  deo  Mercurio  deducebantur.  Hujus  regionis,  46o 
quae  sub  terra  fuisse  dicitur,  rex  erat  Pluto,  cujus  uxor  erat 
Proserpina,  Jovis  et  Cereris  filia.  Manes  igitur,  a  Mercurio 
deducti,    primum   ad   lipam   veniebant    Stygis   fluminis,    quo  • 

458.  idem,  also,  a  frequent  meaning  of  the  word. 

459.  Ut,  when.     In  this  sense  ut  takes  an  indicative. 

diseesserat:  past  perfect  of  repeated  or  habitual  action;  in  like  man- 
ner deducebantur  is  an  imperfect  of  habitual  action. 
manes:  a  plural  noun,  but  translated  by  a  singular. 

460.  Mercurio:  one  of  the  functions  ascribed  to  the  god  Mercury  was 
that  of  guide  of  souls  into  the  lower  world. 

459.  manes,  -ium,  m.  pi.,  a  departed  spirit,  shade,  ghost. 


50  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

continetur  regnum  Plutonis.     Hoc  omnes  transire  necesse  erat 
465  qui   in   Orcum   veniebant.     Quoniam   tamen   in   hoc   flumine 
nullus  pons  erat,  manes  transvehebantur  a  Charonte  quodam, 
qui  cum  parva  scapha  ad  lipam  expect abat.     Charon  pro  hoc 
officio  mercedem  postulabat,   neque  volebat  quemquam  sine 
hoc  praemio  transvehere.     Ob  hanc  causam  mos  erat  apud 
470  antlquos  nummum  in  ore  mortui  ponere;  eo  modo,  ut  puta- 
bant;  mortuus  ad  Stygem  veniens  pretium  trajectus  solvere 
poterat.     If  autem   qui   post   mortem   in   terra   non    sepulti 
erant  Stygem  transire  non  potuerunt,  sed  in  litore  per  cen- 
tum   annos    errare    coacti    sunt;    tum    demum    hcuit    Orcum 
47.5  intrare. 

464.  omnes  transire  necesse  erat,  all  must  cross.     The  subject  of  erat 
is  omnes  transire. 

465.  in  {flumine),  over. 

466.  Charonte:  Charon  was  represented  in  Hterature  and  art  as  an  old 
man  of  squalid  appearance,  but  hale  and  vigorous. 

469.  mos  erat  .  .  .  ponere,  it  was  the  custom  to  place;  ponere  is  the  sub- 
ject of  erat. 

470.  mortui,  of  the  dead  person. 

474.  errare :  dependent  upon  codcti  sunt. 

475.  intrare:  subject  of  licuit. 

466.  trans-veho,   -vehere,    -vexi,       471.  trajectus,    -us,    m.    [trajicio], 
-vectum,  tr.y  convey  across,  carry  crossing  over,  passage. 

^^^^-  472.  sepelio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -pultum,  tr., 

467.  scapha,  -ae, /.,  skiff,  boat.  bury. 

468.  merces,-edis,/.,  hire,  pay,  fee.       475.  intro,   -are,    -avi,    -atum,    tr., 
470.  nummus,  -I,  m.,  a  coin.  enter. 


40.    The  Realm  of  Pluto 

Postquam  manes  Stygem  hoc  modo  transierant,  ad  alte- 
rum  veniebant  flumen,  quod  Lethe  appellatum  est.  Ex  hoc 
flumine   aquam   bibere   cogebantur.     Quod   ubi   fecerant,   res 

478.  Quod  ubi  fecerant,  and  when  they  had  done  this.  The  Latin 
relative  pronoun  often  stands  at  the  beginning  of  a  sentence  and  refers  to 
an  antecedent  in  the  preceding  sentence.  When  thus  used  it  is  often  fol- 
lowed by  ubi,  as  in  this  instance,  or  by  cum.  In  this  use  it  is  translated 
by  a  personal  or  a  demonstrative  pronoun. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  51 

omnes  in  vita  gestas  e  memoria  deponebant.  Denique  ad 
sedem  ipsam  Plutonis  veniebant,  cujus  introitus  a  cane  Cer-  48o 
bero  custodiebatur.  Ibi  Pluto,  nigro  vestitu  indutus,  cum 
uxore  Proserpina  in  solio  sedebat.  Stabant  etiam  non  procul 
ab  eo  loco  tria  alia  solia,  in  quibus  sedebant  Minos,  Rhada- 
manthus,  et  Aeacus,  jfidices  Inferorum.  Hi  mortuls  jus  ,dlce- 
bant  et  praemia  poenasque  constituebant.  Boni  enim  in  485 
Campos  Elysios,  sedem  beatorum,  veniebant;  improbi  autem 
in  Tartarum  mittebantur,  et  multls  varilsque  suppliciis  ibi 
excriiciabantur. 

482.  Stabant,  there  stood;  the  English  expletive  "there"  has  no  equiva- 
lent in  Latin;  its  effect  is  often  obtained  by  placing  the  Latin  verb  first 
in  the  sentence. 

484.  mortuis  jus  dicebant,  dispensed  justice  to  the  dead. 

486.  Campos  Elysios:  in  early  Greek  literature  the  Elysian  Fields  were 
conceived  of  as  lying  in  the  far  West,  at  the  earth's  extremity,  or  in  the 
Islands  of  the  Blest.  At  a  later  time  they  were  represented  as  a  part  of 
the  lower  world. 

479.  memoria,  -ae,/.  [memor,  mind-      inf eri,  -drum,  m.  -pi.  [inferus,  below, 
ful],  memory,  remembrance.  lower],  those  of  the  lower  world, 

AQ1    ^inr^r     or^o     ^^„^   ^ /I ^    Ki..^u  thc  dcad,  the  shades. 

481.  niger, -gra, -grum,  ad;.,  black.       '      •  ,.    , 

JUS,  juris,  71.,  right,  law,  justice, 
vestitus, -us,  m.  Ivestio,  to  clothej,       aoc    -^      u  ^  ^       i-    r      , 

clothintr     '        ^  '  ^'       486.  improbus,  -a,   -urn,  adj.  [m-+ 

*=■  probus,  honest],  bad,  wicked. 

482.  solium,  -i,  n.,  throne.  488^  ex-crucio,   -are,    -avi,    -atum, 
484.  judex,  -icis,  m.,  judge.  tr.,  rack,  torture. 


41.    Charon's  Ferry 

Hercules    postquam    imperia    Eurysthel    accepit,    in    Laco- 
niam  ad  Taenarum  statim  se  contulit;  ibi  enim  spelunca  erat  490 
ingenti  magnitudine,   per  quam   (ut  tradebatur)   homines  ad 
Orcum  descendebant.     Eo  ubi  venit  et  ex  incolls  situm  spe- 

491.  ut  tradebatur:  the  clause  has  the  same  sense  as  ita  trddunt,  1.  419. 

492.  Eo,  to  that  place. 

489.  imperium,  -i,  n.  [impero],  power,  authority,  command. 


52  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

luncae  cognovit,  sine  mora  descendere  constituit.  Nee  tamen 
solus    hoc    iter    faciebat.     Mercurius    enim    et    Minerva    se 

495  socios  el  adjunxerant.  Ubi  ad  ripam  Stygis  venit,  Hercules 
scapham  Charontis  conscendit.  Quod  tamen  Hercules  vir 
erat  ingenti  magnitudine  corporis,  Charon  solvere  nolebat; 
arbitrabatur  enim  tantum  pondus  scapham  suam  in  medio 
flumine  mersurum  esse.     Tandem  tamen,  minis  Herculis  ter- 

500  ritus,  Charon  scapham  solvit  et  eum  incolumem  ad  ulteriorem 
ripam  perduxit. 

495.  socios,  as  companions. 

495.  ad-jungo,     -jungere,      -junxi,      499.  minae,  -arum,  /.  pi.,  threats, 
-junctum,  tr.,  join  to,  attach. 


42.   The  Twelve  Labors  Accomplished 

Postquam  flumen  Stygem  tali  modo  transiit,  Hercules  in 
sedem  ipsius  Plutonis  venit,  et,  postquam  causam  veniendi 
docuit,  ab  eo  facultatem  Cerberum  auferendl  petlvit.     Pluto, 

505  qui  de  Hercule  famam  acceperat,  eum  benigne  excepit,  et 
facultatem  quam  ille  petebat  libenter  dedit.  Jussit  tamen 
Herculem  imperata  Eurysthei  facere  et  postea  Cerberum  in 
Orcum  rursus  reducere.  Hercules  haec  poUicitus  est,  et  Cer- 
berum, quem  non  sine  magno  periculo  manibus  prehenderat, 

510  summo  cum  labore  ex  Oreo  in  lucem  et  ad  urbem  Eurysthei 
traxit.  Eo  ubi  venit,  Eurystheus  ex  atrio  statim  refugit; 
tantus  pavor  animum  ejus  occupaverat.  Posfquam  autem 
paulum  se  ex  timore  recepit,  multis  cum  lacrimis  clamitavit 
se  velle  monstrum  sine  mora  in  Orcum  reduci.     Sic,  contra 

515  omnium  opinionem,  duodecim  illl  labores  quos  Pythia  prae- 
ceperat   intra   duodecim   annos    confecti   sunt.     Itaque    Her- 

504.  auferendl :  a  gerund  with  a  direct  object,  Cerberum;  App.  129, 
Note  L 

613.  se  recepit,  recovered. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  53 

cules,  servittite  tandem  llberatus,  magno  cum  gaudio  Thebas 
rediit. 

517.  Thebas,  to  Thebes;  the  name  of  a  city  without  a  preposition  to 
express  the  place  to  which  will  be  explained  in  later  lessons. 


43.   Nessus,  the  Centaur 

Post    haec    Hercules    multa    alia    praeclara    perfecit,    quae 
nunc  perscribere  longum  est.     Tandem,  jam  aetate  provectus,  520 
Deianlram,  Oenei  flliam,  in  matrimonium  diixit;  post  tamen 
tres  annos  puerum  quendam,  nomine  Eunomum,  casu  occldit. 
More  antiquo  necesse  erat  Herculem  ob  eam  rem  in  exilium 
Ire;  itaque  cum  uxore  sua  e  flnibus  ejus  civitatis  exire  matu- 
ravit.     Dum  tamen  iter  faciunt,  ad  flumen  quoddam  pervene-  525 
runt   in   quo   nullus    pons    erat,    et    dum    quaerunt    modum 
transeundi,  accurrit  Centaurus  quidam,   nomine  Nessus,   qui 
auxilium  viatoribus  obtulit.     Hercules  igitur  uxorem  suam  in 
tergum  Nessi  imposuit;  tum  ipse  flumen  nando  transiit.     At 
Nessus,  paulum  in  aquam  progressus,  ad  ripam  subito  revertit  530 
et    Deianlram    auferre    conabatur.     Quod    ubi    animadvertit 
Hercules,   ira   graviter   commotus,   arcum   intendit   et   pectus 
Nessi  sagitta  transfixit. 

619.  quae:  object  of  perscribere. 
520.  longum  est,  it  would  take  too  long. 
523.  More:  ablative  expressing  accordance,  as  in  1.  391. 
529.  nando,  by  swimming,  ablative  of  the  gerund  expressing  means  and 
manner. 

531.   Quod  ubi:  the  note  on  1.  478  should  be  consulted. 

519.  prae-clarus, -a, -um,  adj.,  very  pro-veho,  -vehere,  -vexi,  -vectum, 

bright,  brilliant;  splendid,  distin-  tr.,  carryforward;  pass.,  ride  for- 

guished.  ward;  sail  out;  aetate  provectus, 

perficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum,  tr.  advanced  in  years. 

[per+facio],  accomplish,  perform,  523.  exilium,  -i,  n.  [exull,  exile. 

complete.  528.  viator,  -oris,  m.  [via],  traveler. 

520.  per-scribo,  -scribere,  -scrips!,  .      . 

-scriptum,  tr.,  write  in  full,  write       ^^9.  no,  nare,  navi,  -,  swim. 

out,  describe  fully.  532.  pectus,  pectoris,  n.,  breast.  , 


54 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


44.   The  Poisoned  Robe 

Nessus  igitur,  sagitta  Herculis  transfixus,  moriens  hurni 
535  jacebat;  at  nolens  occasionem  Herculem  ulclscendi  dimittere, 
ita  locutus  est.  ''Tu,  Deianira,  verba  morientis  audi:  si  vis 
amorem  marltl  tui  conservare,  aliquid  sanguinis  hujus  qui  e 
pectore  meo  effunditur  sume  ac  repone;  turn,  si  umquam  sus- 
picio  in  mentem  tuam  venerit,  vestem  mariti  hoc  sanguine 
540  inficies."  Haec  locutus  Nessus  animam  efflavit;  Deianira 
autem,  nihil  mali  suspicata,  imperata  fecit.  Post  breve  tem- 
pus  Hercules  bellum  contra  Eurytum  regem  Oechaliae  sus- 
cepit  et,  ubi  regem  ipsum  cum  filiis  interfecit,  lolen,  filiam 
Euryti,   captivam  reduxit.     Antequam  tamen   domum  venit, 

534.  humi,  on  the  ground;  the  use  of  this  case,  the  locative,  will  be  ex- 
plained later. 

535.  Herculem  ulciscendi:  the  genitive  of  the  gerund  with  a  direct 
object,  as  in  1.  504. 

536.  morientis,  of  one  who  is  dying;  a  present  participle  (from  morior) 
used  as  a  noun. 

537.  aliquid  sanguinis  hujus,  some  of  this  blood;  what  kind  of  genitive? 

540.  inficies,  you  will  dye;  the  future  indicative  is  sometimes  employed 
both  in  Latin  and  in  English  as  a  substitute  for  the  imperative. 

541.  nihil  mali,  no  harm.  \ 
suspicata,  suspecting;  past  participle  of  a  deponent  verb  with  present 

force,  like  mirdtus,  1.  421. 

544.  domum,  home;  the  accusative  of  this  noun  is  used  without  a  prepo- 
sition to  express  the  place  to  which. 


534.  humi,  adv.  [locative  of  humus, 
ground],  on  the  ground. 

535.  occasid,    -onis,   /.    [ob+cado], 
I     opportunity,  occasion,  chance. 

ulciscor,  -i,  ultus  sum,  ir.,  take  ven- 
1     gcance  on,  avenge. 

537.  amor,  -oris,  m.,  love. 

con-servo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  re- 
tain, preserve. 

538.  effundo,  -fundere,  -fudi,  -fu- 
sum,  tr.  [ex+fundo],  pour  out; 
use  up,  waste. 

sumo,  -ere,  sumpsi,  sumptum,  tr. 


[sub+emoj,  take,  take  up. 

re-pono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -positum, 
tr.,  replace,  restore;  put  away, 
keep,  preserve. 

umquam,  adv.,  ever. 

suspicio,  -onis,  /.  [compare  suspicio, 
suspect],  suspicion,  distrust. 

539.  mens,  mentis,/.,  the  mind. 

540.  anima,  -ae, /.,  air,  breath;  life. 

efiio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [ex-f-flo, 
blow],  breathe  out. 

541.  suspicor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr. 
[compare  suspicid],  suspect. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  55 

navem  ad  Cenaeum  promuntorium  appulit.  Ibi  in  terrain  545 
egressus  quod  Jovi  sacrificare  volebat,  aram  constituit.  Dum 
tamen  sacrificium  parat,  Licham  comitem  suum  domum  ire 
et  vestem  albam  referre  jussit;  mos  enim  erat  apud  antiques 
in  sacrificando  vestem  albam  gerere.  At  Deianira,  arbitrata 
Herculem  amorem  erga  lolen  habere,  vestem,  priusquam  559 
Lichae  dedit,  sanguine  NessI  infecit. 

549.  sacrificando:  ablative  of  the  gerund  governed  by  a  preposition, 
arbitrata,  thinking. 

645.  promuntorium,    -i,    n.,    head-  panion. 

land,  promontory.  5^g_  ^^^^^^  _^^  _^^^  ^^.  ^  ^^^^^ 

546.  sacrifice,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr. 

and    intr.     [sacer+facio],     offer       550.  erga,  prep,  with  ace,  towards, 

sacrifice,  sacrifice.  ^"^• 

547.  comes,  -itis,  m.  and  f.,  com-      prius-quam,  conj.,  before. 


45.   The  Death  of  Hercules 

Hercules,  nihil  mail  suspicatus,  vestem  quam  Lichas  attulit 
statim  induit;  post  tamen  breve  tempus  dolorem  per  omnia 
membra  sensit,  sed  quod  causam  ejus  rei  ignorabat  magno- 
pere  mirabatur.  Dolore  paene  exanimatus,  vestem  detrahere  555 
conatus  est.  Ilia  tamen  in  corpore  haesit,  neque  ullo  modo 
dlvelli  potuit.  Tum  demum  Hercules,  quasi  furore  impulsus, 
in  montem  Oetam  se  contulit  et  in  rogum,  quem  summa 
celeritate  extruxit,  se  imposuit.  Hoc  ubi  fecit,  voluit  eos 
qui  circumstabant  rogum  quam  celerrime  accendere.  Omnes  sco 
diu  recusabant;  tandem  tamen  pastor  quidam,  ad  misericor- 

557.  di-vello,  -vellere,  -velli,  -vul-  [struo],  pile,  heap  up;  erect, 
sum,  //•.,  tear  apart,  tear  away.          550.  circum-sto,  -stare,  -steti,  — , 

qua-si,  adv.,  as  if.  ititr.,  stand  around,  surround. 

impello,  -pellere,  -rpuli,  -pulsum,  tr.  561.  recuse,  -are,  -avi,  -atimi,  tr. 
[in+pell6],  drive  forward;  impel,  ajid     intr.     [re-+causa],     refuse, 

urge  on.  decline. 

558.  rogus,    -i,    m.,    funeral     pile,  pastor,  -5ris,  m.  [pasco],  shepherd, 
iuneral  pyre.  misericordia,     -ae,    /.    [misericors, 

559.  extnio,  -uere,  -uxi,  -uctum,  tr.  compassionate],  pity,  compassion. 


56 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


diam  inductus,  ignem  subdidit.  Turn,  dum  omnia  fumo 
obscurantur,  Hercules,  densa  nube  velatus,  a  Jove  in  Olym- 
pum  abreptus  est. 


563.  Hercules  .  .  .  abreptus  est:  since  Hercules  was  the  son  of  Zeus 
it  was  not  unnatural,  in  view  of  his  marvelous  exploits,  for  legend  to  repre- 
sent him  as  deified  and  free  from  the  death  usual  to  mortals. 


562.  sub-do,  -dere,   -didi,   -ditum, 
tr.,  put  under,  apply. 

563.  obscuro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  ir. 


[obscurus],  darken,  cover,  hide. 

velo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [velum, 
veil],  cover,  envelop,  veil. 


VIEW  OP  MODERN  ROME 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


PART  II— LESSONS 


NOTE 

The  following  Lessons  include  forms  and  principles  of  syntax  not 
appearing  in  the  first-year  book  of  the  series  to  which  this  book  be- 
longs. It  is  not  necessary  that  all  these  Lessons  be  assigned  for  study 
before  beginning  the  reading  of  Part  III.  If  the  subjunctive  has  been 
taught  in  the  first  year,  the  reading  of  the  Argonauts  may  be  taken  up 
directly  after  the  Hercules,  and  occasional  assignments  may  be  made 
from  the  Lessons  as  the  teacher  finds  necessar3^  If  the  subjunctive 
has  been  postponed  to  the  second  year,  Lessons  V-XIV  and  XIX-XX 
may  be  studied  before  the  reading  of  the  text  of  Part  III  is  begun,  and 
occasional  assignments  made  thereafter  from  the  remaining  Lessons 
in  connection  with  the  later  readings.  Some  teachers  whose  classes  are 
unable  to  complete  the  reading  of  all  the  text  in  the  book  may  prefer 
to  omit  the  Argonauts  in  order  to  have  more  time  for  the  stories  of 
Roman  history  and  the  simplified  Caesar. 

LESSON  I 

THE  LOCATIVE:   DECLENSION  OF  DOMUS 

USE  OF  THE  LOCATIVE 

1.  In  addition  to  the  cases  which  have  been  given,  a  few 
nouns  have  another  case,  called  the  Locative.  This  case 
denotes  place  where,  just  as  the  ablative  with  in  does  in 
other  nouns  and  pronouns.  Names  of  cities  and  towns  and 
the  common  noun  domus,  which  is  given  in  this  lesson,  are 
the  most  important  words  which  have  a  locative  case. 

57 


58 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


FORM  OF  THE  LOCATIVE 

2.   The  locative  of  nouns  of  the  first  and  second  declensions 

in  the  singular  number  has  the  same  form  as  the  genitive 

singular.     In  the  plural  of  nouns  of  these  two   declensions 

and  in  the  singular  and  plural  of  other  nouns  it  regularly 

has  the  same  form  as  the  ablative.     The  locative  of  Roma 

is  Romae,  at  Ro7ne,  or  in  Rome,  the  locative  of  Athenae  is 

Athenis,  at  Athens,  or  i?i  Athens. 

/ 

DECLENSION  OF  DOMUS 


3. 


The  noun  domus  is  declined  partly  in  the  fourth  de- 
clension and  partly  in  the  second: 


Nominative 

Genitive 

Dative 

Accusative 

Ablative 

Locative 


Singular 

domus 

domus 

domul  or  domo 

domum 

domo  or  domu 

domi 


Plural 
domus 
domuum 
domibus 
domos 
domibus 


a.  Occasionally  domi  is  used  as  a  genitive.  In  the 
genitive  plural  domorum  is  sometimes  found,  and  the 
accusative  plural  is  sometimes  domus. 


4. 


VOCABULARY 


Athenae, -arum,  f.  pL,  Athens 
comprehendo,  -hendere,  -hen- 

di,  -hensum,  seize,  arrest 
domus,  -us  {see  section  3),  f., 

home,  house 
Graeci,    -orum,    m.    pL,    the 

Greeks 


Laurentum, -i,  n.,  Laurentum, 
on  ancient  town  of  Italy 

servitus,    -tutis,     f.,    slavery 

Troja,  -ae,  f.,  Troy,  an  ancient 
city  of  Asia  Minor 

Trojani,  -5rum,  m.  pL,  the 
Trojans 


a.   A    few    names    of    cities    have   only  plural   forms. 
Athenae  belongs  to  this  class.     Its  locative  is  Athenis. 


A  JUNIOR  J.ATIN  READER  59 

EXERCISES 

5.  1.  Consul  cum  exercitti  suo  turn  LaurentI  erat.  2.  Filius 
oratoris  Athenis  est,  sed  filia  domi  manet.  3.  Patres  nostrl 
a  Graecis  Trojae  victi  sunt,  sed  nos  Graecos  vincemus.  4.  Tro- 
jan!, quod  servitutem  timebant,  domos  fortiter  defenderunt. 
5.  Hi  homines  in  urbe  comprehensi  sunt,  quod  eos  hostes  esse 
arbitrabamur.  6.  Nomen  Trojae  saepe  audivimus,  quod  ibi 
bellum  clarum  gestum  est.  7.  Fellcior  domi  eram  quam  in 
hac  terra. 

6.  1.  My  father,  who  is  now  in  Rome,  will  return  soon. 
2.  Many  wished  to  remain  at  home,  because  they  feared 
wounds  and  death.  3.  The  consul's  father  had  a  residence 
at  Laurentum.  4.  There  is  a  very  famous  temple  at  Athens. 
5.  The  king  was  among  those  who  were  killed  at  Troy. 

LESSON   II 
SUMMARY  OF  PLACE  CONSTRUCTIONS 

PREPOSITIONAL  PHRASES  IN  PLACE  CONSTRUCTIONS 

7.  We  have  already  seen  prepositional  phrases  used  to 
denote  place  to  which,  place  from  which,  and  place  in  which. 
A  review  of  these  constructions  is  here  given. 

(1)  Place  to  which  is  regularly  expressed  by  the  accusative 
with  ad  or  in. 

Legatus  in  Italiam  rediit,  the  lieutenant  has  returned  to 
Italy.  Caesar  ad  urbem  profectus  est,  Caesar  set  out 
for  the  city. 

(2)  Place  from  which  is  regularly  expressed  by  the  abla- 
tive with  ab,  de,  or  ex. 

Dictator  ex  urbe  egressus  est,  the  dictator  departed  from 
the  city. 

(3)  Place  where  is  regularly  expressed  by  the  ablative 
with  in. 

Consul  in  urbe  habitat,  the  consul  lives  in  the  city. 


60  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

PLACE  CONSTRUCTIONS  WITHOUT  PREPOSITIONS 

8.  In  expressions  of  place  to  which  and  place  from  which 
with  names  of  cities  and  towns  and  the  noun  domus  the 
accusative  and  ablative  are  used  as  in  other  nouns,  but  without 
prepositions.  A  summary  of  place  constructions  with  these 
words^  is  as  follows: 

(1)  Place  to  which  is  expressed  by  the  accusative  without 
a  preposition. 

Legatus  Romam  rediit,  the  lieutenant  returned  to  Rome. 

(2)  Place  from  which  is  expressed  by  the  ablative  without 
a  preposition. 

Dictator  Roma  egressus   est,  the  dictator  departed  from 
Rome. 

(3)  Place  where  is  expressed  by  the  locative,  which  in 
nouns  of  the  first  and  second  declensions  in  the  singular  is 
identical  with  the  genitive,  and  in  most  other  words  is  identical 
with  the  ablative. 

Consul  Romae  habitat,  the  consul  lives  in  Rome. 

a.  A  few  words,  among  which  are  locus  and  pars, 
sometimes  omit  the  preposition  in  expressions  of  place 
where,  especially  if  modified  by  an  adjective. 

Hoc  loco  non  diu  manebimus,  ive  shall  not  remain 
long  in  this  place. 

9.  VOCABULARY 

atque,  coi^j.,  and,  and  also  matrimonium,  -i,  n.,  marriage 

crudelis,  -e,  cruel  proficiscor,   proficisci,  profec- 

enim,  conj.,  for  tus  sum,  set  out 
Latinus,  -i,  m.,  Latinus,  a  leg-     sive,    conj.,    whether,    or    if; 

endary  king  in  Italy  sive  .  .  .  sive,  either  .  .  .  or, 

Lavinia,   -ae,    f.,    Lavinia,  a         whether  ...  or 

daughter  of  Latinus 

1  Case  forms  of  a  few  other  nouns  are  occasionally  used  in  place  constructions  without 
prepositions. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  61 

a.  The  conjunction  atque  is  sometimes  used  to  give 
prominence  to  the  second  of  two  words  or  expressions 
connected,  but  frequently  it  does  not  differ  materially 
in  meaning  from  et  or  -que. 

h.  The  position  of  enim  is  always  after  one  or  more 
words  of  its  sentence,  but  it  is  translated  as  if  it  stood 
at  the  beginning. 

EXERCISES 

10.  1.  Dux  Trojanorum  atque  duo  ex  amicis  ejus  ad  urbem 
profecti  sunt.  2.  Postea  Latlnus,  qui  tum  erat  rex  in  ea 
urbe,  flliam  suam  duel  Trojanorum  in  matrimonium  (in 
marriage)  dedit.  3.  LavTnia,  filia  regis,  Laurent!  non 
habitabat.     4.  Obses    Roma    discessit    et    domum    properat. 

5.  Domi    semper    mansi,    sed  terras    externas    videre    volo. 

6.  Hanc  fabulam  quam  narras  Romae  audlvL  7.  Multi 
enim  ibi  eam  narrabant.  8.  Sive  vincam  sive  vincar,  numquam 
Trojam  redibo.  9.  Puer  nocte  domo  excessit,  et  nondum 
rediit.  10.  111!  barbarl  crudeles  bellum  gerere  cum  nostris 
socils  cupiunt. 

11.  1.  My  brother,  who  is  now  at  home,  will  go  to  Athens 
this  winter.  2.  The  Trojans  and  their  allies  did  not  set 
out  for  Laurentum.  3.  After  the  battle  the  soldier  returned 
home.  4.  Many  came  into  the  town  from  the  fields,  be- 
cause they  feared  the  barbarians.  5.  Lavinia  was  then  at 
home  with  her  mother.  6.  I  set  out  from  home  wdth  the 
messenger  whom  the  general  had  sent. 


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A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


LESSON   III 

CONJUGATION  OF  NOLO 

12.  The  verb  nolo,  he  imwilling,  not  wish,  is  a  compound 
of  volo.^  Its  principal  parts  are  nolo,  nolle,  noluL  Like  volo, 
it  is  irregular  in  the  present  indicative,  the  other  tenses  of 
the  indicative  being  formed  like  those  of  a  regular  verb  of 
the  third  conjugation. 


PRESENT  INDICATIVE 

Singular 

Plural 

nolo 

nolumus 

non  vis 

non  vultis 

non  vult 

IMPERATIVE 

nolunt 

Singular 

Plural 

Present  noli 

• 

nolite 

INFINITIVES 

PARTICIPLE 

Present  nolle 

Present  nolens 

Perfect  noluisse 

VOCABULARY 

13. 

antiquus,  -a,  -um,  ancient,  of 
long  ago 

cresco,  -ere,  crevi,  cretum,  in- 
crease, grow  greater 

Etrusci,  -orum,  m.  pL,  the 
Etrurians  or  Etruscans 

hiemo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  win- 
ter, spend  the  winter 


nolo,  nolle,  nolui,  be  unwilling, 
not  wish 

ops,  opis,  F.,  power;  pL,  re- 
sources, influence. 

quoniam,  conj.,  since 

Rutuli,  -orum,  m.  pL,  the  Ru- 
tuli  or  Rutulians,  a  nation 
of  central  Italy. 


1  The  clement  with  which  volo  is  combined  is  a  negative  prefix  ne,  replaced  in  some 
forms   by   non. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


63 


VESSELS   FOUND   IN   POMPEII 


EXERCISES 


14.  1.  TrojanI,  qui  in  Italiam  venerant,  cum  Rutulls  hel- 
ium gerere  nolebant.  2.  Legal  us  dixit  gentem  suam  pacem 
facere  nolle  (App.  121).  3.  In  urbe  aestate  (App.  69) 
manere  nolumus.  4.  Quoniam  Galll  inagnas  copias  non 
habent,  adventum  nostrum  expectare  nolunt.  5.  In  illo 
monte  quem  vides  erat  urbs  antlqua  Etruscorum.  6.  Quo- 
niam opes  Trojanorum  crescebant,  gentes  Italiae  potentiam 
eorum  timebant.  7.  Exercitus  Romanorum  in  Britannia  hie- 
mare  nolebat.  8.  Bello  confecto  (App.  75),  hi  mllites  domum 
proficlscentur,  et  magnum  gaudium  erit.  9.  Pater  hujus 
regis  domicilium  Romae  habebat,  atque  ibi  saepe  visus  est. 
10.  Haec  gens  ab  hostibus  domo  expulsa  erat,  et  in  Gallia 
errabat. 

15.  1.  The  Romans  did  not  wish  to  destroy  this  beautiful 
city.  2.  The  resources  of  the  enemy  are  increasing,  and  our 
allies  are  in  danger.  3.  We  do  not  wish  to  spend  the  winter 
in  this  part  of  Gaul.  4.  These  men  do  not  have  money, 
because  they  are  unwilling  to  work.  5.  Since  the  king  of  the 
Rutulians  wishes  to  wage  war,  we  shall  send  an  army  into 
his  country  (fines). 


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LESSON   IV 
DECLENSION  OF  VETUS  AND  QUISQUAM 

THE  ADJECTIVE   VETUS 

16.  As  we  have  seen,  third  declension  adjectives  of  one 
ending,  such  as  felix  and  potens  (App.  7,  3),  are  i-  stems. 
But  there  is  one  third  declension  adjective  of  one  ending 
which  is  a  consonant  stem.     It  is  declined  as  follows: 


vetus, 

old 

Base  veter- 

Singular 

Plural 

M.F. 

N. 

M.F. 

N. 

vetus 

vetus 

veteres 

Vetera 

veteris 

veteris 

veterum 

veterum 

veteri 

veteri 

veteribus 

veteribus 

veterem 

vetus 

veteres 

Vetera 

vetere 

vetere 

veteribus 

veteribus 

THE  INDEFINITE  PRONOUN  QUISQUAM 

17.   The  indefinite  pronoun  quisquam,  any  one,  any  one  at 


all,  is  declined  as  follows: 

M.  F. 

NoM. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Abl. 


quisquam 

cujusquam 

cuiquam 

quemquam 

quoquam 


N. 

quicquam 

cujusquam 

cuiquam 

quicquam 

quoquam 


a.  Quisquam  is  used  chiefly  in  clauses  which  contain 
a  negative  or  a  comparative,  or  which  are  introduced 
by  a  word  meaning  if.  When  a  plural  is  needed,  it  is 
supplied  from  the  plural  forms  of  ullus. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  05 

18.  '  VOCABULARY 

concilio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  win     moenia,  -ium,  n.  pL,  walls  (of 
over,  conciliate  a  city) 


imple5,  -plere,  -plevi,  -pletum, 
fill 


mortalis,  -e,  mortal 
quisquam,  quicquam,  anyone, 
anything,  anyone  {or  thing) 
Latini,    -orum,    m.     pL,    the  at  all 

Latins,    the    inhahitants    of     ultimus,  -a,  -um,  last 
Latium,    in   central   Italy  vetus,  yen.  veteris,  old 

a.  The  noun  moenia  is  declined  like  the  plural  of 
animal  (App.  3,  4). 

b.  The  neuter  form  of  quisquam  is  sometimes  quid- 
quam  in  the  nominative  and  accusative,  instead  of 
quicquam. 

EXERCISES 

19.  1.  In  vetere  templo  erat  statua  pulchra,  quam  videre 
volebam.  2.  Ilium  veterem  librum  quem  pater  mens  mihi 
dedit  numquam  legL  3.  Nullum  sonum  audlvimus,  neque 
quemquam  vidimus.  4.  Rex  hostium  socios  nostros  conciliare 
conatus  est.  5.  Tum  multitudo  fugientium  (fugitives,  App. 
84)  omnes  vias  implevit.  6.  Post  hoc  bellum  Trojani  et 
Latini  socii  erant,  et  denique  unus  populus  ex  duobus  factus 
est.  7.  Sed  de  patria  nostra  dictum  est  E  pluribus  tjnum. 
8.  Tempus  omnia  opera  mortalia  delebit.  9.  Hoc  ultimum 
opus  ejus  virl  clari  magnam  laudem  habet.  10.  Ex  illo 
colle  moenia  urbis  nostrae  videre  poteris. 

20.  1.  The  old  wall  which  is  behind  the  temple  is  low. 
2.  The  soldier  has  a  new  sword,  but  his  shield  is  old.  3.  We 
are  unwilling  to  give  money  to  the  boy  who  has  brought  the 
letter.  4.  I  returned  to  Rome  from  Laurent  um  with  the 
same  man  with  whom  I  had  gone  out  (exeo)  from  Rome. 
5.  I  have  not  been  at  home  for  four  days,  nor  have  I  seen 
anyone  from  that  place. 


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A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


LESSON   V 
THE  SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD:    CLAUSES  OF  RESULT 

THE  SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD 

21.  In  addition  to  the  indicative  and  the  imperative  moods, 
the  verb  has  another  mood,  which  is  called  the  Subjunctive. 
The  Latin  subjunctive  is  sometimes  used  to  express  ideas 
which  we  express  in  English  by  the  indicative,  and  hence  is 
often  translated  exactly  like  the  indicative.  The  first  uses 
of  the  mood  to  be  taken  up  are  of  this  class. 

There  are  only  four  tenses  in  the  subjunctive.  They  are 
the  present,  imperfect,  perfect,  and  past  perfect. 

THE  PRESENT  SUBJUNCTIVE  OF  THE  FIRST   AND   SECOND    CONJUGATIONS 

22.  The  verbs  porto  and  moneo  are  conjugated  as  follows 
in  the  present  subjunctive: 


ACTIVE 

Singular 

Plural 

Singular 

Plural 

portem 

portemus 

nioneani 

moneamus 

portes 

portetis 

moneas 

moneatis 

portet 

portent 

PASSIVE 

moneat 

moneant 

Singular 

Plural 

Singular 

Plural 

porter 

portemur 

monear 

moneamur 

porteris 

portemini 

monearis 

moneamini 

portetur 

portentur 

moneatur 

moneantur 

THE  SUBJUNCTIVE  IN  CLAUSES  OF  RESULT 

23.  A  subordinate  clause  which  expresses  result  has  its 
verb  in  the  subjunctive.  Miles  tarn  fortis  est  ut  nullum 
periculum  timeat,  the  soldier  is  so  brave  that  he  fears  no 
danger. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  67 

r 

24.  VOCABULARY 

abundo,  -are,  -avi,  overflow  impigre,    adv.,    industriously, 

adolescd,  -ere,  adolevi,  adul-  energetically 

turn,  grow  up,  grow  to  ma-  matunis,  -a,  -um,  full  grown, 

turity  mature 

aetas, -tatis,  f.,  age  tam,  adv.,  so 

imperium,  -i,  n.,   power,   au-  ut,  coiij.,  that 

thority 

EXERCISES 

25.  1.  Ille  homo  tam  benignus  est  ut  omnes  eum  ament. 

2.  Exercitus  noster  nunc  tantus  est  ut  hostes  nos  timeant. 

3.  Stultitia  ejus  hominis  est  tanta  ut  nuUos  amicos  habeat. 

4.  Hie  mons  tam  altus  est  ut  ab  urbe  nostra  facile  videa- 
tur.  5.  Turn  flumen  abundabat  et  magnum  detrimentum 
ferebat.  6.  111!  juvenes  in  montibus  adolescebant,  et  cor- 
pora eorum  vahda  fiebant.  7.  Propter  aetatem  hie  agricola 
non  jam  laborare  potest,  itaque  in  oppidum  migrare  vult. 
8.  Quoniam  filius  regis  nondum  maturus  est,  imperium  ei 
non  dabitur.  9.  Puer  tam  impigre  laborat  ut  ab  omnibus 
laudetur. 

26.  1.  This  picture  is  so  beautiful  that  it  is  praised  by 
all.  2.  The  river  is  so  wide  that  we  fear  to  cross.  3.  The 
danger  is  so  great  that  we  do  not  dare  go  out  from  the  city. 

4.  The  man  is  so  old  that  he  does  not  work  in  the  fields. 

5.  Your  friend  is  not  here,  nor  has  any  one  seen  him. 


LESSON   VI 


THE  PRESENT  SUBJUNCTIVE  —  CONTINUED 

THE  PRESENT  SUBJUNCTFVE  OF  THE  THIRD  AND  FOURTH    CONJUGATIONS 

27.  In  the  third  and  fourth  conjugations  the  sign  of  the 
present  subjunctive  is  a.  This  tense  sign  replaces  the  char- 
acteristic vowel  in  -5  verbs  of  the  third  conjugation.     In  -16 


68 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


verbs  of  the  third  conjugation  and  in  all  verbs  of  the  fourth 
conjugation,  the  tense  sign  follows  the  -i  of  the  stem. 

28.   The  verbs  duco,   capio,  and  audio  are  conjugated  as 
follows  in  the  present  subjunctive: 


ACTIVE 

Singular 

ducam 

capiam 

audiam 

ducas 

capias 

audias 

ducat 

capiat 

Plural 

audiat 

ducamus 

capiamus 

audiamus 

due  at  is 

capiatis 

audiatis 

ducant 

capiant 

PASSIVE 

Singular 

audiant 

ducar 

capiar 

audiar 

ducaris 

capiaris 

audiaris 

ducatur 

capiatur 

Plural 

audiatur 

ducamur 

capiamur 

audiamur 

ducamini 

capiamini 

audiamini 

ducantur 

capiantur 
VOCABULARY 

audiantur 

29. 

aufero,  -ferre,   abstuli,   abla- 

tum,  carry  away,  carry  off 
crudelitas,  -tatis,  f.,  cruelty 
fluo,  -ere,  fluxi,  fluxum,  flow 
honor,  -oris,  m.,  honor 
laus,  laudis,  f.,  praise,  glory 


nascor,  nasci,  natus  sum,  be 

born 
Romulus,  -i,  M.,  Romulus,  the 

founder  of  Rome 
turba,  -ae,  f.,  crowd,  mob 


EXERCISES 

30.    1.  Periculum   tantum   est   ut   omnes   in   his   locis   tela 
semper  gerant.     2.  Flumen  tam  celeriter  fluit  ut  sonus  aquae 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  gg 

ex  hoc  loco  audiatur.  3.  Haec  animalia  tam  fera  sunt  ut 
non  facile  capiantur.  4.  Ille  puer  tam  iratus  est  ut  saxa  in 
(at)  alios  pueros  jaciat.  5.  Nomen  Romuli  in  magno  honore 
Romae  erat.  6.  Paucos  amicos  in  ea  turba  vidl.  7.  Mult! 
crudelitatem  ejus  hominis  timebant  a  quo  hae  statuae 
ablatae  sunt.  8.  Multl  laudem  non  habent  in  eo  loco  in  quo 
nati  sunt.  9.  Ille  imperator  tam  avarus  est  ut  multl  eum 
condemnent. 

31.  1.  So  many  have  been  killed  in  this  war  that  all  now 
desire  peace.  2.  The  fear  of  the  mob  is  so  great  that  men 
are  assembling  from  all  parts  of  the  city.  3.  The  Romans 
are  so  brave  that  they  easily  repulse  the  enemy.  4.  The 
boy  is  so  faithful  that  he  never  complains.  5.  This  famous 
poet  was  born  in  a  small  town,  but  he  lived  for  many  years 
in  Rome. 


LESSON  vn 


PRESENT    SUBJUNCTIVE    OF    SUM   AND    POSSUM:     NOUN 

CLAUSES  OF  FACT 

THE  PRESENT  SUBJUNCTIVE  OF  SUM  AND  POSSUM 

32.  The  present  subjunctive  of  the  irregular  verbs  sum 
and  possum  is  as  follows: 

Singular  Plural  Singular  Plural 

sim  simus  possim  posslmus 

SIS  sitis  possis  possltis 

sit  sint  possit  possint 

NOUN  CLAUSES  OF  FACT 

33.  The  third  person  singular  of  fio  (App.  36)  is  often 
translated  it  results  (freely,  the  result  is)  or  it  comes  about 
(imperfect,  it  resulted,  the  result  was,  or  it  came  about,  etc.). 
When  so  used  these  forms  are  regularly  followed  by  a  clause 
introduced  by  ut,  with  its  verb  in  the  subjunctive.     The  verb 


70  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

accidit,  it  happens  (imperfect  it  happened,  etc.)  is  followed  by 
a  clause  of  the  same  kind.  These  clauses  introduced  by  ut 
are  not  quite  the  same  as  those  which  we  have  seen  in 
section  23.  They  are  really  the  subjects  of  the  verbs  of  the 
principal  clauses,  and  are  called  Noun^  clauses  of  Fact. 

a.  Sometimes  such  clauses  are  used  as  objects  instead 
of  subjects.  In  this  lesson,  however,  they  are  found 
only   as  subjects.  ^ 

Fit  ut  paucos  amicos  habeamus,  the  result  is  (it  results) 

that  we  have  few  friends. 
Saepe   accidit  ut  fratrem   tuum   in   ea   urbe    videam,  it 

often  happens  that   I  see  your  brother  in  that  city. 

34.  VOCABULARY 

accido,  -ere,  accidi,  happen  mensa,  -ae,  f.,  table 

Albanus,  -a,  -um,   A  1  b  a  n  ;  pello,    -ere,    pepuli,    pulsum, 

Mons  Albanus,  the   Alban  drive  out,  rout 

Mount,    a   small   mountain  sub,  prep,  with  ace.  and  abl., 

about  fifteen  miles  from  Rome  under 

ignavus,  -a,  -um,  cowardly  viator,  -5ris,  m.,  traveler 

ita,  adv.,  so,  to  such  a  degree 

a.  To  denote  the  place  toward  which  or  up  to  which 
motion  is  directed  sub  takes  the  accusative;  to  denote 
the  place  where  something  exists  or  occurs  it  regularly 
takes  the  ablative. 

EXERCISES 

35.  1.  Accidit  ut  viator  nunc  in  vico  sit.  2.  Fit  ut 
patriam  defendere  posslmus,  et  (eam)  defendemus.  3.  Nos- 
tri  socii  ita  fortiter  pugnant  ut  hostes  nullam  spem  victoriae 
habeant.  4.  Equites  tam  ignavl  sunt  ut  impetum  barbaro- 
rum  expectare  non  audeant.     5.  Accidit  ut  sine  tells  simus. 


'  Or  substantive  clauses  of  fact. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


71 


TOMB  OF  THE  EMPEROR  HADRIAN,  IN  ROME 


6.  Fit  lit  viatores  flumen  transire  non  possint.  7.  Sub  (at 
the  foot  of)  monte  Albano  nova  urbs  condita  est.  8.  Mater 
pueri  cibum  in  mensa  posuit,  et  nunc  eum  expectat.  9.  I  lie 
rex  fratrem  suum  pepulit  et  in  loco  ejus  regnavit. 

36.  1.  It  happens  that  no  one  can  see  us  (is  able  to  see 
us).  2.  The  result  is  that  the  city  is  in  great  clanger.  3.  The 
traveler  is  so  cowardly  that  he  remains  in  the  village.  4. 
This  farmer  works  so  energetically  that  he  is  often  tired  out. 
5.  You  are  so  cowardly  that  you  cannot  be  (are  not  able  to 
be)  a  good  soldier. 


72 


A   JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


LESSON   VIII 


THE    IMPERFECT    SUBJUNCTIVE    OF    REGULAR    VERBS:     THE 

SEQUENCE  OF  TENSES 

THE  IMPERFECT  SUBJUNCTIVE 

37.  The  imperfect  subjunctive  of  all  regular  verbs  has  the 
tense  sign  -re^  before  the  personal  endings.  It  is  formed  on 
the  present  stem. 


ACTIVE 

Singular 


II. 


III. 


portarem 

portares 

portaret 

portaremus 

portaretis 

portarent 


monerem       ducerem 
moneres         duceres 
moneret         duceret 

Plural 
moneremus  duceremus 
moneretis      duceretis 
monerent      ducerent 


caperem 

caperes 

caperet 

caperemus 

caperetis 

caperent 


IV. 

audirem 

audlres 

audlret 

audlremus 

audlretis 

audlrent 


monerer 

monereris 

moneretur 


PASSIVE 
Singular 

ducerer 

ducereris 

duceretur 


portarer 

portareris 

portaretur 

Plural 
portaremur    moneremur  duceremur 
portaremini  moneremini  duceremini 


caperer 

capereris 

caperetur 

caperemur 
caperemini 


audlrer 

audlreris 

audlretur 

audlremur 
audiremini 


portarentur   monerentur  ducerentur    caperentur    audirentur 

a.  The  imperfect  subjunctive  may  be  formed  by  add- 
ing the  personal  endings  to  the  present  active  infinitive, 
with  the  necessary  changes  in  quantity.  This  statement 
applies  to  all  irregular  verbs  as  well  as  to  regular  verbs. 

1  As  has  been  previously  stated,  a  long  vowel  in  a  tense  sign  or  stem  ending  becomes 
short  before  the  personal  endings  -m,  -t,  -nt,  -r,  and  -ntur. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER  73 

THE  SEQUENCE  OF  TENSES 

38.  (1)  When  the  verb  in  the  principal  clause  of  a  com- 
plex sentence  is  present,  future,  or  future  perfect,  the  verb 
of  the  subordinate  clause,  if  subjunctive,  is  regularly  present 
(or  perfect).^ 

(2)  When  the  verb  in  the  principal  clause  is  imperfect, 
perfect,  or  past  perfect,  the  subjunctive  in  the  subordinate 
clause  is  regularly  imperfect  (or  past  perfect).^ 

a.  If  the  main  verb  is  a  perfect  which  is  equivalent  to 
an  English  present  perfect,  the  dependent  subjunctive  is 
sometimes  present  and  sometimes  imperfect. 

b.  A  result  clause  sometimes  has  its  verb  in  the  per- 
fect after  a  principal  verb  denoting  past  time. 

39.  VOCABULARY 

Ascanius,  -i,  m.,  Ascanius,  the  falso,  adv.,  falsely 

legendary  founder    of    Alba  laetitia,  -ae,  f.,  joy,  gladness 

Longa  tenuis,  -e,  slight,  thin;  shallow 

conspectus,  -us,  m.,  sight  venor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  hunt 

dedo,    -dere,    -didi,    -ditum,  voco,  -are,  avi,  -atum,  call 
surrender,  give  up 

EXERCISES 

40.  1.  Ille  consul  ita  fortiter  patriam  defenderat  ut  omnes 
cTves  eum  laudarent.  2.  Ita  fellces  in  ea  urbe  eramus  ut  diu 
maneremus.  3.  Copiae  hostium  tantae  erant  ut  castra  non 
facile  defenderentur.  4.  Audivimus  hanc  parvam  urbem  ab 
Ascanio  conditam  esse.  5.  Centurio  qui  in  conspectu  im- 
peratoris  stabat  falso  ab  inimico  accusabatur.  6.  Aqua  ita 
tenuis  erat  ut  pisces  a  ripa  viderentur.  7.  Pueri  qui  in 
silva  venabantur  nunc  domum  redeunt,  quod  a  patre  suo 
vocati  sunt.     8.  Hostes  se  dediderunt,   et  magna  laetitia  in 

*  The  forms  and  uses  of  the  perfect  and  past  perfect  subjunctive  will  be  given   later. 


74  A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 

patria  nostra  est.  9.  Barbarl  ita  terrentur  ut  ex  omnibus 
partibus   fugiant. 

41.  1.  Our  soldiers  made  an  attack  so  fiercely  that  they 
quickly  captured  the  enemy's  camp.  2.  The  general  was  so 
brave  that  he  was  loved  by  all  the  soldiers.  3.  The  forest 
was   so   large   that   we   did   not   easily   find   our   way   in   it. 

4.  The  Trojans  were  so  few  that  they  did  not  resist  longer. 

5.  The  joy  of  the  traveler  w^as  so  great  that  he  at  once 
called  his  friend.  6.  The  forest  in  which  I  often  hunt  is  in 
sight  of  (from)  the  village. 


LESSON   IX 


THE  IMPERFECT  SUBJUNCTIVE  OF  SUM  AND  POSSUM: 

IMPERSONAL  VERBS 

THE  IMPERFECT  SUBJUNCTIVE  OF  SUM  AND  POSSUM 

42.  The  verbs  sum  and  possum  are  conjugated  as  follows 
in  the  imperfect  subjunctive: 

Singular  Plural  Singular  Plural 

essem  essemus  possem  possemus 

esses  essetis  posses  possetis 

esset  essent  posset  possent 

a.  As  has  been  seen  in  the  case  of  regular  verbs,  these 
imperfect  subjunctives  are  formed  by  adding  the  per- 
sonal endings  to  the  present  infinitive. 

IMPERSONAL    VERBS 

43.  There  are  a  few  Latin  verbs  which  do  not  have  a 
noun  or  pronoun  as  a  subject.  They  have  as  subject  an 
infinitive,  or  an  expression  consisting  of  an  infinitive  with  its 
subject  in  the  accusative.  Such  verbs  are  called  Impersonal. 
Two  of  the  most  important  impersonal  verbs  are  oportet,  it 
is  necessary  or  it  is  proper,  and  licet,  it  is  permitted. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


USE  OF  OPORTET 


75 


44.  With  oportet  the  subject  is  regularly  an  infinitive  with 
subject  accusative. 

Hominem  manere  oportet,  it  is  necessary  that  the  man  remain, 
or  it  is  necessary  for  the  man  to  remain.  This  expression  may 
also  be  translated  the  man  must  remain,  or  the  man  ought  to 
remain.  The  latter  translations  seem  to  us  in  English  to  in- 
dicate a  personal  subject,  but  we  nmst  remember  that  in 
Latin  the  construction  differs  from  the  construction  of  the 
English  equivalent. 

USE  OF  LICET 

45.  The  verb  licet  takes  an  infinitive  as  subject.  The 
dative  is  commonly  used  to  denote  the  person  who  is  per- 
mitted to  do  the  act  denoted  by  the  infinitive. 

Centurioni  redire  licet,  it  is  permitted  (to)  the  centurion  to 
return,  or  the  centurion  is  permitted  to  return.  As  in  the  use 
of  oportet,  the  English  translation  commonly  employs  a  per- 
sonal verb;  but  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  word  for 
centurion  as  used  in  this  sentence  is  not  to  be  expressed  in 
Latin  by  the  nominative. 

46.  VOCABULARY 

comes,  comitis,  m.,  companion,  licet,  licere,  licuit,  it  is  permit- 
comrade  ted,  it  is  allowed 

contemno,  -temnere,  -tempsi,  oportet,  oportere,  oportmt,  it 

-temptum,  scorn,  despise  is  necessary,  it  is  proper,  one 

eques,  equitis,  m.,  horseman;  must,  one  ought 

pi.  horsemen  or  cavalry  remus,  -i,  m.,  oar 

jus,  juris,  N.,  right,  law  turns,  turns,  -lum,  f.,  tower 


a.  The  accusative  singular  of  turns  is  regularly  tur- 
rim  and  the  ablative  is  turri.  A  few  other  i-stem  nouns 
have  the  accusative  in  -im   and  the  ablative  in  -L 


76  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

EXERCISES 

47.  1.  Accidit^  ut  navis  sine  remis  esset.  2.  Ripae  flu- 
minis  tarn  altae  erant  ut  equites  eas  ascendere  non  possent. 
3.  Flebat  ut  illi  homines  jus  contemnerent.  4.  Turris  tanta 
erat  ut  eam  ex  muro  videre  possemus.  5.  Exercitum  in  hoc 
loco  manere  non  oportet.  6.  Cur  in  via  ambulare  non  licet? 
7.  Imperatorem  castra  et  arma  dedere  non  oportet.  8.  Tibi 
hunc  librum  auferre  non  licet.  9.  Comites  mei  tam  ignavi 
erant  ut  nihil  efficere  possem.  10.  Ea  victoria  erat  tanta 
ut  per  totam  urbem  laetitia  esset. 

48.  1.  Our  companions  were  so  brave  that  the  enemy 
could  not  (were  not  able  to)  frighten  them.  2.  It  happened 
that  the  horsemen  were  in  the  village.  3.  I  worked  so  ener- 
getically that  I  was  soon  tired  out.  4.  It  is  necessary  that 
help  be  sent  (help  to  be  sent)  at  once.  5.  The  traveler 
ought  to  set  out  today. 


LESSON   X 
DATIVE  OF  PURPOSE:   DATIVE  OF  REFERENCE 

THE  DATIVE  OF  PURPOSE 

49.  A  noun  in  the  dative  is  sometimes  used  to  denote  the 
purpose  or  end  which  something  serves  or  is  intended  to 
serve. 

Hunc  librum  dono  misi,  I  sent  this  book  as  a  gift  (lit.  for 
a  gift). 

a.   The  dative  of  purpose  is  sometimes  employed  where 
the  English  usage  would  require  a  predicate  nominative. 

Haec  fama  auxilio  erit,  this  reputation  will  he  a  help. 

1  The  form  accidit  may  be 'either  present,  it  happens,  or  perfect,  it  happened.  See 
the  principal  parts.  The  use  of  esset  in  the  subordinate  clause  shows  by  the  sequence 
of  tenses  that  accidit  is  here  perfect. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  77 

THE  DATIVE  OF  REFERENCE 

50.  The  dative  is  sometimes  used  to  denote  the  person 
with  reference  to  whom  an  act  is  said  to  be  done  or  a  situa- 
tion to  exist.  This  use  is  especially  important  in  expres- 
sions which  contain  a  dative  of  purpose. 

Legio  equitdtui  auxilio  missa  est,  the   legion  was  sent  as 
aid  (lit.  /o7'  aid)  to  the  cavalry. 

a.    Sometimes  the  dative  of  reference  refers  to  a  thing 
instead  of  a  person. 

Cohors  castris  praesidid  relicta  est,  the  cohort  was  left  as 
a  guard  to  the  camp. 

51.  VOCABULARY 

amnis,  amnis,  -ium,  m.,  river  lapis,  lapidis,  m.,  stone 

cena,  -ae,  f.,  dinner  pedes,  peditis,  m.,  foot  soldier: 

conscribo,   -scribere,   -scripsi,  pi.,  infantry 

-scriptum,  enroll  subsidium,    -i,    n.,    reenforce- 

dextra,  -ae,  f.,  right  hand  ments 
improviso,  adv.,  unexpectedly 

a.   The  noun   dextra   is  merely  the   feminine  form   of 
the  adjective  dexter,  -tra,  -trum,  used  as  a  noun. 

EXERCISES 

52.  1.  Hi  flores  mihi  dono  missi  sunt.  2.  Caesar  statim 
legionem  subsidio  oppidanls  misit.  3.  Consilium  (advice) 
tuum  nobis  semper  auxilio  fuit.  4.  Legatus  unam  legionem 
castris  praesidio  rellquit.  5.  Tum  amnis  tam  latus  erat  ut 
pedites  transire  non  possent.  6.  lUe  Gallus  dextram  suam 
in  proelio  amisit.  7.  Cena  parata  est,  sed  accidit  ut  f rater 
mens  inveniri  non  possit.  8.  Hos  pueros  lapides  jacere  non 
oportet.  9.  Caesari  duas  novas  legiones  conscrlbere  licuit. 
10.  Barbaii  ita  improviso  impetum  fecerunt  ut  perlculum 
nostrl  exercitus  magnum  esset. 


78 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


53.  1.  Labienus  at  once  sent  the  infantry  as  aid  (for  aid) 
to  the  town.  2.  Two  legions  were  sent  as  aid  to  our  alUes 
whose  towns  were  being  burned.  3.  We  have  come  as  reen- 
forcements  to  you,  because  your  nation  ought  not  to  be 
defeated.  4.  The  friendship  of  the  Romans  was  (for)  a  great 
help  to  this  leader.  5.  The  consul  is  permitted  (it  is  per- 
mitted to  the  consul)  to  enroll  another  legion. 


LESSON   XI 


PERFECT  SUBJUNCTIVE:  CUM   CAUSAL  CLAUSES 

THE  PERFECT  SUBJUNCTIVE,  ACTIVE  VOICE 

54.   The  perfect  active  subjunctive  is  formed  on  the  per- 
fect stem  with  the  tense  sign  -eri. 


laudaverim 

laudaverls 

laudaverit 

laudaverimus 

laudaverltis 

laudaverint 


Singular 

monuerim  duxerim 

monueris  duxeris 

monuerit  dtixerit 

Plural 

monuerimus  duxerimus 

monueiitis  duxeritis 

monuerint  duxerint 


audiverim 

audiverls 

audiverit 

audiverlmus 

audiverltis 

audiverint 


a.   The  perfect  subjunctive  of  sum  is  formed  in   like 
manner  on  the  stem  fu-:  fuerim,  fueris,  etc. 


THE  PERFECT  SUBJUNCTFVE,  PASSIVE  VOICE 

55.   The  perfect  passive  subjunctive  is  made  up  of  the  past 
participle  and  the  present  subjunctive  of  sum. 


portatus  sim 
port  at  us  sis 
etc. 


monitus  sim 

monitus  sis 

etc. 


ductus  sim 
ductus  sis 
etc. 


auditus  sim 
auditus  sis 
etc. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER  79 

CUM  CAUSAL  CLAUSES 

56.  A    subordinate    clause    introduced    by    cum    meaning 
since  has  its  verb  in  the  subjunctive. 

Cum  nulla  navis  in  conspectu  5:7,  domum  revertar,  since 
there  is  no  ship  in  sight,   I  shall  return  home. 

57.  VOCABULARY 

apud,  prep,  with  ace,  among,  minae,  -arum,  f.  pL,  threats 

with  reverter,  reverti,  reverti,  re- 

cum,    conj.,    since,    although,  versum,  return 

when  sinistra,  -ae,  f.,  left  hand 

cursus,  -us,  M.,  course  videor,  -eri,  visus  sum,  seem, 

flecto,  -ere,  flexi,  flexum,  turn,  appear 

bend 

a.  The  verb  reverter  is  commonly  used  as  a  deponent 
in  the  present,  imperfect,  and  future  tenses.  In  the  per- 
fect, past  perfect,  and  future  perfect  it  has  active  forms. 
Sometimes  active  forms  are  found  in  the  present  system. 

b.  The  verb  videor,  meaning  seem,  is  merely  the  pas- 
sive form  of  video,  see.  It  will  be  possible  to  decide 
from  the  context  whether  a  doubtful  form  should  be 
translated  seem  or  as  a  passive  of  video. 

EXERCISES 

58.  1.  Cum  hunc  puerum  laudaveris,  amicus  fidelis  tuus 
semper  erit.  2.  Cum  Helvetii  cursum  suum  fiexerint,  eos 
diutius  sequi  non  possumus.  3.  Cum  nihil  hic  efficere  possi- 
mus,  domum  revertemur.  4.  Cum  auctoritas  tua  magna 
apud  Gallos  sit,  te  cum  hac  epistula  in  Galliam  mittam. 
5.  Ille  dux  non  mihi  fortis  videtur.  6.  Cum  exercitus  meus 
numquam  victus  sit,  minas  tuas  non  vereor.  7.  Puer  sinis- 
tra epistulam  tenet  quam  ei  a  sorore  data  est.  8.  In  his 
doloribus  amicitia  tua  mihi   magno   auxilio   est.     9.  Gladius 


80 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


TEMPLE   IN  ROME 


quern  frater  meus  tibi   dono   dedit   est  gravis.      10.  Factum 
est  ut  te  juvare  non  possemus. 

59.  1.  Since  you  have  often  praised  this  picture,  I  will 
give  it  to  you.  2.  Since  no  enemy  has  been  seen  today,  we 
shall  return  to  (into)  the  village.  3.  Since  the  cavalry  has 
not  yet  arrived,  we  cannot  make  an  attack.  «  4.  Since  the 
traveler  has  turned  his  course  toward  (ad)  the  river,  we 
shall  soon  see  him.  5.  Caesar  left  one  legion  as  a  guard 
(Section  49)  for  the  bridge.  6.  The  soldiers  are  so  brave 
that  they  do  not  fear  the  threats  of  the  enemy. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


81 


LESSON   XII 


THE  PAST  PERFECT  SUBJUNCTIVE:  CUM  ADVERSATIVE 

CLAUSES 

THE  PAST  PERFECT  SUBJUNCTIVE,  ACTIVE  VOICE 

60.   The   past   perfect   subjunctive   in   the   active   voice   is 
formed  on  the  perfect  stem  with  the  tense  sign  -isse. 


portavissem 

portavisses 

portavisset 

portavissemus 

portavissetis 

portavissent 


Singular 
monuissem  duxissem 

monuisses  duxisses 

monuisset  duxisset 

Plural 
monuissemus        duxissemus 
monuissetis  duxissetis 

monuissent  duxissent 


audivissem 

audlvisses 

audivisset 

audivissemus 

audlvissetis 

audivissent 


a.   The  past  perfect  subjunctive  of  sum  is  formed  in 
like  manner  with  the  stem    fu-:  fuissem,  fuisses,  etc. 

THE  PAST  PERFECT  SUBJUNCTIVE,  PASSIVE  VOICE 

6_1.  The  past  perfect  subjunctive  in  the  passive  voice  is 
made  up  of  the  past  participle  and  the  imperfect  subjunctive 
of  sum. 


portatus  essem   monitus  essem 
portatus  esses     monitus  esses 
etc.  etc. 


ductus  essem 
ductus  esses 
etc. 


auditus  essem 
audltus  esses 
etc. 


CUM  ADVERSATIVE  CLAUSES 


cum 


meamng 


62.   A    subordinate    clause    introduced    by 
although  has  its  verb  in  the  subjunctive. 

Cum  ea  urbs  parva  esset,  tamen  magnam  gloriam  habe- 
bat,  although  that  city  was  small,  nevertheless  it  had  great 
fame. 


82  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER    1 

a.  The  adverb  tamen  frequently  stands  in  the  prin- 
cipal clause  with  which  an  adversative  clause  is  con- 
nected. 

63.  VOCABULARY 

certus,  -a,  -um,  certain  puerilis,  -e,  childish,  of  a  child, 

ceteri,  -ae,  -a,  the  other  of  children 

ob,  prep,  with  ace,  on  account  retardo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  keep 

of  back,  check 

ordo,  ordinis,  m.,  order,  rank  vagitus,-us,M.,  wailing,  crying 
potestas,  -tatis,  f.,  power 

a.  The  singular  forms  of  ceteri  are  rare,  and  may  be 
disregarded  for  the  present. 

h.  The  most  important  use  of  ob  is  in  phrases  con- 
taining a  form  of  causa  or  res. 

EXERCISES 

64.  1.  Cum  puer  saepe  monitus  esset,  tamen  impigre  non 
laborabat.  2.  Cum  nullus  certus  ordo  esset,  tamen  quisque 
in  suo  loco  hostibus  (App.  51)  restitit.  3.  Ob  earn  rem 
impetus  hostium  retardatus  est,  sed  denique  castra  capta 
sunt.  4.  Cum  Galli  potestatem  ejus  regis  semper  timuissent, 
tamen  ei  fortiter  restiterunt.  5.  Cum  ceteri  pervenissent, 
decem  equites  viam  per  silvam  reperire  non  poterant.  6. 
Cum  (Section  56)  llbertatem  semper  laudaveritis,  vos  patriam 
nunc  defendere  oportet.  7.  In  eo  loco  vagitus  puerilis  audi- 
tus  est.  8.  Verba  tua  mihi  tum  magno  auxilio  erant. 
9.  Ceteri  domi  manere  nolunt. 

65.  1.  Although  the  Romans  had  not  sent  aid,  the  towns- 
people were  trying  to  defend  the  town.  2.  Although  the 
attack  had  been  checked,  we  were  not  safe.  3.  Since  you 
have  received  my  letter,  you  know  the  cause  of  this  delay. 
4.  Although  I  had  never  injured  him  (App.  51),  he  was 
always   my   enemy.      5.  Since   you   are   a   young   man,    you 

^  ought  to  defend  your  country. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


83 


LESSON   XIII 

CONJUGATION  OF  FERO:    CUM  DESCRIPTIVE  CLAUSES 

OF  SITUATION 

CONJUGATION  OF  FERO 

66.   The  irregular  verb  fero  is  conjugated  as  follows  in  the 
present  indicative: 


ACTIVE 

PASSIVE 

fero 

ferimus                feror 

ferimur 

fers 

fertis 

ferris 

r 
1 

ferimini 

fert 

ferunt 

fertur 

feruntur 

A  synopsis  of  fero  in  the  first  person  singular  is  as  follows: 

INDICATIVE 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

ACTIVE 

PASSIVE 

ACTIVE 

PASSIVE 

Pres. 

fero 

feror 

feram 

ferar 

lmpf. 

ferebam 

ferebar 

ferrem 

ferrer 

Put. 

feram 

ferar 

> 

Perf. 

tuli 

latus  sum 

tulerim 

latus  sim 

P.Pf. 

tuleram 

atus  eram 

tulissem 

latus  essem 

P-  Pf. 

tulero 

atus  ero 

INFINITIVES 

PARTICIPLES 

ACTIVE 

PASSIVE 

ACTIVE 

PASSIVE 

Pres. 
Past 

ferre 
tulisse 

ferri 
latus  esse 

ferens 

latus 

Put. 

aturus  esse 

atum  iri 

laturus 

ferendus 

a.    Other  forms  of  fero  will  be  found  in  section  34  of 
the  Appendix. 


CUM  DESCRIPTIVE  CLAUSE  OF  SITUATION 

67.  The  imperfect  or  past  perfect  subjunctive  is  often 
used  in  a  clause  introduced  by  cum  meaning  when.  Such  a 
clause  describes  'the  situation  or  makes  known  the  time  of 
the  main  act. 


84  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

a.  The  meaning  of  the  principal  clause  will  usually 
make  it  easy  to  decide  whether  cum  should  be  trans- 
lated since,  although,  or  when.  If  the  tense  of  the  sub- 
junctive is  present  or  perfect,  cum  will  mean  since  or 
although  (not  when). 

68.  VOCABULARY 

avus,  -i,  M.,  grandfather  nepos,  nepotis,  m.,  grandson 

educo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  rear,  pastor,  pastoris,  m.,  shepherd 

bring  up  pecus,  pecudis,  f.,  beast;  pL, 
latro,  latr5nis,  m.,  robber,  brig-         flock,  herd 

and  spectaculum,  -i,  n.,  spectacle 
ludus,  -i,  M.,  game 

EXERCISES 

69.  1.  Cum  pastor  pecudes  suas  in  montes  ageret,  la- 
trones  eum  aggress!  sunt.  2.  Cum  latro  praedam  auferret, 
a  militibus  captus  est.  3.  Cum  Romulus  urbem  suam  con- 
didisset,  gentes  fmitimas  ad  spectaculum  ludorum  invltavit. 
4.  Cum  Romulus  et  f rater  ejus  apud^  pastorem  educarentur, 
nemo  scivit  eos  esse  nepotes  regis.  5.  Cum  (Section  62) 
fortis  semper  fueris,^  nunc  pugnare  non  vis.  6.  Haec  tela 
tam  gravia  sunt  ut  ea  ferre  non  posslmus.  7.  Cum  (Section 
56)  multi  latrones  in  eis  locis  essent,  pastores  semper  tela 
ferebant.  8.  Propter  has  injurias  denique  barbarls  bellum 
intulimus. 

70.  1.  When  the  robber  J  saw  the  shepherds,  he  fled. 
2.  When  the  city  had  been  founded,  Romulus  gave  a  name 
to  it.  3.  When  we  were  in  Rome,  we  saw  the  king  and 
queen.  4.  Although  Romulus  and  his  brother  were  grand- 
sons of  the  king,  they  were  reared  at  the  house  of  (apud)  a 
shepherd.  5.  It  happened  that  the  brother  of  Romulus  had 
been  captured  by  the  robbers. 

1  at  the  house  of. 

*  Perfect  subjunctive  of  sum. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


85 


LESSON   XIV 

SUBJUNCTIVE  OF  VOLO  AND  EO:   INDIRECT  QUESTIONS 

THE  SUBJUNCTIVE  OF   VOLO 

71.   The   irregular   verb   volo   is   conjugated   as   follows   in 
the  subjunctive  mood: 


PRESENT 

IMPERFECT 

Singular                       Plural 

Singular                     Plural 

velim 

vellmus 

vellem                  vellemus 

veils 

velltis 

velles                    velletis 

velit 

velint 

vellet                   vellent 

PERFECT 

PAST  PERFECT 

voluerim 

voluissem 

voluerls 

voluisses 

etc. 

etc. 

72. 

THE  SUBJUNCTTVE  OF  EO 

PRESENT 

IMPERFECT 

Singular                     Plural 

Singular                      Plural 

earn 

eamus 

Irem                       iremus 

eas 

eatis 

ires              •          iretis 

eat 

eant 

Iret                        irent 

PERFECT 

PAST  PERFECT 

ierim  (Iverim) 

issem  (Ivissem) 

ierls  (Iveris) 

isses  (ivisses) 

etc. 

etc. 

INDIRECT  QUESTIONS 

73.   An   indirect   question   is   a   question   which   is   quoted 
with  changed  form. 

He  asked  who  the  man  was.    (Direct,  Who  is  the  man?) 

Indirect   questions   depend   on   words   of   asking,    knowing, 
perceiving,  and  the  like. 


86  A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 

MOOD  IN  INDIRECT  QUESTIONS 

74.  In  Latin,  an  indirect  question  has  its  verb  in  the  sub- 
junctive. ^ 

Quaesivi  quis  hoc  fecissety  I  asked  who  had  done  this. 

75.  VOCABULARY 

forte,  adv.,  by  chance  suspicor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  sus- 

gemini,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  twins  pect 

ignore,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  not  transilio,  -ire,  -ui,  jump  over 

know,  be  unaware  uterque,    utraque,    utnxmque, 

Remus,    -i,    m.,    Remus,    the  each  (of  two) 

brother  of  Romulus  vultur,  vulturis,  m.,  vulture 

a.  When  only  two  persons  are  referred  to,  each  is 
translated  by  uterque;  when  more  than  two  are  thought 
of,  by  quisque. 

EXERCISES 

76.  L  Uxor  pastoris  quaesivit  qui  el  puerl  essent.  2.  Vir 
repperit  cur  filius  suus  domo  proficisci  vellet.  3.  Latrones 
ignorabant  quis  has  copias  duceret.  4.  Cum  (Section  56) 
domi  manere  veils,  ego  tecum  (App.  142  a)  manebo.  5.  Cum 
viator  per  silvam  iret,  forte  duos  vultures  vidit.  6.  Legatus 
quaerit  cur  exploratores  flumen  transeant.  7.  Pastor  qui 
Romulum  et  Remum  repperit  suspicabatur  eos  esse  geminos. 
8.  Uterque  horum  geminorum  nomen  suum  novae  urbi  dare 
voluit.  9.  Cum  Romulus  novam  urbem  aedificaret,  Remus 
murum  transiluit.  10.  Cum  llbertatem  habere  velltis,  vos 
fortes  esse  oportet. 

77.  1.  The  lieutenant  asked  why  the  cohort  had  not  been 
sent.  2.  The  shepherd  did  not  know  (ignoro)  who  was  the 
grandfather  of  these  boys.  3.  Remus  asked  why  the  robbers 
wished  to  lead  him  to  (ad)  the  king.  4.  Since  you  are  going 
alone,  take  your  sword.  5.  When  I  was  crossing  the  valley, 
I  saw  a  fire  on  the  hill. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER  87 

LESSON   XV 

FUTURE  PASSIVE  PARTICIPLE:    DATIVE  OF  AGENT 
THE  FUTURE  PASSIVE  PARTICIPLE 

78.  In  addition  to  the  present  active  participle,  the  past 
passive  participle,  and  the  future  active  participle,  which 
have  been  given,  Latin  has  also  a  future  passive  participle. 
It  is  formed  on  the  present  stem,  and  ends  in  -ndus,  -nda, 
-ndum. 

I  II 

portandus,  -a,  -um  monendus,  -a,  -um 

III  IV 

ducendus,  -a,  -um  audiendus,  -a,  -um 

capiendus,  -a,  -um 

a.  This  participle  is  often  used  with  forms  of  the  verb 
sum  to  denote  an  act  which  must  be  done  or  ought  to 
be  done. 

Auxilium  mittendum  est,  help  must  be  sent  (or  ought  to 
he  sent). 

THE  DATIVE  OF  AGENT 

79.  With  the  future  passive  participle,  the  person  by 
whom  the  act  must  be  clone  or  ought  to  be  done  is  regu- 
larly denoted  by  the  dative. 

Epistula  mihi  mittenda  est,  a  letter  ought  to  he  sent  hy  vie. 

a.  Expressions  which  contain  a  future  passive  parti- 
ciple are  often  best  translated  b}^  changing  the  verb  to 
the  active  voice.  The  dative  of  agent  is  then  repre- 
sented by  the   subject  of  the  active  verb. 

Epistula  mihi  mittenda  est,  a  letter  ought  to  he  sent  hy 
nie — I  ou^ht  to  send  a  letter. 


88 


80. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 
VOCABULARY 


conditor,  -oris,  m.,  founder 
divitiae,  -anim,  f.  pL,  riches, 

wealth 
labor,  -oris,  m.,  labor,  toil 
notus,  -a,  -um,  known 
origo,  -inis,  f.,  origin 


ostend6,-tendere,-tendi,  -ten- 
turn,  show,  point  out 

perterre5,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  ter- 
rify 

tantopere,  adv.,  so  greatly 


EXERCISES 

81,  1.  Conditor  urbis  nostrae  nobis  laudandus  est.  2. 
Cum  divitias  habere  veils,  labor  tibi  non  vitandus  est. 
3.  Remus  fratri  suo  non  interficiendus  est.  4.  Milites  tanto- 
pere perterriti  sunt  ut  multl  domum  redire  vellent.  5.  Sed 
auxilium  a  sociis  missum  est,  et  hostes  victi  sunt.  6.  Origo 
illlus  urbis  clarae  nobis  non  nota  est.  7.  Legatus  militibus 
coUem  ostendit  qui  eis  capiendus  erat.  8.  Cum  rex  ex  urbe 
exiret,  multos  comites  secum  (App.  142,  a)  duxit.  9.  Non 
video  cur  hanc  gentem  semper  tantopere  laudaveris.  10. 
Crudeles  enim  (Section  9,  b)  elves  ejus  sunt,  et  rex  eorum 
est  tyrannus. 

82.  1.  The  city  ought  to  be  defended  by  the  citizens. 
2.  The  robbers  ought  to  be  led  to  the  king  by  the  young 
man.  3.  The  weapons  ought  not  to  be  left  in  camp  by  the 
soldiers.  4.  This  book  ought  to  be  read  by  boys  and  girls. 
5.  Many  did  not  know  why  the  'barbarians  wished  to  fight. 


KEY   FROM   AN   ANCIENT  HOUSE 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


80 


LESSON   XVI 

THE   PRESENT   AND    IMPERFECT   SUBJUNCTIVE   OF   Fl'O  AND 
NOLO:   INDIRECT  DISCOURSE,  COMPLETED 

THE  PRESENT  AND  IMPERFECT  SUBJUNCTIVE  OF  F/O 

83.   The  irregular  verb  fio  is  conjugated  as  follows  in  the 
subjunctive: 


PRESENT 

IMPERFECT 

Singular 

Plural 

Singular 

Plural 

flam 

fiamus 

fierem 

fieremus 

flas 

fiatis 

fieres 

fieretis 

fiat 

flant 

fieret 

fierent 

PERFECT 

PAST_ 

PERFECT 

factus 

sim 

factus 

essem 

factus 

SIS 

etc. 

factus 

esses 
etc. 

a.   The    present    subjunctive    is    made    like    that    of 
capio. 

THE  PRESENT  AND  IMPERFECT  SUBJUNCTIVE  OF  NOLO 

84.   The  irregular  verb  nolo  is  conjugated  as  follows  in  the 
sunjunctive: 


PRESENT 

IMPERFECT 

Singular 

Plural 

Singular 

Plural 

nolim 

nollmus 

nollem 

nollemus 

noils 

nolitis 

noUes 

nolletis 

nolit 

nolint 

noUet 

noUent 

PERFECT 

PAST 

PERFECT 

noluerim 

noluissem 

noluerls 

noluisses 

etc. 

etc. 

a.  The  imperfect  subjunctive,  like  that  of  regular 
verbs,  is  formed  by  adding  the  personal  endings  to  the 
present  infinitive. 


90  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

SUBORDINATE    CLAUSES    AND    COMMANDS    IN    INDIRECT    DISCOURSE 

85.  We  have  already  seen  the  use  of  the  infinitive  with 
its  subject  in  the  accusative  in  indirect  discourse.  But  all 
the  examples  given  represented  simple  sentences  consisting 
of  statements  in  direct  discourse.  The  following  rules  apply 
to  complex  sentences  and  also  to  sentences  expressing  com- 
mands. 

I.  The  verb  of  a  principal  clause  expressing  a  statement 
is  in  the  infinitive  in  indirect  discourse,  and  its  subject  is  in 
the  accusative. 

II.   The  verb  of  a  subordinate  clause  in  indirect  discourse 
is  in  the  subjunctive. 

III.  A  verb  expressing  a  command  in  indirect  discourse  is 
in  the  subjunctive.^ 

86.  VOCABULARY 

benigne,  ady.,  kindly  supplicium,  -i,  n.,  punishment 

explorator,  -oris,  m.,  scout  terror,  -oris,  m.,  terror,  fright 

inde,  adv.,  thence,  from  that  Tiberis,  -is,  m.,  the  Tiber,  a 

place  river  of  Italy 

regius,  -a,  -um,  royal,  of  the  tracto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  treat 


king 


EXERCISES 


87.  1.  Miles  dixit  barbarum  magno  in  terrore  esse  quod 
supplicium  timeret.  2.  Cum  copiae  regiae  pugnare  nollent, 
tamen  dux  eos  impetum  facere  jussit.  3.  Obsides  tam 
benigne  tractati  sunt  ut  domum  redire  nolint.  4.  Explorator 
inde  videre  poterat  quid  in  castrls  hostium  fieret.  5.  Cum 
periculum  sociorum  nostrorum  majus  fiat,  auxilium  statim 
mittemus.  6.  Tiberis,  qui  non  longe  ab  hoc  loco  abest, 
magnum  flumen  est.  7.  Ea  urbs  Romanis  non  delenda  est. 
8.  Pastor  credidit  pueros  quos  invenisset  esse  nepotes  fratris 

1  No  examples  of  commands  in  indirect  discourse  are  given  for  the  present,  but  this 
statement  is  included  for  the  sake  of  a  complete  presentation  of  the  subject. 


A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER  91 

regis.     9.  Cum  patriam   clefendere   noils,   te  civem  esse   non 
oportet. 

88.  1.  The  terror  of  the  townspeople  is  so  great  that  they 
are  unwilling  to  go  out  from  the  town.  2.  Although  the 
attack  was  made  fiercely,  the  legions  did  not  fear.  3. 
Romulus  said  that  he  would  give  a  name  to  the  city  which 
he  had  founded.  4.  Since  Ascanius  was  unwilling  to  remain 
longer  in  the  city,  the  royal  power  was  given  to  his  mother. 
5.  The  scout  said  that  he  had  remained  in  the  forest  because 
he  did  not  wish  to  be  seen  by  the  enemy. 


LESSON   XVII 


PRESENT    PASSIVE    IMPERATIVE:     IMPERSONAL    USE    OF 
CERTAIN  VERBS  IN  THE  PASSIVE 

THE  PRESENT  PASSIVE  IMPERATIVE 

89.  The  present  passive  imperative  of  regular  verbs  of  the 
four  conjugations  is  as  follows: 

I 
Sing,     laudare,  be  praised  {spoken  to  one  person) 
Plur.     laudaminl,  l)e  praised  {spoken  to  more  than  one) 

II  III  IV 

Sing,     monere  ducere  capere  audire 

Plur.     monemini  ducimini  capimini  audlmini 

THE  PRESENT  IMPERATIVES  OF  DEPONENTS 

90.  The  present  imperative  of  deponent  verbs  of  the  four 
conjugations  is  as  follows: 

I  II  III  IV 

conare  poUicere  sequere  .         potire 

conamini  pollicemini  sequimini  potlmini 

a.   The  imperative  of  egredior  is  formed  like  that  of 
sequor. 


92  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

IMPERSONAL  USE  OF  CERTAIN  VERBS 

91.  Certain  intransitive  verbs  are  sometimes  used  imper- 
sonally in  the  passive. 

Pugnatur,  it  is  being  fought  (a  fight  is  going  on). 

a.  Such  impersonal  verbs  are  usually  translated  in  the 
active,  with  whatever  subject  is  implied  by  the  general 
sense  of  the  passage.  Thus,  pugnatur  may  be  trans- 
lated they  are  fighting,  Perventum  est  may  be  trans- 
lated they  arrived  or  they  have  arrived.  These  impersonal 
uses  generally  refer  to  the  acts  of  plural  subjects. 

h.  An  intransitive  verb  cannot  be  used  in  the  passive 
with  a  personal  subject. 

92.  VOCABULARY 

adjuvo,  -juvare,  -juvi,  -jutum,  rego,  -ere,  rexi,  rectum,  rule 

help,  assist  successus,  -us,  m.,  success 

decemo, -cemere, -crevi, -ere-  toga,  -ae,  f.,  toga,  a  garment 

turn,  decide  worn  by  the  Romans 

dives,  gen.  divitis,  rich,  wealthy  Vesta,  -ae,  f.,  Vesta,  a  goddess 

praeter,  prep,  vnth  ace,  except  worshiped  by  the  Romans 

EXERCISES 

93.  1.  Regere^  a  me  et  domi  mane.  2.  Iterum  conare,  et 
successum  habebis.  3.  Ducem,  mllites^,  sequimini  et  castris* 
hostium  potiminl.  4.  Diu  in  hoc  loco  pugnatum  est,  sed 
denique  Roman!  hostes  reppulerunt.  5.  Pater  hujus  puerl  est 
dives  et  magnam  domum  habet.  6.  Explorator  statim  ad 
exercitum    redire    decrevit.      7.  Nemo    praeter    imperatorem 

togam  ejus  modi   habebat.     8.  Templum  Vestae  in  eo  loco 

^ ' — ^^— 

1  Not  an  infinitive. 
'  See  App.  80,  note. 
» See  App.  79.  .        ; 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER  93 

aedificatum   est.     9,    Cum  me  adjuvare  antea    nolueris    cur 
auxilium  meum  nunc  postulas? 

94.  1.  Promise  j^our  help  to  my  friend.  2.  Use  your 
swords,  soldiers.  3.  They  fought  (it  was  fought)  long  and 
fiercely  in  the  streets  of  this  town.  4.  We  have  decided  to 
help  our  allies  at  once.  5.  No  one  except  the  centurion 
dared  to  go  out  from  the  camp.  6.  Lavinia  ruled  the  city 
which  the  Trojans  had  built. 


LESSON   XVIII 


THE  GERUNDIVE 


95.  The  future  passive  participle  of  a  transitive  verb  is 
often  used  in  agreement  with  a  noun  or  pronoun  in  phrases 
which  are  equivalent  in  meaning  to  a  gerund  with  an  object.^ 

Spes  urbis  capiendae,   hope  of  capturing  the  city.     The 
meaning  is  the  same  as  spes  urbem  capiendi. 

The  future  passive  participle  when  thus  used  is  called  the 
Gerundive.  The  geruncUve  may  be  used  in  either  number 
and  in  any  case,  to  agree  with  the  noun  or  pronoun  to  which 
it  belongs. 

a.  Since  the  gerund  cannot  stand  as  the  object  of  a 
preposition  and  at  the  same  time  govern  an  object, 
gerundive  phrases  are  frequently  used  with  the  forms 
of  transitive  verbs.  The  English  translation  of  such 
phrases  is  the  same  as  if  the  gerundive  were  a  gerund 
having  as  its  object  the  word  with  which  the  gerundive 
agrees. 

1  The  gerundive  construction  was  not  a  substitute  for  the  gerund  in  the  thought 
of  the  Romans,  but  was  probably  the  usage  from  which  the  gerund  was  derived. 


94  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

h.   The  case  uses  of  the  gerundive  construction  are  in 
general  the  same  as  those  of  the  gerund. 

cupidus    oppidi    expugnandi,    desirous    of    storming    the 

town. 
auxilii  ferendi  causa,  for  the  purpose  (sake)   of  bringing 

aid. 
ad  eas  res  conficiendas,  for  accomplishing  these  things  (or 

to  accomplish  these  things). 
de  auxilio  mittend5,  about  (concerning)  sending  aid. 
lapidibus  portandis,  by  carrying  stones. 

96.  The  following  distinctions  between  the  gerund  and 
gerundive  are  to  be  observed: 

GERUND  GERUNDIVE 

A  noun  A  participle 

Active  in  meaning  Passive 

Neuter  gender  All  genders 

Used  only  in  the  singular  Both  numbers 

97.  VOCABULARY 

agnosco,  -noscere,  -novi,  -ni-  maestus,  -a,  -um,  sad,  sorrow- 
turn,  recognize  ful 

comparo,    -are,    -avi,    -atum,  mulier,  mulieris,  f.,  woman 

compare,  prepare  permittd,  -mittere,  -misi,  -mis- 

confestim,  adv.,  at  once,  im-  sum,  permit;  entrust 

mediately  Sabini,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  the  Sa- 

conjunx,  conjugis,  m.,  f.,  wife,  bines,    an    ancient    Italian 

husband           •  people 

EXERCISES 

98.  1.  Haec  femina  spem  filiae  suae  videndae  habet.  2. 
Ad  eas  res  conficiendas  homines  confestim  missi  sunt.  3. 
Barbari  lapidibus  jaciendTs  fnultos  vulneraverunt.  4.  Sabini 
pacis   petendae    causa   legatos    miserunt.      5.  Turn    conjuges 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  95 

Romanorum  maestae  erant,  quod  helium  inter  R5manos  et 
Sablnos  gerebatur.  6.  lUe  juvenis  sororem  agnovit,  quam 
multos  annos  non  vlderat.  7.  Ilia  terra  cum  terra  nostra 
non  comparanda  est^;  itaque  barbari  nostros  agros  occupa- 
verunt.  8.  Te  adjuvare  volebam,  sed  id  non  permissum  est. 
9.  Proficiscere,  puer,  ut  domum  redeas. 

99.  1.  The  cohort  was  left  for  the  purpose  of  defending  the 
bridge.  2.  By  throwing  javelins  the  Romans  drove  back  the 
enemy,  who  were  trying  to  cross  the  river.  3.  A  leader  has 
been  chosen  for  accomplishing  these  things.  4.  Soldiers, 
defend  your  wives  and  your  children.  5.  There  were  so 
many  soldiers  in   the   town   that   an   attack  was  not  made. 


LESSON   XIX 


CLAUSES  OF  PURPOSE  WITH  UT  AND  NE 

EXPRESSIONS  OF  PURPOSE  IN  ENGLISH 

100.  In  the  sentence  I  loent  to  see  the  fire  the  infinitive 
to  see  tells  the  purpose  of  the  act  expressed  by  the  verb  went. 
The  use  of  the  infinitive  to  express  purpose  is  very  common 
in  English.  Sometimes  we  use  the  phrase  in  order  before  the 
infinitive  in  expressions  of  purpose.  Thus,  /  stayed  in  order 
to  hear  the  music.  In  this  sentence  the  expression  in  order  to 
hear  denotes  the  purpose  of  the  act  which  is  expressed  by  the 
verb  stayed. 

a.  Occasionally  we  use  a  subordinate  clause  introduced 
by  that  or  in  order  that  in  expressions  of  purpose.  Thus, 
we  may  say  I  stayed  that  I  might  hear,  or  in  order  that 
I  might  hear,  the  music.  The  clause  that  I  might  hear, 
or  in  order  that  I  might  hear,  expresses  the  purpose  of 
the  act  denoted  by  the  main  verb. 

'  See  section  78. 


96  A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 

EXPRESSIONS  OF  PURPOSE  IN  LATIN 

101.  In  Latin,  purpose  may  be  expressed  by  a  subordinate 
clause  introduced  by  ut,  with  its  verb  in  the  subjunctive. 
The  Latin  infinitive  is  not  used  to  express  purpose.  The 
sentence  /  went  to  see  the  fire  is  translated  as  if  it  read  / 
went  that  I  might  see  the  fire;  the  sentence  /  stayed  in  order  to 
hear  the  music  is  translated  as  if  it  read  /  stayed  that  I  might 
hear  the  music. 

Veni  ut  te  viderem^  I  came  to  see  you,  literally,  /  came 
that   I  might  see  you. 

NEGATIVE  EXPRESSIONS  OF  PURPOSE 

102.  Negative  clauses  of  purpose  are  introduced  by  ne 
instead  of  ut.  Milites  missi  sunt  ne  urbs  caperetur^  soldiers 
were  sent  that  the  city  might  not  he  captured. 

a.   Negative  clauses  of  result  are  introduced  by  ut  and 
contain  non.   Tarn  celeriter  fugit   ut  non  caperetur,  he 

fled  so  swiftly  that  he  was  not  captured. 

103.  VOCABULARY 

aliquot,  indeclinable,  several  rapio,  rapere,  rapui,  raptum, 
hospitium,  -i,  n.,  hospitality  seize,  carry  off 

ne,  conj.,  that .  .  .  not  violo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  violate 

parens,  parentis,  m.,  f.,  parent  virgo,  -inis,  f.,  young  woman 
profugio,  -fugere,  -fugi,  flee 

EXERCISES 

104.  1.  Eae  virgines  raptae  sunt,  ut  Roman!  conjuges 
haberent.  2.  Parentes  virginum  profugerunt,  ne  injuriam 
acciperent.  3.  Romulus  novam  urbem  munlvit,  ut  hostes 
repellere  posset.  4.  Post  aliquot  dies  Sabini  exercitum  con- 
duxerunt,  ut  cum  Romanis  bellum  gererent.  5.  Patres  nostri 
mare  transierunt,  ut  in  terra  libera  habitarent.  6.  Sabinl 
dixerunt  hospitium  a  Romanis  violatum  esse.     7.  Multi  vene- 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  97 

runt  novae  urbis  videndae  causa.  8.  Ad  pacern  petendam 
legati  delect!  sunt.  9.  Acriter  ab  hostibus  pugnatur,  sed 
spes   a  nostrls  non  amissa  est. 

105.  1.  The  Gauls  collected  an  army  to  defend  (that  they 
might  defend)  their  homes.  2.  We  fled  that  we  might  not 
be  captured.  3.  These  men  will  cross  the  sea  in  order  to 
find  (that  they  may  find)  wealth.  4.  We  did  not  come  into 
your  city  to  receive  injury.  5.  The  boys  said  they  had 
defended  themselves  by  throwing  stones. 


LESSON   XX 


RELATIVE  CLAUSES  OF  PURPOSE:    THE  ABLATIVE  OF 

COMPARISON 

RELATIVE  CLAUSES  OF  PURPOSE 

106.  Sometimes  a  relative  pronoun  is  used  instead  of  ut 
to  introduce  a  purpose  clause. 

Puerum  mittam  qui  te  adjuvet,  I  will  send  a  hoy  to  help 
you,  literally,  wJio  shall  help  you. 

a.  The  relative  clause  of  purpose  is  found  chiefly 
after  mitto  and  its  compounds,  and  after  relinquo  and  a 
few  other  verbs. 

THE  ABLATIVE  OF  COMPARISON 

107.  With  a  comparative,  if  quam,  than,  is  omitted,  the 
noun  or  pronoun  denoting  the  person  or  thing  with  which 
comparison  is  made  is  put  in  the  ablative. 

lUe  puer  fortior  frdtre  est,   that   boy  ?'s   braver  than   his 
brother. 

a.  If  quam  is  used,  the  word  denoting  the  person  or 
thing  with  which  comparison  is  made  stands  in  the 
same  case  as  the  thing  compared.  Ille  puer  fortior  quam 
f rater  est,  that  boy  is  braver  than  his  brother. 


98 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


108. 
arx,  arcis,  f.,  citadel 


VOCABULARY 


repente,  adv.,  suddenly 


Neptunus,  -i,  m.,  Neptune,  god     secundus,  -a,  -um,  favorable, 


of  the  sea. 


successful 


orior,   oriri,   ortus    sum,    rise     specto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  ob- 
reduco,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -due-         serve,  watch,  look  at 


turn,  lead  back 


umquam,  adv.,  ever 


MARBLE    RELIEF   IN   ROMAN   FORUM 


EXERCISES 

109.  1.  Decern  milites  missi  sunt  qui  arcem  defenderent. 
2.  Repente  tota  legio  ex  castrls  missa  est  quae  in  Gallos 
venientes  impetum  faceret.  3.  Hoc  flumen  latius  est  flumini- 
bus  in  patria  nostra.  4.  Ex  eo  colle  in  quo  templum  Nep- 
tuni  stat  proelium  spectabamus.  5.  Ille  rex  potentior  erat 
omnibus  regibus  qui  umquam  antea  eam  urbem  rexerant. 
6.  Post  proelium  secundum  dux  Romanorum  copias  suas  in 
castra  reduxit.  7.  Cum  sol  ortus  esset,  ex  vico  cum  equls 
profecti  sumus,  ut  ad  montes  Iremus.  8.  Temporibus  antlquls 
urbes  in  collibus  conditae  sunt,  ne  ab  hostibus  caperentur. 
9.  Situs  urbium  nostrarum  delecti  sunt  in  vallibus  aut  campls. 

110.  1.  I  have  sent  a  boy  to  announce  (who  shall  an- 
nounce) your  arrival.  2.  We  sent  a  lieutenant  to  observe  the 
battle.  3.  The  enemy  are  not  braver  than  our  allies.  4.  All 
who  have  ever  seen  this  famous  temple  of  Neptune  say  that 
it  is  beautiful.  5.  The  sun  was  rising  when  (ubi)  we  arrived 
at  the  river.  6.  The  townspeople  fortified  the  citadel  that 
the  enemy  might  not  dare  make  an  attack. 


II 

III 

I^' 

monitum 

ductum 

captum 

audit  uin 

monitu 

ductu 

captu 

audita 

I  A   JUNIOR   LATIX   READER  99 

LESSON   XXI 

THE  SUPINE:    DECLENSION  OF  ISTE 

THE  SUPINE 

111.  The  supine  is  a  form  of  the  verb  which  has  the  case 
encUngs  of  a  mascuUne  noun  of  the  fourth  declension.  It  is 
found  only  in  the  accusative  and  ablative  singular. 

I 

portatum 
portatu 

a.  The  accusative  of  the  supine  may  be  used  to  ex- 
press purpose  in  a  clause  in  which  the  verb  expresses 
motion. 

Legati  pacem  petitum  venerunt,  the  envoys  came  to  ask 
peace. 

h.  The  ablative  of  the  supine  is  used  with  a  few  ad- 
jectives  as  an  ablative  of  respect.  It  is  usually  trans- 
lated by  the  English  present  infinitive. 

Optimum  factu^  best  to  do  {the  best  thing  to  do). 

THE  DEMONSTRATIVE  ISTE 

112.  Besides  hie,  ille,  and  is,  there  is  another  demonstra- 
tive, iste,  translated  that  of  yours,  or  simply  that.  It  is  used 
less  frequently  than  the  others  and  commonly  refers  to 
something  connected  with  the  person  addressed.  It  is 
declined  exactly  like  ille. 

Mas.  Fern.  Neut. 

iste  ista  istud 

istius  istlus  istlus,  etc. 

a,  Iste  is  sometimes  used  to  express  contempt. 


/ 

100 
113. 


A   JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


VOCABULARY 


affero,  -ferre,  attuli.  allatum, 

bring  to,  bring 
ambo,  -ae,  -o,  both 
dispar,  gen.  disparis,  unequal 
ingenium,  -i,  n.,  intellect,  abil- 
ity 


iste,  ista,  istud,  that  of  yours, 
that 

mirabilis,  -e,  wonderful 

noctumus,  -a,  -um,  nightly,  at 
night,  night  {as  adjective) 

superbia,  -ae,  f.,  pride,  haugh- 
tiness 


ROMAN  SWORD  AND  SCABBARD 


EXERCISES 

114.  L  Ista  superbia  tibi  magnum  detrimentum  afferet. 
2.  Potentia  istius  gentis  crudelis  non  jam  timetur.  3.  Istud 
periculum  de  quo  scrlpsisti  non  magnum  videtur.  4.  Oppi- 
dan! impetum  nocturnum  in  nostra  castra  fecerunt.  5. 
Frater  mens  in  externas  terras  divitias  petitum  ire  vult. 
6.  Ingenia  filiorum  tuorum  disparia  sunt,  sed  ambo  impigre 
laborant.  7.  Agri  nostri  vastati  sunt;  itaque  legatos  ad 
Caesarem  questum  mittimus.  8.  Difficile  dictu  est  quanta 
superbia  istius  gentis  fuerit  (Section  73).  9.  Tum  gaudium 
illorum  captlvorum  qui  domum  redierant  mirabile  visu  erat. 
10.  Patria  huic  viro  est  carior  vita  ipsa.  11.  Gallus  missus 
est  qui  epistulam  ad  castra  portaret. 

115.  1.  We  despise  that  army  (of  yours)  which  you  are 
sending.  2.  The  centurion  set  out  alone  to  ask  help.  3. 
This  is  easy  to  say,  but  difficult  to  do.  4.  Nothing  is  dearer 
to  us  than  friends.  5.  A  night  attack  was  made  by  the 
townspeople,  who  had  concealed  their  arms  in  the  houses 
(tecta) . 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  IQI 

LESSON  XXII 
NOUN  GLAUSES  OF  DESIRE 

116.  We  have  already  seen  (Section  33)  that  the  sub- 
junctive is  used  in  noun  clauses  of  fact  introduced  by  ut 
which  are  employed  as  subjects  or  objects  of  verbs. 

There  is  another  class  of  noun  clauses  which  are  slightly 
different  from  these.  The  difference  in  their  form  consists 
in  the  fact  that  when  they  are  negative  they  are  introduced 
by  ne  instead  of  ut,  and  they  do  not  have  non.  When  they 
do  not  contain  a  negative  idea,  they  are  introduced  by  ut, 
like  the  noun  clauses  of  section  33. 

Legatus  hortatur  ut  auxilium  statim  mittdtuTj  the  envoy 

urges  that  aid  be  sent  at  once. 
Amici   nostri   hortabantur   ne   in   urbe    maneremuSj    our 

friends  urged  that  we  should  not  remain  in  the  city. 

a.  Noun  clauses  of  this  class  are  often  translated  by 
the  English  infinitive  with  a  subject  accusative.  The 
second  sentence  above  might  be  translated,  Our  friends 
urged  us  not  to  remain  in  the  city. 

h.  The  verbs  with  which  this  construction  is  most 
frequently  found  are  those  meaning  persuade ,  urge, 
direct,  and  some  verbs  meaning  command,  wish,  and 
decide, 

117.  VOCABULARY 

alloquor,  -loqui,  -locutus  sum,  impero,-are,-avi,-atum,  com- 

speak  to,  address  mand 

certamen,  certaminis,  n.,  munitio,-6nis,  f.,  fortification, 

struggle,  rivalry  intrenchment 

extra,  prep.  mi7/i  ace,  outside  of  plebs,  plebis,  f.,  the  common 

hortor,     -ari,    hortatus     sum,  people 

urge  proditio,  -onis,  f.,  treason,  be- 
trayal 


102  ^  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

'  '' 

EXERCISES 

118.  1.  Consul  hortatur  ut  major  exercitus  statim  mittatur. 
2.  Legatus  mllitibus  qui  extra  munltiones  erant  imperavit 
ne  in  hostes  impetum  facerent.  3.  Orator  plebi  persuasit  ut 
iste  homo  propter  proditionem  interficeretur.  4.  Imperator 
milites  allocutus  est,  et  hortatus  est  ne  hostes  timerent. 
5.  Inter  hos  duos  centurionos  erat  magnum  certamen,  et 
difficile  dictu  erat  uter  esset  fortior.  6.  Consules  ad  plebem 
nuntium  miserunt  colloquium  petitum.  7.  Una  cohors  extra 
oppidum  missa  est  quae  adventum  equitum  expectaret.  8. 
Centurio  nobis  imperat  ne  extra  munltiones  eamus. 

119.  1.  The  general  commanded  the  soldiers  (dative)  to 
remain  (that  they  remain)  in  the  town.  2.  No  one  can  per- 
suade (is  able  to  persuade)  me  to  go  (Section  116)  outside 
the  fortifications.  3.  I  urge  you  not  to  fear  (that  you  do 
not  fear)  the  common  people.  4.  On  account  of  your  treason 
there  was  a  great  struggle  in  the  city,  and  many  lost  their 
lives.  5.  The  leader  addressed  the  townspeople  and  per- 
suaded them  not  to  surrender  their  arms. 


LESSON   XXIII 
RELATIVE  CLAUSES  OF  DESCRIPTION 

120.  All  the  relative  clauses  which  we  have  seen  thus  far 
have  had  their  verbs  in  the  indicative,  except  relative  clauses 
of  purpose  and  relative  clauses  in  indirect  discourse. 

There  is,  however,  a  rather  important  class  of  relative 
clauses  which  serve  to  tell  what  kind  of  person  or  thing  is 
meant  by  the  antecedent  to  which  they  refer.  Such  clauses 
have  their  verbs  in  the  subjunctive. 

Roma  erat  civitas  quae  cives  suos  defenderety  Rome  was 
a  state  ivhich  defended  its  citizens. 

In    this   sentence    the   relative    clause    makes   known,    not 


A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER  103 

what  state  is  meant,   but  what  kind  of  state,  and  hence  its 
verb  is  in  the  subjunctive. 

a.  In  the  sentence  Urbs  quam  Romulus  condidit 
Roma  appellata  est,  the  city  which  Romulus  founded  was 
called  Rome,  the  relative  clause  does  not  tell  what  kind 
of  city  is  meant,  but  merely  what  city,  and  hence  its 
verb  is  in  the  indicative. 

121.  VOCABULARY 

career,  carceris,  m.,  prison  perturbo,    -are,    -avi,    -atum, 

casa,  -ae,  f.,  cottage  throw  into  confusion,  throw 

dolus,  -i,  M.,  trick,  treachery,  into  disorder 

deceit  prohibeo,  -ere,  -ul,  -itum,  re- 

effugio,  -fugere,  -fugi,  escape  strain 

nix,  nivis,  f.,  snow  recupero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  re- 
gain, recover 

EXERCISES 

122.  1.  Locum  deligemus  qui  facile  defendatur.  2.  Homi- 
nem  misistl  qui  ex  nave  egredi  non  auderet.  3.  Apud  duces 
hostium  turn  erant  multi  qui  dolos  amarent.  4.  Servus  ex 
carcere  effugit  et  libertatem  recuperavit.  5.  Tempestates  secutae 
sunt  quae  exercitus  a  pugna  prohiberent.  6.  Est  una  via 
qua  domo  exire  possTmus.  7.  Imperator  suos  hortatus  est  ne 
perturbarentur.  8.  In  his  locis  nix  alta  interdum  casas  pas- 
torum  tegit.  9.  Propter  proditionem,  ill!  in  carcere  inter- 
fectl  sunt. 

123.  ].  There  were  two  roads  by  which  we  could  cross  the 
mountains.  2.  The  centurion  chose  a  place  which  was  easily 
defended.  3.  There  are  many  who  do  not  love  their  country. 
4.  The  two  men  who  escaped  from  prison  have  not  yet  been 
captured.  5.  The  slave  was  killed  when  he  attempted  to 
regain  his  liberty. 


104  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

LESSON   XXIV 

CLAUSES  OF  FEAR 

124.  With  verbs  and  other  expressions  of  fear  a  dependent 
clause  with  its  verb  in  the  subjunctive  may  be  used  to  tell 
what  one  fears  will  happen.  Such  clauses  are  introduced  by 
ne  meaning  that  or  by  ut  meaning  that  .  .  .  not, 

Hostes  verebantur  ne  urbes  suae  delerentuTy  the  enemy 
feared  that  their  cities  would  he  destroyed. 

Timemus  ut  fortis  sis.  We  are  afraid  that  you  are  not 
brave. 

a.  The  English  future  tense  in  a  clause  of  fear  is 
translated  by  the  Latin  present  subjunctive. 

/  am  afraid  that  he  will  not  arrive  today,  Timeo  ut  hodie 
perveniat. 

h.  With  English  expressions  of  fear  the  conjunction 
(that)  is  sometimes  omitted.  We  may  say  I  am  afraid 
he  will  not  arrive  today.  In  Latin  the  conjunction  (ne  or 
ut)  is  always  employed. 

c.  It  must  be  remembered  that  with  other  subjunc- 
tive clauses  ut  means  that  and  ne  means  that  .  .  .  not. 

125.  VOCABULARY 

abeo,  -ire,  -ii  (-ivi),  -itum,  go  militaris,  -e,  mihtary 

away  otium,  -i,  n.,  peace,  quiet 

colo,  -ere,  -ui,  cultivate,  till  senex,  senis,  m.,  old  man 

f actio,  -onis,  f.,  faction,  party  voveo,  -ere,  vovi,  votum,  vow, 
ira,  -ae,  f.,  anger  promise  solemnly 

EXERCISES 

126.  1.  Senex  timebat  ne  fllius  suus  vulneraretur.  2. 
Veremur  ne  bellum  inter  has  factiones  oriatur.     3.  Agricola 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER  105 

verebatur  ut  puer  agrum  bene  coleret.  4.  Multos  annos  in 
patria  nostra  erat  otium.  5.  I  He  puer  iram  patris  sul  semper 
timet.  6.  Propter  illam  victoriam  consul  templum  dels  vovit. 
7.  Mllites  timebant  ne  signa  (standards)  mllitaria  a  barbaris 
caperentur.  8.  Hostes  abierunt,  et  urbs  nostra  nunc  tuta  est. 
9.  Homo  qui  bellum  amet  in  patria  nostra  non  facile  reperi- 
tur. 

127.  1.  The  old  man  was  afraid  that  his  son  would  go 
away.  2.  The  woman  is  afraid  (that)  military  life  will 
please  her  son  (App.  51).  3.  The  general  vowed  a  temple 
to  the  gods,  because  he  feared  that  his  army  would  be  de- 
feated. 4.  Our  allies  were  afraid  (that)  we  would  not  send 
aid  that  year.  5.  No  one  who  wishes  to  work  will  be  sent 
home. 


LESSON   XXV 


REVIEW  OF  PARTICIPLES 


128.  The  Latin  verb  has  four  participles,  the  present 
active,  the  past  passive,  the  future  active,  and  the  future 
passive.     The  four  participles  of  porto  are  as  follows: 

ACTIVE  PASSIVE 

Present        portans  

Past  portatus 

Future  portattirus  portandus 

a.  Deponent  verbs  have  the  same  number  of  parti- 
ciples as  other  verbs:  conans,  conatus,  conaturus, 
conandus.  The  past  participle  of  a  deponent  verb 
is  usually,  but  not  always,  active  in  meaning.  The 
sense  of  the  sentence  in  which  the  past  participle  stands 
will  make  it  possible  to  decide  in  which  voice  it  is 
used. 


106  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

THE  COMPARATIVE  WITH  TOO  OR  RATHER 

129.  A  comparative  form  is  sometimes  translated  by  the 
English  positive  with  too  or  rather. 

Erat  mons  altioYj  there  was  a  rather  high  mountain. 

130.  VOCABULARY 

conspici5,     -spicere,     -spexi,  indignatio,  -onis,  f.,  indigna- 
-spectum,  perceive,  observe         tion 

despondeo,  -spondere,  -spon-  lumen,  luminis,  n.,  Ught 

di,  -sponsum,  betroth,  prom-  talis,  -e,  such 

ise  in  marriage  vere,  adv.,  truly 

foedus,  foederis,  n.,  treaty 

EXERCISES 

131.  1.  Hostes  ab  exercitu  nostr5  victi  foedus  facere 
volunt.  2.  Viatores  montem  ascendentes  magnum  lumen  in 
valle  subito  conspexerunt.  3.  Dux  Helvetiorum  flliam  suam 
illi  regi  desponsurus  est.  4.  Filius  tuus  inter  tales  homines 
non  educandus  est  (Section  78,  a).  5.  Tum  magna  indignatio 
Romae  (Section  1)  erat  propter  injurias  sociorum.  6.  In- 
genium  ejus  juvenis  vere  regium  videbatur,  itaque  rex  creatus 
est.  7.  Nulla  gens  quae  foedera  violat  amicos  et  socios 
habere  potest.  8.  Multl  verebantur  ne  naves  hostium 
Oceanum  translrent.  9.  Hostes  bellum  in  Gallia  gerentes 
mult  OS  e   suis  amiserunt. 

132.  1.  The  treaty  made  with  that  king  is  not  just.  2. 
The  soldier,  standing  on  the  tower,  observed  the  fire. 
3.  Help  should  be  sent  (Section  79,  a)  at  once,  because  the 
army  is  in  danger.  4.  We  are  going  to  cross  (App.  125)  the 
ocean  next  year  with  a  frientl.  5.  The  king  is  afraid  (that) 
he  will  lose  his  power  (imperium). 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  107 

LESSON   XXVI 
THE  VOLITIVE  SUBJUNCTIVE  IN  PRINCIPAL  CLAUSES 

EXPRESSIONS  OF  DESIRE  OR  WILL 

133.  In  English  one  sometimes  expresses  the  desire  or  will 
that  an  act  should  be  done  by  the  use  of  let  with  the  verb 
expressing  the  act  desired.  Thus,  Let  us  defend  our  homes 
bravely.  Such  expressions  have  the  present  subjunctive  in 
Latin,  and  no  separate  word  for  let  is  used.  The  sentence 
given  above  will  be  translated  Demos  nostras  fortiter  de- 
fenddmus. 

Centurio  legionem  ex  castris  educat,  let  the  centurion  lead 
the  legion  out  of  camp. 

THE  NEGATIVE  WITH  EXPRESSIONS  OF  DESIRE 

134.  The  negative  word  used  with  the  subjunctive  in  ex- 
pressions of  desire  or  will  is  rie. 

Ne  diutius  manedmus,  let  us  not  remain  longer. 

135.  VOCABULARY 

demum,  a(fy.,  at  last,  at  length,  laetor,  -ari,  laetatus  sum,  re- 
finally  joice,  be  delighted 

divinus,  -a,  -um,  divine,  of  the  mature,     -are,     -avi,     -atum, 
gods  hasten 

(humanus,  -a,  -um,  human  portendo,     -tendere,     -tendi, 

impiger,   -gra,   -grum,    Indus-         -tentum,  indicate,  foretell 

vtrious,  energetic  totiens,  adv.,  so  many  times, 

so  often 

EXERCISES 

136.  1.  Pueros  impigros  in  eum  locum  mittamus.  2.  Ne 
idem  totiens  dicamus.      3.  Hos  pueros  it  a  educemus  ut  cives 


108  A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 

boni  sint.  4.  Viator  lumen  in  casa  vidit  et  statim  iter  ma- 
turavit.  5.  Illi  barbari  omnia  jura  humana  atque  divlna 
violaverunt.  6.  Turn  demum  vidimus  eos  hostes  esse  vere 
barbaros.  7.  Illud  signum  portendit  deos  urbem  nostram 
defendere.  8.  Magnopere  laetati  sumus,  cum  milites  nostri 
domum  rediissent.  9.  Quaero  cur  pastor  queratur  (Section 
73).  10.  Maturans;  maturaturus;  educandus  est;  educatus  est. 
137.  I.  Let  us  cross  the  river  with  the  other  soldiers. 
2.  Let  us  work  industriously  today.  3.  Let  him  not  remain 
longer  in  the  city.  4.  The  shepherd  was  delighted  (a  form 
of  laetor)  when  he  saw  the  hght  in  his  cottage.  5.  This 
boy  is  industrious  and  pleases  the  farmer. 


LESSON   XXVII 
THE  SUBJUNCTIVE  IN  WISHES 

THE  OPTATIVE  SUBJUNCTIVE 

138.  In  older  English,  wishes  were  often  introduced  by 
would  that,  or  0  that,  as  in  the  sentence  Would  that  (or  0  that) 
I  had  never  seen  this  place.  Such  sentences  take  the  sub- 
junctive in  Latin,  and  are  commonly  introduced  by  utinam, 
if  the  wish  refers  to  present  or  past  time.  Thus,  the  sen- 
tence given  above  would  be  translated,  Utinam  hunc  locum 
numquam  vidissem. 

a.  In  modern  English  we  should  usually  say  /  ivish 
I  had  never  seen  this  place.  In  some  of  the  exercises  of 
this  book  the  old  form  of  expression  is  used. 

TENSE  IN  WISHES 

139.  The  present  subjunctive  is  used  in  wishes  referring  to 
future  time,  the  imperfect  subjunctive  in  wishes  referring  to 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  109 

present    time,    and    the    past   perfect   sul^junctive   in    ^vishes 
referring  to  past  time. 

(Utinam)   imperator  auxilium   mittat,   0   that  the  general 

may  send  help. 
Utinam  f rater  meus  me  nunc  videre  posset,  0  that  (7 

wish  that)  my  brother  could  see  me  now. 
Utinam  heri  pervenisses,   would  that   {I  wish   that)    you 

had   arrived   yesterday. 

a.    The  negative  adverb  with  wishes  is  sometimes  ne 
and  sometimes  non. 

140.  VOCABULARY 

expono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -posi-  regia,  -ae>  f.,  palace 

turn,  set  forth,  explain  species,  -ei,  f.,  appearance 

facinus,  facinoris,  n.,  crime  sustineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  -ten- 

oro,   -are,    -avi,    -atum,    beg,  turn,  sustain,  withstand 

entreat,  ask  for  vestibulum,  -i,  N.,  entrance 

peregrinus,  -i,  m.,  foreigner 

EXERCISES 

141.  1.  Utinam  regia  a  fortioribus  mllitibus  defensa  esset. 
2.  Utinam  illl  peregrlnl  in  patria  sua  essent.  3.  (Utinam) 
dux  sapiens  sis.  4.  Ille  homo  propter  facinora  sua  ex  urbe 
expellendus  est.  5.  Rex  in  vestibulo  regiae  a  duobus  pas- 
toribus  interfectus  est.  6.  Species  horum  hominum  honesta 
est,  sed  non  sunt  elves  boni.  7.  Tum  nuntius  exposuit  quid 
factum  esset.  8.  Utinam  legio  impetum  barbarorum  diutius 
sustinuisset.  9.  Auxilium  Caesaris  oremus,  quod  hostes  mag- 
nis  cum  copiis  appropinquant. 

142.  1.  Would  that  we  had  never  seen  this  city.  2.  I 
wish  that  (would  that)  I  were  crossing  the  sea  with  my 
friends.  3.  May  the  fame  of  our  country  increase  (a  for7n  of 
crescere).  4.  I  wish  (would  that)  we  had  a  braver  and  wdser 
leader.  5.  Although  you  are  (Section  62)  a  foreigner,  you 
have  all  the  rights  of  a  citizen. 


110  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

LESSON   XXVIII 

THE   ANTICIPATORY   SUBJUNCTIVE:     DATIVE   OF   POSSESSION 

THE  ANTICIPATORY  SUBJUNCTIVE 

143.  The  subjunctive  may  be  used  in  subordinate  clauses 
to  denote  an  act  which  is  anticipated  or  expected. 

Expectabam  dum  frater  rediret,  I  was  waiting  until  my 
brother  should  return  (or  for  my  brother  to  return). 

a.    The    Anticipatory    Subjunctive   is   most   frequently 
used  after  conjunctions  meaning  until  or  before. 

THE  DATIVE  OF  POSSESSION 

144.  The  possessor  of  something  may  be  denoted  by  a 
noun  or  pronoun  in  the  dative  case,  with  the  word  denoting 
the  thing  possessed  in  the  nominative  as  the  subject  of  a 
form  of  the  verb  meaning  to  be. 

Puero  duo  fratres  sunt,  the  boy  has  two  brothers. 

145.  VOCABULARY 

administro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  firmo,     -are,     -avi,      -atum, 

manage,  direct  strengthen 

breviter,  adv.,  briefly  priusquam,  conj.,  before 

clamor,    -oris,    m.,    shouting,  superior,   -ius,   higher;   previ- 

noise  ous,  preceding 

dum,  C071J.,  until  tumultus,  -us,  m.,   confusion, 

disturbance 

EXERCISES 

146.  1.  Legiones  pervenerunt  priusquam  oppidum  capere- 
tur.  2.  Caesar  expectare  non  poterat  dum  reliquae  naves 
pervenirent.  3.  Gall!  magno  cum  (App.  145)  clamore  et 
tumultu  ex  castiis  egressi  sunt,  priusquam  copiae  Romanae 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


111 


JARS  FOR  STORING  OIL  AND  GRAIN,  ANCIENT  OSTIA 


impetum  facerent.  4.  His  mllitibus  bona  arma  sunt,  et 
hostes  e  superiore  loco  ab  els  pellentur.  5.  Frater  regis  res 
a/dministravit,  quod  regl  nuUus  fllius  erat.  6.  Utinam  rex 
liovus  opes  suas  firmavisset  et  omnes  inimicos  suos  ex  regno 
expulisset.  7.  Cum  res  breviter  exposita  esset,  mllites  mag- 
nfe  clamoribus  profecti  sunt.  8.  Fratri  tuo  est  equus  pulcher, 
quern  amicus  ex  Britannia  misit.  9.  Res  Romanae  aduobus 
consulibus   administratae  sunt. 

147.  1.  The  boy  has  a  sword  (Section  144),  which  was 
given  him  by  his  father.  2.  We  made  a  bridge  before  we 
crossed  the  river.  3.  The  Gauls  waited  until  the  first  legion 
was  in  sight.  4.  The  Romans  had  many  brave  generals. 
5.  The  boy  has  two  brothers,  but  no  sister. 


112  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

^  LESSON   XXIX 

CONDITIONAL   SENTENCES:     FUTURE   CONDITIONAL 
SENTENCES,  MORE  VIVID  AND  LESS  VIVID 

CONDITIONS  AND  CONCLUSIONS 

148.  A  complex  sentence  in  which  the  subordinate  clause 
is  introduced  by  if  is  called  a  Conditional  Sentence.  The 
subordinate  clause  of  a  sentence  of  this  kind  is  called  the 
Condition  and  the  principal  clause  is  called  the  Conclusion. 

FUTURE  MORE  VIVID  CONDITIONAL  SENTENCES 

149.  A  conditional  sentence  which  refers  to  future  time 
and  which  is  translated  with  shall  or  will  in  the  conclusion 
and  with  a  present  tense  with  future  meaning  in  the  con- 
dition is  called  a  Future  More  Vivid  conditional  sentence. 
Thus,  I  shall  start  tomorrow  if  the  weather  is  pleasant.  In 
this  sentence  the  verb  is  has  future  meaning. 

a.  Sometimes  a  future  tense  with  shall  is  used  in  the 
condition.  Thus,  If  he  shall  prove  efficient,  he  will  he 
promoted. 

150.  In  Latin  a  future  more  vivid  conditional  sentence 
commonly  has  its  verbs  in  the  future  indicative. 

Si  impigre  labordbis^  praemium  accipieSj  if  you  work  in- 
dustriously you  will  receive  a  reward. 

a.  Sometimes  the  future  perfect  is  used  instead  of  the 
future  to  indicate  that  the  act  will  take  place  before 
another  act  or  before  some  future  time. 

FUTURE  LESS  VIVID  CONDITIONAL  SENTENCES 

151.  A  conditional  sentence  which  refers  to  future  time 
and  which  is  translated  with  should  or  would  in  both  the 
condition  and  the  conclusion  is  called  a  Future  Less  Vivid 
conditional  sentence.   Thus,  //  it  should  rain,  no  one  woidd  come. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  113 

152.  In  Latin  the  verbs  of  a  future  less  vivid  conditional 
sentence  are  commonly  in  the  present  subjunctive. 

Si  hostes   nos    videant,   impetum  facianty   if  the   enejny 
should  see  us,  they  would  make  an  attack. 

a.  Occasionally  the  perfect  subjunctive  is  used  instead 
of  the  present  to  indicate  that  an  act  would  take  place 
before  another  act  or  before  a  particular  time. 

153.  VOCABULARY 

census,  -us,  m.,  census,  enu-  instituo,  -stituere,  -stitui,  -sti- 
meration  tutum,    establish,    institute, 

communiter,  adv.,  commonly  arrange 

consensus,  -us,  m.,  agreement  nobilis,  -e,  famous,  well  known 

excuse,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  ex-  officium,  -i,  x.,  duty 

cuse  princeps,  principis,   m.,   chief, 

prominent  man 

EXERCISES 

154.  1.  Si  in  terram  nostram  venies,  nobiles  urbes  videbis. 
2.  Si  in  terram  nostram  venias,  nobiles  urbes  videas.  3.  Si 
census  instituatur,  numerus  Romanorum  magnus  esse  reperia- 
tur./  4.  Si  consul  officium  suum  faciet,  urbs  ex  periculo 
seryabitur.  5.  Ex  consensu  harum  gentium  pax  est  facta,  et 
sper§,mus  eam  pacem  firmam  futuram  esse.  G.  Tum  decem 
homines  res  Romanas  aliquot  annos  communiter  administra- 
verunt.  ^~~~Tr  Principes  Britanniae  ad  Caesarem  venerunt,  ut 
se  excusarent.  8.  Si  patriam  defendetis,  omnes  vos  laudabunt. 
9.  Si  illos  montes  ascendas,  magnum  lacum  videas. 

155.  1.  If  the  centurion  leaves  {future)  a  legion  in  the 
town,  the  enemy  will  not  make  an  attack.  2.  If  the  Romans 
should  leave  two  cohorts  in  the  camp,  the  barbarians  would 
not  make  an  attack.  3.  If  I  should  find  the  book,  I  would 
not  give  it  to  j-ou.  4.  If  my  father  sends  the  money,  I  shall 
set  out  at  once. 


114  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


'ihiij^ 


LESSON   XXX 
CONDITIONAL  SENTENCES  CONTRARY  TO  FACT 

MEANING  OF  CONDITIONAL  SENTENCES  CONTRARY  TO  FACT 

156.  The  form  of  the  verbs  in  a  conditional  sentence 
sometimes  shows  that  the  condition  is  not  true,  and  that  the 
actual  situation  is  not  that  which  is  referred  to  in  the  con- 
clusion. Such  a  conditional  sentence  is  said  to  be  contrary 
to  fact. 

//  the  man  had  been  honest,  he  would  have  paid  his  debts 
(implying  that  the  man  was  not  honest  and  that  he 
did  not  pay  his  debts). 

MOOD  AND  TENSE  IN  CONDITIONAL  SENTENCES  CONTRARY  TO  FACT 

157.  In  Latin,  conditional  sentences  contrary  to  fact  have 
their  verbs  in  the  imperfect  subjunctive  to  denote  present 
time,  and  in  the  past  perfect  subjunctive  to  denote  past  time. 

Si  periculum  videreSy  hie  non  manereSy  if  you  saw  the 

danger,  you  would  not  remain  here. 
Si  periculum   vidisses,   hie    n5n    mansisseSy  if  you  had 

seen  the  danger,  you  would  not  have  remained  here. 

158.  VOCABULARY 

confessio,  -onis,  f.,  confession  occasus,  -us,  m.,  falling  down, 
crimen,  criminis,  n.,  charge  setting;  soils  occasus,  sunset 

falsus,  -a,  -um,  false  paulatim,  adv.,  gradually 

irrumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -rup-  postrem5,  adv.,  at  last 

tum,  break  in,  rush  into  praeco,  praeconis,  m.,  herald 

EXERCISES 

159.  1.  Si  hoc  crimen  falsum  esset,  amici  tui  te  defenderent. 
2.  Si  confessionem  ejus  audivisses,  eum  non  laudavisses.  3. 
Si  ante  occasum  sohs  pervenisses,  porta  non  clausa  esset. 
4.  Si  praeco  in  loco  altiore  staret,   facilius  eum  audiremus. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  115 

5.  Si  pater  ejus  puerl  viveret,  puer  non  in  tall  loco  laboraret. 

6.  Postremo  Galll  victi  sunt,  et  legiones  in  urbem  irruperunt. 

7.  Prlncipes  hostium  paulatim  ex  castrls  excesserunt,  ut  bellum 
renovarent.  8.  Si  patriam  tuam  amares,  earn  nunc  defenderes. 
9.  Si  ante  occasum  solis  pervenias,  porta  non  claudatur. 

160.  1.  If  you  were  standing  on  that  hill,  you  would  see 
the  town.  2.  If  the  enemy  had  crossed  the  river,  they  would 
have  captured  the  town.  3.  If  the  soldiers  had  a  better 
leader,  they  would  fight  more  bravely.  4.  If  I  had  seen  the 
signal,  I  should  have  returned.  5.  If  I  should  see  the  signal, 
I  should  return. 


LESSON   XXXI 


NON-COMMITTAL    CONDITIONAL    SENTENCES:     ABLATIVE    OF 

ROUTE 

NON-COMMITTAL  CONDITIONAL  SENTENCES 

161.   A  conditional  sentence  which  does  not  imply  that  the 
Condition  is  either  true  or  false  regularly  has  both  verbs  in 
:he  indicative. 

Si  pueri  in  silva  errant ^  in  periculo  sunt^  if  the  boys  are 
wandering  in  the  forest,  they  are  in  danger. 

Si  peciiniam  misistiy  benignus  eraSj  if  you  sent  the  money, 
you  were  kind. 

a.   Sometimes  an  imperative  or  a  volitive  subjunctive 
is  used  in  the  conclusion  instead  of  an  indicative. 

Si  pacem  cupitis,  arma  trdditey  if  you  desire  peace,  sur- 
render your  arms. 

Note,  —  The  future  more  vivid  conditional  sentence  is 
merely  a  non-committal  conditional  sentence  referring  to 
future  time. 


116  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

THE  ABLATIVE  OF  ROUTE 

162.  The  route  by  which  one  goes  is  sometimes  denoted  by 
a  noun  or  pronoun  in  the  ablative  case  without  a  preposition. 

Eadem  via  ibimus  qua  hostes  profecti  sunt,  we  shall  go  by 
the  same  road  by  which  the  enemy  set  out. 

163.  VOCABULARY 

audacia,  -ae,  f.,  boldness  occido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisum, 

catena,  -ae,  f.,  chain  kill 

consulo,  -ere,  -ui,  -tum,  con-  refringo,      -fringere,      -fregi, 

suit  -fractum,  break  down 

evoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  call  spolio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  de- 
out,  call  forth,  summon  spoil,  plunder 

vivus,  -a,  -um,  alive 

EXERCISES 

164.  1.  Si  barbarl  cum  omnibus  copiis  appropinquant, 
periculum  nostrum  est  magnum.  2.  Si  hostes  flumen  trans- 
ierunt,  nostrl  pontem  non  defenderunt.  3.  Si  rex  senatum 
consulit,  periculum  timet.  4.  Ille  centurio  est  vir  magna 
audacia  (App.  77),  qui  numquam  vIvus  capietur.  5.  Cap- 
tlvus  ex  catenis  et  carcere  effugere  conatus  est,  sed  in  fuga 
occisus  est.  6.  Portae  oppidi  refract  ae  sunt,  et  templa  ab 
mllitibus  spoliata  sunt.  7.  Tum  principes  a  Caesare  ex  op- 
pido  evocati  sunt.  8.  Hoc  itinere  profecti  sumus,  quod  nul- 
lum aliud  iter  habebamus.  9.  Eodem  itinere  redlbo,  si 
potero. 

165.  1.  If  the  barbarians  are  laying  waste  the  fields,  the 
cities  are  in  danger.  2.  If  the  townspeople  have  weapons, 
they  are  able  to  defend  themselves.  3.  We  shall  return  by 
a  shorter  route.  4.  The  two  armies  did  not  cross  the  moun- 
tains by  the  same  route.  5.  If  the  enemy  are  collecting  an 
army,  they  wish  to  wage  war. 


A   JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


117 


LESSON   XXXII 


THE  FUTURE  IMPERATIVE:   VOCATIVE  IN  / 
TENSE  IN  THE  IMPERATIVE 

166.  English  verbs  have  only  the  present  tense  of  the 
imperative.  Latin  verbs  have  a  future  as  well  as  a  present 
imperative.     The  future  imperative  is  not  often  used. 

FORMS  OF  THE  FUTURE  IMPERATIVE 

167.  The  future  imperative  is  found  in  the  second  and 
third  persons.  Its  forms  in  the  four  conjugations  are  as 
follows : 


ACTIVE 

Singular 

2. 

portato 

moneto 

mittito 

capito 

audits 

3. 

portato 

moneto 

mittito 
Plural 

capito 

audito 

2. 

portatote 

monetote 

mittitote 

capitote 

audltote 

3. 

portanto 

monento 

mitt  unto 

PASSIVE 
Singular 

capiunto 

audiunto 

2. 

portator 

monetor 

mittitor 

capitor 

auditor 

3. 

portator 

monetor 

mittitor 
Plural 

capitor 

auditor 

9 

(Lacking) 

3. 

portantor 

monentor 

mittuntor 

capiuntor 

audiunto 

a.  The  future  imperative  is  used  when  there  is  a  clear 
reference  to  future  time  indicated  by  an  adverb  or  other 
expression  of  time.  It  is  translated  you  shall  carry,  he 
shall  carry,  or  let  him  carry,  etc. 

h.  The  verbs  memini  and  scio  regularly  (and  habeo 
occasionally)  use  the  future  imperative  instead  of  the 
present. 


llg  A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 

THE  VOCATIVE  IN  7 

168.  Proper  nouns  ending  in  -ius  and  also  the  common 
noun  filius  form  the  vocative  by  replacing  -ius  of  the  nom- 
inative by  -i.     Thus  Cornelius,  vocative  Cornell. 

169.  VOCABULARY 

carpentum,  -i,  n.,  carriage  intro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  enter, 

Cornelius,    -i,    m.,    Cornelius,         go  into 

name  of  a  man  or  boy  memini,  infin.  meminisse,  re- 

gradus,  -us,  m.,  step  member 

injustus,  -a,  -um,  unjust  sedeo,  -ere,  sedi,  sessum,  sit 

venia,  -ae,  f.,  pardon 

a.  The  verb  memini  is  used  only  in  the  perfect,  past 
perfect,  and  future  perfect  tenses.  The  perfect  is  trans- 
lated as  a  present,  the  past  perfect  is  translated  as  an 
imperfect,  and  the  future  perfect  is  translated  as  a 
future.  The  infinitive  meminisse  is  translated  as  a 
present  infinitive. 

EXERCISES 

170.  1.  Memento  amicos  tuos  in  perlculo  esse.  2.  Scito 
me  fratrem  tuum  semper  amavisse.  3.  Cur,  Cornell,  hic 
solus  sedes?  4.  Nuntius  gradus  celeriter  ascendit  et  domum 
intravit.  5.  Carpentum  reglnae  ante  regiam  stabat,  et  multl 
convenerant  ut  reginam  viderent.  6.  Domum,  mi  (App.  19,  a) 
fill,  redi  et  veniam  ora.  7.  Cum  ille  agricola  injustus  sit, 
puer  cum  eo  non  manebit.  8.  Domum  (Section  8,  1),  pater, 
redii,  ut  veniam  tuam  peterem.  9.  Captlvus  in  carcere 
sedens  miserrimus  est. 

171.  1.  Remember  that  you  have  never  seen  this  place 
before.  2.  Be  assured  (know)  that  your  country  is  defended 
by  a  brave  army.  3.  Why  do  3^ou  not  stay  at  home,  my 
son?  4.  Cornelius,  where  is  the  book  that  I  gave  you? 
5.  All  knew  that  you  were  unjust. 


A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


119 


LESSON   XXXIII 


THE  CONJUGATION  OF  MALO:  ADJECTIVES  DENOTING  A  PART 

THE  CONJUGATION  OF  MALO 

172.  The  verb  malo,  prefer,  is  a  compound  of  magis  and 
volo.  Its  principal  parts  are  malo,  malle,  malui.  It  is  con- 
jugated as  follows: 

PRESENT 


INDICATIVE 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

Singular 

Plural 

Singular 

Plural 

malo 

malumus 

malim 

mallmus 

mavis 

mavultis 

malls 

malltis 

mavult 

malunt 

IMPERFECT 

malit 

malint 

malebam 

malebamus 

mallem 

mallemus 

inalebas 

malebatis 

malles 

malletis 

malebat 

malebant 

FUTURE 

mallet 

mallent 

malam 

malemus 

males 

maletis 

malet 

malent 

/ 

PERFECT 


malul,  etc. 


malueram,  etc. 


maluero,  etc. 


maluerim,  etc. 


PAST  PERFECT 

maluissem,  etc. 

FUTURE  PERFECT 
INFINITIVES 


Pres.  malle  Perfect  maluisse 

a.   This  verb  has  no  imperatives  or  participles. 


120  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

ADJECTIVES  DENOTING  A  PART 

173.  There  are  a  few  adjectives  which  tell  what  part  of 
a  thing  is  meant,  instead  of  telling  what  kind.  Among  the 
most  important  are  summus,  medius,  extremus,  and  imus. 
Thus,  suimnus  mons,  the  highest  part  of  the  rnouiitain,  the 
mountain  top. 

174.  VOCABULARY 

color,  colons,  m.,  color  medius,  -a,  -um,  middle,  mid- 

imtis,  -a,  -um,  lowest  part  of,  die  of 

base  of  planities,  -ei,  f.,  plain 

malo,    malle,    malui,    prefer,      summus,  -a,  -um,  top  of,  high- 
choose  est  part  of 

vestitus,  -us,  M.,  clothing 


EXERCISES 

175.  1.  Legatus  cum  duobus  centurionibus  in  summo 
monte  stabat.  2.  Legio  in  medio  colle  {half  way  up  the  hill) 
Instructa  erat,  ut  adventum  hostium  expectaret.  3.  lUe 
peregrlnus  in  patriam  non  redit,  quod  hic  habitare  mavult. 
4.  Cum  pacem  habere  semper  mallemus,  tamen  bellum  gerere 
denique  const ituimus.  5.  Hic  vir  bonus  esse  malebat  quam 
bonus  viderL  6.  Duces  ex  colore  vestitus  agnoscebantur,  et 
equitatus  in  eos  impetum  fecit.  7.  Viatores  planitiem  trans- 
ierunt  et  ad  imum  montem  pervenerunt.  8.  Cur  in  his 
locis  manere  mavis  ubi  tot  tempestates  sunt?  9.  Planities 
ab  imis  montibus  ad  flumen  patebat. 

176.  1.  You  know  that  I  prefer  to  remain  in  tlie  city  in 
winter.  2.  The  top  of  the  mountain  can  be  seen  (conspicio) 
from  this  place.  3.  You  say  that  you  prefer  to  be  without 
companions.  4.  The  legion  which  had  been  eiu'olled  in  the 
province  was  drawn  up  half  way  up  the  hill  (on  the  middle 
of  the  hill).  5.  Although  I  preferred  to  remain  at  home,  I 
set  out  to  war  with  the  other  (reliqui)  young  men. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  121 

LESSON    XXXIV 

CLASSES  OF  PERFECT  STEMS:    NEGATIVE  COMMANDS 

CLASSES  OF  PERFECT  STEMS 

177.  There  are  six  different  classes  of  perfect  stems  ia 
regular  verbs.     They  are  as  follows: 

1.  Perfects  in  -vi 

amo,  amare,  amavi,  amatum 

compleo,  complere,  complevi,  completum 

peto,  petere,  petivi,  petitum 

2.  Perfects  in  -ui 

moneo,  monere,  monui,  monitum 

3.  Perfects  in  -si  (cs  and  gs  give  x). 
maneo,  manere,  mansi,  mansum 

duco,  ducere,  duxi,  ductum 

4.  Reduplicated  perfects 

do,  dare,  dedi,  datum 
pello,  pellere,  pepuli,  pulsum 

5.  Long  vowel  perfects 

venio,  venire,  veni,  ventum 
juvo,  juvare,  juvi,  jutum 

6.  Perfects  with  the  stem  unchanged,  +i. 

defendo,  defendere,  defendi,  defensum 

a.    Most  verbs  of  the  first  conjugation  form  the  per- 
fect with  -vi,  but  a  few  belong  to  other  classes. 

NEGATIVE  COMMANDS 

178.  Negative  commands  (prohibitions)  in  the  second  per- 
son are  frequently  expressed  by  the  imperative  of  nolo 
(noli,  nolite)  with  the  infinitive  of  the  verb  denoting  the 
act  forbidden. 

Noli  hie  manere,  do  not  remain  here. 


122 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


ARCH   OP  CONSTANTINE 


179. 


VOCABULARY 


argentum,  -i,  n.,  silver 
inopinans,  ge7i.  inopinantis,  not 


patior,  pati,  passus  sum,  per- 
mit, allow 


expecting,      unawares,      off      speculator,  -oris,  m.,  scout 


one's  guard 

obsideo,  -sidere,  -sedi,  -ses- 
sum,  besiege 

offendo,  -fendere,  -fendi,  -fen- 
sum,  offend 


tango,  -ere,  tetigi,  tactum, 
touch 

veto,  -are,  vetui,  vetitum,  for- 
bid 


a.    The  verb  veto,  like  jubeo,  takes  the  infinitive  and 
accusative. 

EXERCISES 

180.    1.  Fratrem  tuum,   Cornell,   offendisti,   qui   semper  te 
amavit.     2.  Caesar   impetum   in   hostes   inopinantes   fecit   et 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  123 

eos  fugavit.  3.  Barbari  aurum  et  argentum  regl  dederunt 
postquam  in  proelio  victi  sunt.  4.  Graeci  illam  urbem 
claram  decern  annos  obsederunt  et  denique  ceperunt.  5.  Rex 
peregrinum  urbem  intrare  vetuit,  quod  quidam  peregrlnl 
erant  speculatores.  6.  Noll  me  tangere,  nisi  me  offendere  vis. 
7.  Nollte  pati  illos  homines  qui  nobis  bellum  inferre  volunt 
per  fines  vestros  iter  facere.  8.  In  ea  terra  argentum  in- 
ventum  est,  et  speramus  nos  aurum  quoque  inventuros  esse. 
9.  Petlvimus  ut  Helvetil  nos  per  fines  suos  ire  paterentur. 

181.  1.  Do  not  wait  until  the  lands  (fields)  of  our  allies 
are  laid  waste  by  the  army  of  the  enemy.  2.  Do  not  prais^ 
the  nation  that  made  war  on  your  own  country.  3.  I  warned 
you,  but  you  remained  in  the  dangerous  place.  4.  We 
routed  (pellere)  the  enemy  and  we  killed  many.  5.  I  have 
helped  you,  but  I  will  not  help  you  again. 


LESSON   XXXV 


GENITIVE    WITH    CERTAIN   VERBS:     SUBJUNCTIVE   BY 

ATTRACTION 

THE  GENITIVE  WITH  VERBS   OF  REMEMBERING  AND  FORGETTING 

182.  The  verbs  memini  and  reminiscor,  remember,  and 
obliviscor,  forget,  frequently  take  a  noun  or  pronoun  in  the 
genitive  as  object. 

Numquam  illius  diei  obliviscar,   /  shall  never  forget  that 
day. 

a.   If  the  object  is  a  neuter  pronoun  or  a  neuter  ad- 
jective used  as  a  noun,  it  is  always  in  the  accusative. 

Numquam    haec    obliviscar,    /    shall    never   forget    these 
things. 


124  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

THE  SUBJUNCTIVE  BY  ATTRACTION 

183.  Sometimes  a  subordinate  clause  which  would  other- 
wise have  its  verb  in  the  indicative  takes  the  subjunctive 
because  it  is  closety  dependent  on  a  subjunctive  or  an  in- 
finitive. 

Ita  acriter  pugnaverunt  ut  omnes  qui  in  pugna  essent 
vulnerarentur,  they  fought  so  fiercely  that  all  who  were 
in  the  battle  ivere  ivounded. 

184.  VOCABULARY 

dissensio,  -onis,  f.,  disagree-  palus,  -udis,  f,,  swamp 

ment  reminiscor,  reminisci,  remem- 

intercludo,  -cludere,  -clusi,  ber 

-clusum,  cut  off  studium,  -i,  n.,  zeal.,  enthusi- 

liberator,  -oris,  m.,  liberator  asm,  eagerness 

obliviscor,  oblivisci,  oblitus  suscipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -cep- 
sum,  forget  tum,  undertake 

EXERCISES 

185.  1 .  Omnes  elves  nostrl  virtutis  eorum  fortium  hominum 
semper  reminlscentur.  2.  Tum  clissensiones  ortae  sunt  inter 
eos  qui  llberatores  patriae  appellati  sunt.  3.  Roman!  morum 
majorum  {of  their  ancestors)  non  obllti  sunt.  4.  Hostes  id 
bellum  magno  studio  susceperunt,  sed  nunc  pacem  volunt. 
5.  Omnibus  itineribus  interclusis,  pars  barbarorum  se  Romanis 
dedidit,  et  reliqui  in  paludes  et  silvas  fugerunt.  6.  Signum 
datum  est  ut  el  qui  profecti  essent  statim  redlrent.  7.  Caesar 
scutum  cepit  et  in  primam  aciem  processit.  8.  Beneficiorum 
tuorum  semper  meminero,  et  amicus  fidelis  tibi  ero.  9.  Galli 
itinera  inteicluserunt  et  castra  obsidere  paraverunt. 

186.  1.  The  Romans  remembered  the  victory  of  the  Hel- 
vetians, with  whom  they  had  formerly  waged  war.  2.  We 
cannot  forget  the  wrongs  of  our  allies,   the  Gauls.     3.  The 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


125 


Germans  fled  so  swiftl}^  that  the  legion  which  had  crossed 
the  river  did  not  make  an  attack.  4.  They  came  to  the 
camp  because  they  wished  to  beg  for  peace.  5.  We  shall 
find  out  who  is  in  the  town  (Section  73). 


>^ 


O^       ' 


s 


.a^iSSWBWax 


WALL  PAINTING   FROM   POMPEII 


THE   ARGONAUTS 

Jason,  the  leader  of  the  expedition  of  the  Argonauts,  was 
the  son  of  Aeson,  king  of  Thessaly.  Aeson  had  been  deprived 
of  this  kingdom  by  his  brother,  PeUas,  who  also  intended  to 
kill  Jason.  Through  the  help  of  his  friends  Jason  escaped, 
but  the  king  was  led  to  believe  that  he  was  dead. 

Pelias  was  warned  by  an  oracle  to  be  pn  his  guard  against 
a  man  who  should  come  to  him  wearing  only  one^shoe,  and 
when  Jason,  who  had  grown  up,  came  into  the  city,  having 
lost  one  of  his  shoes  on  the  way,  the  king  took  fright. 
Thinking  to  be  rid  of  this  dangerous  person,  he  ordered  him 
to  bring  from  Colchis  the  golden  fleece  which  had  been  taken 
there  by  Phrixus.  With  a  company  of  friends  Jason  set  out 
in  a  ship  called  the  Argo,  which  had  been  built  by  Argus, 
whence  the  name  Argonauts  was  given  the  adventurers.  After 
many  adventures  Jason  obtained  the  golden  fleece  through  the 
aid  of  Medea,  daughter  of  the  king  of  Colchis,  who  then  fled 
from  Colchis  with  the  hero.  When  they  had  returned  to 
Thessaly,  Medea,  who  was  famed  for  her  power  as  a  sor- 
ceress, brought  about  the  death  of  Pelias  by  a  trick,  and  as  a 
result  she  and  Jason  were  compelled  to  flee.  They  took 
refuge  in  Corinth,  where  Medea  found  a  rival  for  the  love  of 
Jason  in  the  person  of  the  king's  daughter.  She  caused  the 
death  of  the  unfortunate  princess,  and  then  sought  revenge 
on  Jason  for  his  faithlessness  by  killing  the  children  she  had 
borne  to  him.  After  this  she  escaped  by  the  aid  of  the  sun- 
god.  Jason  met  his  death  by  being  crushed  by  his  boat, 
near  which  he  was  sitting,  as  it  was  propped  up  on  the  shore. 


126 


PART  III 


THE   ARGONAUTS 


1.  The  Wicked  Uncle 

Erant  olim  in  Thessalia  duo  fratres,  quorum  alter  Aeson, 
alter  Pelias  appellatus  est.  Horum  Aeson  primus  regnum 
obtinuerat;  at  post  paucos  annos  Pelias,  regni  eupiditate 
adductus,  non  modo  fratrem  suum  expulit,  sed  etiam  in 
animo  habebat  Jasonem,  Aesonis  filium,  interficere.  Quidam  5 
tamen  ex  amicis  Aesonis,  ubi  sententiam  Peliae  intellex- 
erunt,  puerum  e  tanto  perlculo  eripere  constituerunt.  Noctu 
igitur  Jasonem  ex  urbe  abstulerunt,  et,  cum  postero  die  ad 
regem  rediissent,  el  renuntiaverunt  puerum  mortuum  esse. 
Pelias,  cum  haec  audlvisset,  etsi  re  vera  magnum  gaudium  10 
percipiebat,  speciem  tamen  doloris  praebuit,  et  quae  causa 
esset  mortis  quaeslvit.  IllI  tamen,  cum  bene  intellegerent 
dolorem  ejus  falsum  esse,  nescio  quam  fabulam  de  morte 
pueri  finxerunt. 

4,  5.  in  animo  habebat  interficere,  had  it  in  mind  to  kill;  interficere  is  the 
object  of  habebat. 

6.  ex  amicis :  see  note  on  Her.  380. 

8.  cum:  in  this  section  three  uses  of  the  subjunctive  are  introduced: 
with  cum  meaning  when,  here  and  in  1.  10;  with  cum  meaning  although  in 
1.  12;  in  an  indirect  question,  quae  causa  esset,  in  1.  11. 

13.  nescio  quam  fabulam,  some  story  or  other;  literally,  /  knoio  not  what 
story.  This  combination  of  nescio  and  the  interrogative  pronoun  consti- 
tutes virtually  an  indefinite  pronoun. 

6.  sententia,  -ae,  /.  [sentio],   opin-      13.  ne-scio,  -ire,   -IvI,  — ,  tr.,  not 
ion,  thought,  purpose.  know,  be  ignorant. 

8.  posterns,   -a,   -um,    adj.    [post],       14.  fingo,  fingere,  finxi,  fictum,  tr., 
following,  next.  form,  fashion,  make  up. 

127 


128  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

2.   A  Careless  Shoe-String 

15  Post  breve  tempus  Pelias,  veritus  ne  regnum  suum  tanta 
vl  et  fraude  occupatum  amitteret,  amicum  quendam  Delphos 
misit  qui  oraculum  c5nsuleret.  Ille  igitur  quam  celerrime 
Delphos  se  contulit,  et  quam  ob  causam  venisset— demon- 
stravit.     Respondit  oraculum  nullum  esse  in  praesentia  peri- 

20  culum;  monuit  tamen  Peliam  ut,  si  quis  venlret  calceujn 
unum  gerens,  eum  caveret.  Post  paucos  annos  accidit  ut. 
Pelias  magnum  sacrificium  facturus  esset;  nuntios  in  omnes 
partes   dimlserat,   et   eertum   diem   conveniendl  dixerat.     Die 

15.  veritus,  fearing;  past  participle  of  a  deponent  verb  with  present 
force,  like  niirdtus,  suspicdtus,  arbitrdtus. 

ne  .  .  .  amitteret,  that  he  would  lose;  a  noun  clause  after  a  verb  of  fear- 
ing, App.  99. 

16.  Delphds:  accusative  of  a  town  name  as  the  place  to  which. 

17.  qui  .  .  .  consuleret:  a  relative  clause  of  purpose,  to  be  translated  by 
an  infinitive.  What  subordinate  conjunctions  also  introduce  clauses  of 
purpose? 

18.  quam  ob  causam,  for  what  reason;  the  subjunctive  venisset  can  be 
explained  by  comparison  with  a  similar  elause  in  1.  11.  For  the  position 
of  the  preposition  see  the  note  on  Her.  73. 

20.  ut  .  .  .  caveret:  a  noun  clause,  object  of  monuit. 

si  quis,  if  anyone;  quis  here  is  itself  an  indefinite  pronoun,  to  be  dis- 
tinguished from  interrogative  quis;  it  is  found  most  frequently  with  si 
and  ne.  Since  this  clause  depends  upon  a  subjunctive,  caveret,  the  verb 
venlret  is  itself  made  subjunctive  by  attraction. 

21.  gerenSf  wearing. 

ut  .  .  .  facturus  esset:  a  noun  clause  of  fact,  subject  of  accidit,  it 
happened  that,  etc.  The  future  active  participle,  here  facturus,  with  a 
past  tense  of  sum,  expresses  a  past  intention,  was  about  to  make. 

23.  conveniendi, /or  the  people  to  assemble;  literally,  of  assembling. 

dixerat,  had  appointed. 


15.  ne,  conj.,  that  .  .  .  not,  in  order  praesentia,  -ae,  /.  [praesens],  pres- 
that  .  .  .  not;  after  words  of  fear,  ence;  the  present;  in  praesentia, 
that;  as  adv.,  not;  ne  .  .  .  quidem,           at  the  moment,  for  the  present, 
not  even,  not  either.  20.  quis,    qua,    quid,   indef.    pron., 

16.  fraus,  fraudis,/.,  deceit,  decep-  anyone,  anybody,  anything  ;some- 
tion,  fraud.  one,  somebody,  something. 

19.  re-spondeo,  -spondere,  -spondi,  calceus,  -i,  m.,  shoe. 

-sponsum,  intr.,  reply,  respond,  21.  caved,  cavere,  cavi,  cautum,  tr. 
answer.  and  intr.,  beware  of,  beware. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  129 

constitute  magnus  numerus  hominum  undique  ex  agris  con- 
venit;  inter  alios  venit  Jason,  qui  a  puero  apud  Centaurum  25 
quendam  vixerat.     Dum  tamen  iter  facit,   calceum  alterum 
in  transeundo  nescio  quo  flumine  amisit. 

26.  alterum,  one. 

27.  transeundo,  in  crossing;  ablative  of  the  gerundive  of  trdnsire,  App. 
127. 


3.   The  Golden  Fleece 

Jason  igitur,  cum  calceum  amissum  nullo  mod5  recipere 
posset,  altero  pede  nudo  in  regiam  pervenit.  Quem  cum 
vidisset,  Pelias  subito  timore  affectus  est;  intellexit  enim  30 
hunc  esse  hominem  quem  oraculum  demonstravisset.  Hoc 
igitur  iniit  consilium.  Rex  erat  quidam  nomine  Aeetes,  qui 
regnum  Colchidis  illo  tempore  obtinebat.  Huic  commissum 
erat  vellus  illud  aureum  quod  Phrixus  olim  ibi  rellquerat. 
Constituit  igitur  Pelias  Jasoni  negotium  dare  ut  hoc  vellere  35 
potiretur;  cum  enim  res  esset  magni  pericull,  sperabat  eum 
in  itinere   periturum   esse.     Jasonem  igitur   ad   se  arcessivit, 

— - 

28.  cum:  here  and  in  1.  36  with  causal  force,  hence  the  subjunctive. 

29.  altero  pede  nudo,  ivith  one  foot  bare,  an  ablative  absolute. 

Quem  cum:  translate  as  if  cu7n  eum. 

31.  demonstravisset:  subjunctive  in  a  subordinate  clause  in  indirect 
discourse. 

34.  Phrixus:  the  story  was  that  Phrixus,  accompanied  by  his  sister 
Helle,  was  forced  to  flee  for  his  life  from  the  intrigues  of  his  stepmother 
Ino.  The  two  were  carried  through  the  air  on  the  back  of  a  ram  with  a 
golden  fleece  sent  by  the  god  Hermes.  Helle  fell  into  the  sea  which  was 
thereafter  called  the  Hellespont.  Phrixus  arrived  safely  in  Colchis, 
where  he  sacrificed  the  ram  to  Zeus  and  gave  the  fleece  to  king  Aeetes. 
The  king  fastened  the  fleece  to  an  oak  tree  in  the  grove  of  Ares. 

35.  ut  .  .  .  potiretur:  a  noun  clause  of  desire  may  depend  upon  a  verb, 
as  in  1.  20,  or  be  in  apposition  with  a  noun,  here  negotium;  translate,  the 
task  of  obtaining. 

vellere :  with  potiretur,  which,  like  utor,  js  one  of  the  deponent  verbs 
governing  the  ablative.       -  ~  ""^ 

29.  nudus,  -a,   -um,    adj..    naked,      34.  vellus,  velleris,  n.,  fleece,  pelt. 


.<^ 


130  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

et  quid  fieri   vellet    demonstravit.      Jason    autem,    etsi   bene 
intellegebat  rem  esse  difficillimam,  negotium  libenter  suscepit. 

38.  quid  fieri  vellet:  an  indirect  question. 


4.   The  Building  of  the  Good  Ship  Argo 

40  Cum  tamen  Colchis  multorum  dierum  iter  ab  eo  loco 
abesset,  noluit  Jason  solus  proficiscl.  Dimlsit  igitur  nuntios 
in  omnes  partes  qui  causam  itineris  docerent  et  diem  certum 
conveniendi  dicerent.  Interea  postquam  omnia  quae  sunt 
USUI   ad   armandas   naves   comportarl  jussit,   negotium   dedit 

45  Argo  cuidam,  qui  summam  scientiam  rerum  nauticarum 
habebat,  ut  navem  aedificaret.  In  lils  rebus  circiter  decem 
dies  consumpti  sunt.  Argus  enim,  qui  operi  praeerat,  tan- 
tam  diligentiam  praebebat  ut  ne  nocturnum  quidem  tempus 
ad  laborem  intermitteret.     Ad  multitudinem  hominum  trans- 

50  portandarn   navis  paulo   erat   latior   quam   quae   fieri   solitae 

40.  Cum:  as  cum  with  the  subjunctive  may  mean  either  when,  since, 
or  although,  one  must  decide  from  the  context  which  meaning  is  the  right 
one. 

iter:  an  accusative  of  extent,  further  defined  by  the  genitive  of  measure, 
multorum  dierum. 

44.  USUI,  of  service;  dative  of  purpose,  App.  53. 

armandas:  gervmdive  with  ad  expressing  purpose.  Two  more  examples 
occur  in  this  section. 

negotium  .  .  .  ut:  the  same  combination  was  noted  in  1.  35. 

47.  operi:  why  dative? 

48.  ut  .  .  .  intermitteret:  a  clause  of  result,  App.  96. 

ne  .  .  .  quidem:  this  phrase  encloses  the  word  emphasized,  here  noc- 
turnum, 

50.  quam  quae:  for  quam  eae  quae. 

44.  com-porto,    -are,  -avi,    -atum,       46.  circiter,    adu.     [circus],    about, 
tr.,  carry  together,  bring  together,  nearly, 

collect.  49,  inter -mitto,     -mittere,     -misi, 

45.  nauticus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [nauta],  -missum,  (r.,  suspend,  interrupt; 
naval,  nautical.                                        let  pass;  pass.,  intervene. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  131 

erant,    et   ad   vim   tempestatum   perferendam   tota   e   robore 
facta  est. 

51.  per-fero,   -ferre,    -tuli,    -latum,  withstand;  bring;  carry  (a  law), 

tr.,  bear  through;  bear,   endure,       robur,  roboris,  n.,  oak. 


5.   The  Anchor  Is  Weighed 

Interea  ea  dies  appetebat  quam  Jason  per  nuntios  edixerat, 
et  ex  omnibus  regionibus  Graeciae  multi  quos  aut  rei  novitas 
aut  spes  gloriae  movebat  undique  conveniebant.  Tradunt  55 
autem  in  hoc  numero  fuisse  Herculera  (de  quo  ante  multa 
perscripsimus) ,  Orpheum,  citharoedum  praeclarissimum,  The- 
seum,  Castorem  et  multos  alios  quorum  nomina  notissima 
sunt.  Ex  his  Jason,  quos  arbitratus  est  ad  omnia  subeunda 
perTcula  paratissimos  esse,  eos  ad  numerum  quinquaginta  eo 
delegit  et  socios  sibi  adjunxit.  Turn,  paucos  dies  commora- 
tus,  ut  ad  omnes  casus  subsidia  compararet,  navem  deduxit 

53.  dies:  here  feminine.  It  is  always  masculine  in  the  plural  and  fre- 
quently so  in  the  singular. 

55.  Tradunt,  they  say,  it  is  commonly  reported. 

57.  Orpheum:  a  mj'thical  musician  and  poet,  son  of  the  Muse  Calliope, 
reputed  to  have  been  so  skilled  as  to  move  rocks  and  trees  by  the  power 
of  his  song,  to  charm  wild  beasts,  and  to  stay  rivers  in  their  course. 

Theseum:  a  celebrated  Athenian  hero,  whose  adventures  resemble  the 
labors  of  Hercules.  The  best  known  adventure  was  the  killing  of  the 
Minotaur  in  the  Cretan  LabjTinth. 

58.  Castorem :  Castor  was  the  son  of  Zeus  and  Leda  and  the  brother  of 
Pollux.     The  latter  was  famed  as  a  boxer,  Castor  as  a  tamer  of  horses. 

59.  quos:  subject  of  esse;  eos  is  its  antecedent.  A  relative  clause  in 
Latin  often  precedes  the  antecedent.  English  order  requires  that  the 
antecedent  be  translated  first. 

62.  ut  .  .  .  compararet:  a  clause  of  purpose,  App.  94. 

64.  novitas,  -atis,  /.   [novus],  new-      60.  quinquaginta,      indecl.      num. 
ness,  novelty.  [quinque],  fifty. 

57.  citharoedus,  -i,  m.,  citharoedus,       61.  com-moror,    -ari,     -atus    sum, 
one  who  plays  on  the  cithara  and  intr.,  tarry,  linger. 

sings  at  the  same  time. 


132  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

et,  tempestatem  ad  navigandum  idoneam  nactus,  magno  cum 
plausu  omnium  solvit. 

63.  tempestatem:  not  ''tempest"  or  "storm." 

navigandum:  gerund  or  gerundive?  / 

64.  plausus,  -us,  m.  [plaudo,  to  clap],  clapping,  applause.  / 


6.   A  Fatal  Mistake 

65  Haud  multo  post  Argonautae  (ita  enim  appellati  sunt  qui 
in  ista  navi  vehebantur)  Insulam  quandam  nomine  Cyzicum 
attigerunt  et,  e  navi  egressi,  a  rege  illlus  regionis  hospitio 
excepti  sunt.  Paucas  horas  ibi  commorati,  ad  solis  occasum 
rursus  solverunt.     At,   postquam  pauca  milia  passuum  pro- 

70  gressi  sunt,  tanta  tempestas  subito  coorta  est  ut  cursum 
tenere  non  possent,  et  in  eandem  partem  insulae  unde  nuper 
profecti  erant  magno  cum  peiiculo  dejicerentur.  Incolae 
tamen,  cum  nox  esset  obscura,  Argonautas  non  agnoscebant, 
et,  navem  inimlcam  venisse  arbitrati,  arma  rapuerunt  et  eos 

75  egredi  prohibebant.     Acriter  in   lltore   pugnatum  est,   et  rex 

65.  Argonautae:  the  word  means  the  sailors  of  the  Argo;  we  have  Angli- 
cized it  as  Argonauts. 

66.  navi:  the  ablative  singular  of  ndvis  is  occasionally  written  nave, 
but  usually  ndvl. 

70.  ut  .  .  .  non  possent:  a  negative  clause  of  result;  what  is  the  intro- 
ductory word  in  a  negative  clause  of  purpose?  In  the  second  part  of  this 
sentence  the  result  becomes  positive,  et  .  .  .  dejicerentur,  but  were  driven 
along. 

73.  cum:  is  the  meaning  when,  since,  or  although? 

75.  pugnatum  est:  certain  intransitive  verbs  may  be  used  impersonally 
in  the  passive,  the  subject  of  such  a  passive  being  suggested  by  the  mean- 
ing of  the  verb  itself;  here,  with  acriter,  a  fierce  battle  was  fought.  Compare 
Her.  280. 

65.  haud,   adv.,  not  at  all,   by  no  bear,  carry,  bring. 

moans,  not.  71,  nuper,  adv.,  newly,  lately,  re- 
multo,    axlv.    [abl.    of  multum],  by  cently. 

much,  much,  by  far,  far.  73.  obscurus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  dark, 

66.  veho,  -ere,    vexi,  vectum,    tr.,  dim. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER  I33 

ipse,  qui  cum  aliis  decucurrerat,  ab  Argonautis  occlsus  est. 
Mox  tamen,  cum  jam  dllucesceret,  senserunt  incolae  se 
errare,  et  arma  abjecerunt.  Argonautae  autem,  cum  viderent 
regem  occisum  esse,  magnum  dolorem  perceperunt. 

76.  de-curro,     -currere,      -cucurri,  intr.  [lux],  grow  light,  dawn. 

or    -curri,    -cursum,    intr.,    run      73.  abjicio,  -jicere,  -jeci,  -jectum, 
down;  maneuver.  /,.,  [ab+jacio],  throw  away,  throw 

77.  di-lucesco,  -lucescere,  -luxi,  — ,  aside. 


7.   The  Loss  of  Hylas 

Postrldie  ejus  diel  Jason,  tempestatem  satis  idoneam  esse  so 
arbitratus    (summa   enim   tranquillitas   jam    consecuta   erat), 
ancoras   sustulit   et,    pauca    milia   passuum    progressus,  ^  ante 
noctem  Mysiam  attigit.     Ibi  paucas  horas  in  ancoris  expec- 
tavit;  a  nautis  enim  cognoverat  aquae  copiam  quam  secum 
liaberent  jam  deficere;  quam  ob  causam  quidam  ex  Argonautis  ss 
in    terram    egress!    aquam    quaerebant.     Horum    in    numero 
erat   Hylas   quidam,    puer   forma   praestantissima;    qui   dum 
fontem   quaerit,    a   comitibus   paulum   secesserat.     Nymphae 
autem    quae    fontem    colebant,    cum    juvenem    vidissent,    ei 
persuadere    conatae    sunt    ut    secum    maneret;    et    cum    ille  90 
negaret  se  hoc  facturum  esse,  puerum  vi  abstulerunt. 

80.  ejus  diei:  these  words  are,  strictly  speaking,  unnecessary,  since 
-postrldie  alone  means  the  next  day.  The  use  of  the  full  phrase  is,  however, 
quite  common. 

83.  in  ancoris,  at  anchor. 

84.  copiam  .  .  .  deficere:  indirect  discourse;  why  is  haberent  subjunc- 
tive? 

87.  qui:  the  relative  at  the  head  of  an  independent  sentence,  to  be 
translated  by  a  personal  pronoun. 

90.  ut  .  .  .  maneret:  a  noun  clause,  object  of  persuadere,  App.  97;  to 
be  translated  by  an  infinitive. 

91.  negaret:  nego  is  the  normal  Latin  for  saij  that  not. 

80.  postridie,  adv.  [postero  die],  the      se-cedo,  -cedere,   -cessi,  -cessum, 
next  day.  intr.,  go  apart,  retire,  withdraw. 

88.  fons,fontis,?n.,  spring,  fountain. 


134  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  v 

Comites  ejus,   postquam   Hylam   amissum   esse  senserunt, 
magno  dolore  affecti,  diti  frustra  quaerebant.     Hercules  autem 
et  Polyphemus,   qui  vestigia  pueri  longius  secuti  erant,   ubi 
95  tandem  ad  lltus  redierunt,  Jasonem  solvisse  cognoverunt. 


8.  Dining  Made  Difficult 

Post  haec  Argonautae  ad  Thraciam  cursum  tenuerunt,  et, 
postquam  ad  oppidum  Salmydessum  navem  appulerant,  in 
terram  egressi  sunt.  Ibi,  cum  ab  incolis  quaesissent  quis 
regnum  ejus  regionis  obtineret,  certiores  facti  sunt  Phineum 

100  quendam  tum  regem  esse.  Cognoverunt  etiam  hunc  caecum 
esse  et  diro  quodam  supplicio  affici,  quod  olim  se  crudelis- 
simum  in  filios  suos  praebuisset.  Cujus  supplicii  hoc  erat 
genus.  Missa  erant  a  Jove  monstra  quaedam,  specie  hor- 
ribili,    quae    capita    virginum,    corpora    volucrum    habebant. 

105  Hae  volucres,  quae  Harpyiae  appellabantur,  Phlneo  summam 
molestiam  afferebant;  quotiens  enim  ille  accul^nerat,  venie- 
bant  et  cibum  appositum  statim  auferebant.  Quae  cum  ita 
essent,  Phlneus  fame  paene  mortuus  est. 

98.  quis  .  .  .  obtineret:  the  original  form  of  the  question  would  be  quis 
.  .  .  obtinet?    Why  the  subjunctive? 

99.  certiores  facti  sunt,  were  informed;  the  phrase  is  followed  by  indi- 
rect discourse.    What  is  the  literal  translation? 

106.  accubuerat:  the  Roman  custom  of  assuming  a  half  reclining  posi- 
tion at  table  is  here  attributed  to  a  much  earlier  period, 

107.  Quae  cum  ita  essent:  a  clause  frequently  employed  by  Latin 
authors;  literally,  since  these  things  were  so;  better,  in  consequence,  or  in 
view  of  these  facts. 

108.  fame :  the  ablative  of  this  word  has  the  ending  of  a  fifth  declen- 
sion noun,  although  its  other  forms  belong  to  the  third  declension. 

100.  caecus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  blind.  bitum,  intr.  [ad+cumbo,  recline], 

104.  volucris,  -is,/,  [volucer,  flying],  recline  (at  table). 

bird.  107.  appono,   -ponere,  -posui,  -po- 

106.  molestia,    -ae,  /.    [molestus],  situm,  //•.  [ad+pono],  place  near; 

vexation,  annoyance.  serve,  set  before. 

accumbo,   -cumbere,    -cubui,    -cu-      108.  fames,  -is,  /.,  hunger. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  I35 

9.  The  Harpies  Beaten 

Res  igitur  in  hoc  loco  erant,  cum  Argonautae  navem  ap- 
pulerunt.     Phineus  autem,   simul   atque  audlvit  eos  in  suos  no 
fines    egressos    esse,    magnopere    gavlsus    est.     Sciebat    enim 
quantam  opinionem  virtutis  Argonautae  haberent,  nee  dubi- 
tabat  quin  sibi  auxilium  ferrent.     Nuntium  igitur  ad  navem 
misit   qui   Jasonem   sociosque   ad   regiam   vocaret.     Eo   cum 
venissent,  Phineus  demonstravit  quanto  in  perlculo  suae  res  115 
essent,   et   promisit   se  magna  praemia   daturum  esse,   si  illl 
remedium  repperissent.      Argonautae    negotium    hbenter  sus- 
ceperunt,  et,  ubi  hora  venit,  cum  rege  accubuerunt;  at  simul 
ac   cena   apposita   est.    Harpy iae    cenaculum   intraverunt,    et 
cibum  auferre  conabantur.     Argonautae  primum  ensibus  vo-  120 
lucres    petierunt;    cum    tamen    viderent   hoc   nihil    prodesse, 
Zetus  et  Calais,  qui  alls  InstructI  erant,  in  aera  se  sublevave- 
runt,    ut   desuper   impetum   facerent.     Quod    cum   sensissent 

109.  cum  .  .  .  appulenint:  when  cum  introduces  a  new  event  in  the  nar- 
rative instead  of  describing  a  situation,  it  takes  the  perfect  indicative. 

112.  quantam:  this  word  may  be  either  a  relative  or  an  interrogative; 
the  subjunctive  haberent  shows  the  clause  to  be  an  indirect  question. 

opinionem :  the  word  sometimes  means  opinion,  but  not  here. 

113.  quin  .  .  .  ferrent,  that  they  were  coming  to  his  rescue;  the  use  of  quin 
with  the  subjunctive  is  explained  in  App.  106. 

117.  repperissent:  representing  a  future  perfect  indicative,  second  per- 
son, in  direct  discourse;  translate  with  the  auxiliary  ''would." 

121.  nihil:  accusative  of  extent;  with  prodesse,  availed  nothing,  had  no 
effect. 

122.  aera:  for  the  case  see  note  on  Per.  33. 

123.  Quod  cum:  do  not  translate  which  when. 

112.  dubito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  iiitr.       117.  remedium,  -i,  n.  [re-,  compare 
[dubius],  doubt,  hesitate.  medeor,  heal],  remedy,  cure. 

113.  quin,  conj.  and  adv.  [qui,  how,       119.  cenaculum, -i,  ??.  [cena], dining- 

+-ne];   as    conj.,    after    words  of  room. 

doubt,  that;  after  words  of  hinder-       ioa    -     •       •  a 

r  J  -J.'  120.  ensis,  -is,  m.,  sword. 

mg,   from;  as   adv.,   qum   etiam,  '       '    •-•,  *=vyw 

nay,  nay  even,  naj^  in  fact.  122.  ala,  -ae,/.,  wing. 

116.  promitto, -mittere,  -misi,  -mis-       sub-levo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.^  hold 
sum,  tr.,  send  forth,  promise.  up,  support;  assist,  help. 


136  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

Harpyiae,  rei  novitate  perterritae,  statim  aufugerunt,  neque 
125  postea  umquam  redierunt.  / 

*■ — T '■■—  -  ■ 

124.  aufugio,  -fugere,  -fiigi, — tintr.  [ab+fugio],  flee  away,  run  away. 


10.   The  Symplegades 

Hoc  facto,  Phlneus,  ut  pro  tanto  beneficio  meritam  gratiam 
referret,  Jasoni  demonstravit  qua  ratione  Symplegades  vitare 
posset.  Symplegades  autem  duae  erant  rupes  ingenti  magni- 
tudine,   quae  a  Jove   positae  erant  eo  consilio,   ne  quis  ad 

130  Colchida  pervenlret.  Hae  parvo  intervallo  in  mar!  natabant 
et,  si  quid  in  medium  spatium  venerat,  incredibili  celeritate 
concurrebant.  Postquam  igitur  a  Phineo  doc t us  est  quid 
faciendum  esset  Jason,  sublatis  ancorls,  navem  solvit  et,  lenl 
vento  provectus,  mox  ad  Sj^mplegades  appropinquavit;  tum 

135  in  prora  stans  columbam  quam  in  manu  tenet^t  emisit.     Ilia 

126.  Hoc  facto:  ablative  absolute,  to  be  translated  by  a  clause  with 
"when,"  App.  75. 

129.  eo  consilio,  with  this  design  (purpose);  explained  by  the  clause 
which  follows. 

ne  quis,  that  no  one;  the  force  and  use  of  quis  were  explained  in  the  note 
on  SI  quis,  1.  20. 

132.  quid  faciendum  esset,  ivhat  had  to  be  done.  For  the  use  of  the  future 
passive  participle  see  App.  126. 

133.  sublatis  ancoris:  ablative  absolute;  we  say  iveigh  anchor.  When 
the  j)erfect  passive  participle  in  an  ablative  absolute  phrase,  as  here, 
denotes  an  act  by  the  subject  of  the  principal  verb,  it  is  usually  best  ren- 
dered in  the  active  voice.    Here  are  typical  translations: 

by  a  past  active  participle:  having  weighed  anchor 
by  a  coordinate  verb :  weighed  anchor  and 
by  a  prepositional  phrase:  after  weighing  anchor 
by  a  temporal  clause:  when  he  had  iveighed  anchor. 

127.  ratio,  -onis,  /.,  reckoning,  ac-  133.  lenis,  -e,  adj.,  mild,  gentle. 

count;  hst,  record;  plan,  course,  135.  prora,  -ae,/.,  bow,  prow. 

manner;  prmciple,  reason.  columba,  -ae,  /.,  dove,  pigeon. 

130.  nato,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,   intr.  e-mitto,   -mittere,  -misi,  -missum, 

[freq.  0/ no,  swim],  swim,  float.  tr.,  send  forth,  release;  utter. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  137 

recta  via  per  medium  spatium  volavit  et,  priusquam  rupes 
conflixerunt,  incolumis  evasit,  cauda  tantum  amissa.  Tum 
rupes  utrimque  discesserunt ;  antequam  tamen  rursus  con- 
currerent,  Argonautae,  bene  intellegentes  omnem  spem  salutis 
in  celeritate  positam  esse,  summa  vi  remis  contenderunt,  et  ho 
navem  incolumem  perduxerunt.  Hoc  facto,  dis  gratias  liben- 
ter  egerunt,  quorum  auxilio  c  tanto  perlculo  erepti  essent; 
bene  enim  sciebant  non  sine  auxilio  deorum  rem  ita  feliciter 
evenisse. 

136.  recta  via,  straight;  how  literally?  The  ablative  is  employed  to 
denote  the  road  or  route. 

138.  antequam  .  .  .  concurrerent :  heretofore  antequam  and  priusquam 
have  taken  an  indicative,  signifying  merely  that  one  event  occurred  before 
another.  In  this  passage  is  an  example  of  the  anticipatory  use  of  the 
subjunctive  with  antequam,  App.  100.  The  person  anticipating  may  view 
the  event  in  various  ways.  The  Argonauts  evidently  wished  to  forestall 
the  closing  in  of  the  movable  cliffs,  which  we  can  indicate  by  translating 
should  rush  together. 

142.  erepti  essent:  the  subjunctive  is  due  to  the  informal  indirect 
discourse,  App.  106;  that  is,  while  no  verb  of  saying  is  employed,  one  is 
implied  in  grdtids  egerunt:  they  thanked  the  gods,  by  whose  help  (as  they  said), 
etc.  At  the  same  time  the  clause  expresses  the  reason  assigned  for  their 
prayer  of  thanks. 

136.  rectus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part.       138.  utrimque,    adv.   [uterque],    on 
of  rego],  straight,  direct;  upright.  both  sides. 

137.  con-fligo,  -fligere,  -flixi,  -flic-       143.  feliciter,  adv.   [felix],  happily, 
tum,    intr.,    dash    or    strike    to-  luckily. 

gether. 


11.   A  Heavy  Task 

Brevi  intermisso  spatio,  Argonautae  ad  flumen  Phasim  145 
venerunt,  quod  in  finibus  Colchorum  erat.  Ibi,  cum  navem 
appulissent  et  in  terram  egress!  essent,  statim  ad  regem 
Aeetem  se  contulerunt,  et  ab  eo  postulaverunt  ut  vellus 
aureum  sibi  traderetur.  lUe,  cum  audivisset  quam  ob  cau- 
sam  Argonautae  venissent,  Ira  commotus  est,  et  diu  negavit  iso 

145.  Brevi  intermisso  spatio,  after  a  short  time;  ablative  absolute. 
148.  ut  .  .  .  traderetur:  a  noun  clause,  object  of  postulaverunt. 


138  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


se  vellus  traditurum  esse.  Tandem  tamen,  quod  sciebat 
Jasonem  non  sine  auxilio  deorum  hoc  negotium  suscepisse, 
mutata  sententia,  promlsit  se  vellus  tradittirum,  si  Jason 
labores    duos    difficillimos    prius    perfecisset;    et,    cum    Jason 

155  dixisset  se  ad  omnia  pericula  subeunda  paratum  esse,  quid 
fieri  vellet  ostendit.  Primum  jungendi  erant  duo  taurl  specie 
horribili,  qui  flammas  ex  ore  edebant;  turn,  his  junctis,  ager 
quidam  arandus  erat,  et  dentes  draconis  serendi.  His  audit  Is, 
Jason,   etsi  rem  esse  summi  perlcull  intellegebat,   tamen,   ne 

160  banc  occasionem  rel  bene  gerendae  amitteret,  negotium 
suscepit. 

154.  perfecisset:  for  a  future  perfect  indicative  of  direct  discourse,  as 
in  1.  117. 

156.  jungendi  erant:  had  to  he,  must  be,  were  to  he  (yoked)  illustrate  pos- 
sible renderings  of  the  future  passive  participle  with  sum. 

159.  ne  .  .  .  amitteret:  in  order  not  to  lose,  a  negative  clause  of  purpose. 

160.  rei  bene  gerendae,  of  successfidly  accomplishing  his  purpose;  a 
gerundive  construction,  App.  128. 

154.  prius,  adv.  [n.  of  prior],  before,       158.  sero,  -ere,  sevi,  satum,  tr.,  sow, 

first.  «        plant. 

157.  flamma,  -ae,  /.,  flame. 


12.  The  Magic  Ointment 

At  Medea,   regis  filia,   Jasonem  adamavit,   et,   ubi  audlvit 

eum  tantum   perlculum   subiturum   esse,   rem   aegre   ferebat. 

Intellegebat  enim  pat  rem  suum  hunc  laborem  proposuisse  eo 

165  ipso    consilio,    ut    Jason    moreretur.     Quae    cum    ita    essent, 

Medea  (quae  summam  peritiam  mediclnae  habebat)  hoc  con- 

163.  rem  aegre  ferebat,  was  deeply  grieved;  literally,  bore  the  thing  with 
distress. 

165.  ut  .  .  .  moreretur:  a  clause  explaining  consilio,  as  in  1.  129. 

162.  ad-amo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,      166.  peritia,  -ae,  /.  [peritus],  experi- 
fall  in  love  with.  ence,  knowledge. 

163.  aegre,  adv.  [aeger],  painfully;      medicina, -ae, /.  [medeor,  heal],  the 
with  difficulty;   with  grief;  with  healing  art,  medicine, 
resentment. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


139 


silium  iniit.  Media  nocte  Insciente  patrejex  urbe  evasit;  et, 
postquam  in  monies  finitimos  venit,  herbas  quasdam  carpsit; 
turn,  suco  expresso,  unguentum  paravit,  quod  vl  sua  corpus 
aleret  nervosque  confirmaret.  Hoe  facto,  JasonI  unguentum  i7o 
dedit;  praecepit  autera  ut  eo  die  quo  isti  labores  conficiendi 
essent  corpus  suum  et  arma  mane  oblineret.  Jason,  etsi 
paene  omnibus  magnitudine  et  viribus  corporis  praestabat 
(vita  enim  omnis  in  venationibus  atque  in  studils  rei  mllitaris 
constiterat) ,  censebat  tamen  hoc  consilium  non  neglegendum  175 
esse. 

167.  insciente  patre,  without  her  father^ s  knowledge,  ablative  absolute. 

170.  aleret,  confirmaret:  employ  the  auxiliary  "should"  in  translation; 
the  clause  is  a  relative  clause  of  purpose. 

171.  quo:  for  quo  die,  when. 

conficiendi  essent,  were  to  he  performed;  the  principle  of  subjunctive  by 
attraction  is  explained  in  the  note  on  si  quis,  1.  20. 

175    constiterat,  had  consisted;  from  consto. 


167.  In-sciens,  gen.  -scientis,  adj., 
unknowing,  without  knowledge, 
unaware. 

168.  herba,-ae, /.,  herb;  grass,  turf. 

carpo,  carpere,  carpsi,  carptum,  tr., 
pluck. 

169.  sucus,  -i,  m.,  juice,  sap. 

exprimo,  -primere,  -pressi,  -pres- 
sum,  ir.  [ex+premo],  press  out; 
wring  out;  elicit. 

unguentum,  -i,  n.  [ungo,  anoint], 
ointment. 

170.  alo,  alere,  alui,  altum,  fr., 
nourish,  sustain. 


nervus,  -i,  m.,  sinew,  muscle,  power, 
strength. 

172.  mane,  adv.,  in  the  morning, 
early  in  the  morning. 

ob-lino,  -linere,  -levi,  -litum,  tr., 
daub,  smear  over. 

174.  venatio,  -onis,  /.  [venor],  hunt- 
ing, the  chase. 

175.  censeo,  censere,  censui,  cen- 

sum,  tr.,  estimate,  think,  believe. 

neglego,  -legere,  -lexi,  -lectum,  tr. 
[nee  +  lego],  disregard,  neglect, 
slight. 


13.  Sowing  the  Dragon's  Teeth 

Ubi  is  dies  venit  quem  rex  ad  arandum  agrum  edixerat, 
Jason,  orta  luce,  cum  socils  ad  locum  constitutum  se  contulit. 
Ibi  stabulum  ingens  repperit,  in  quo  taurl  inclusi  erant.     Tum, 


178.  orta  luce,  at  daybreak. 


140  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

180  portis  apertis,  tauros  in  lucem  traxit,  et  summa  cunT  difficul- 
tate  jugum  imposuit.  At  Aeetes,  cum  videret  taurgs  nihil 
contra  Jasonem  valere,  magnopere  miratus  est;  nesciebat 
enim  fUiam  suam  auxilium  ei  dedisse.  Turn  Jason,  omnibus 
aspicientibus,  agrum  arare  coepit;  qua  in  re  tantam  dlligen- 

185  tiam  praebuit  ut  ante  meridiem  totum  opus  confecerit.  Hoc 
facto,  ad  locum  ubi  rex  sedebat  adiit,  et  dentes  draconis 
postulavit;  quos  ubi  accepit,  in  agrum  quem  araverat  magna 
cum  diligentia  sparsit.  Horum  autem  dentiam  natura  erat 
talis  ut  in  eo  loco  ubi  sparsi  essent  virT  armati  miro  quodam 

190  modo  gignerentur. 

181.  nihil:  accusative  of  extent,  as  in  1.  121;  with  valere,  had  no  power. 

184.  qua  in  re :  the  position  of  the  preposition  is  like  that  of  ob  in  1.  18. 

tantam:  this  word  (also  talis  in  1.  189)  indicates  clearly  whether  the  ut 
clause  following  is  one  of  purpose  or  of  result. 

185.  confecerit:  the  perfect  subjunctive  where  an  imperfect  would  seem 
to  be  required  by  sequence  of  tenses,  App.  1^,  1. 

181.  jugum,  -i,  n.,  yoke.  185.  meridies,    -ei,    m.     [mediusH- 

182.  valeo,   -ere,   valui,  valiturus,  dies],  mid-day,  noon;  the  south. 
intr.,  be  strong,  have  power;  be       188.  spargo,  -ere,  sparsi,  sparsum 
valid.  tr.,  strew,  scatter,  sprinkle. 

184.  aspicio,  aspicere,   aspexi,   as-      190.  gigno,  -ere,  genui,  genitus,  tr., 
pactum,  tr.  [ad+specio,  look],  look  give  birth  to;  beget, 

at,  behold,  look  on. 


14.   A  Strange  Crop 

A/or   Ye? 

Nondum  tamen  Jason  totum  opus  confecerat;  imperaverat 
enim  el  Aeetes  ut  armatos  viros  qui  e  dentibus  gignerentur 
solus  interficeret.  Postquam  omnes  dentes  in  agrum  sparsit, 
Jason,   lassitudine   exanimatus,    quietl   se   tradidit,    dum   virl 


192.  ut  .  .  .  interficeret,  to  kill;  a  noun  clause  with  its  verb  in  the  active 
when  used  as  the  object  of  a  verb  of  commanding,  persuading,  or  warning 
is  usually  to  be  translated  by  an  infinitive. 

193.  solus,  without  assistance. 

194.  lassitude,  -dinis, /.  [lassus,  weary],  weariness. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  141 

isti    gignerentur.      Paucas    horas    dormiebat;  i^ub    vesperum,  195 
tamen,  e  somno  subito  excitatus,  rem  ita  evenisse  ut  praedic- 
tum  erat  cognovit;   nam  in   omnibus  agii  partibus   virl   in- 
genti  magnitudine  corporis,  ensibus  galelsque  armati,  mirum 
in  modum  e  terra  oriebantur.     Hoc  cognito,  Jason  consilium 
quod  dederat  Medea  non  omittendum  esse  putabat;  saxum  200 
igitur  ingens   (ita  enim  praeceperat  Medea)   in  medios  viros 
conjecit.     IllI  undique  ad  locum  concurrerunt,  et  cum  quis- 
que  sibi  id  saxum  (nescio  cur)  habere  vellet,  magna  contro- 
versia    orta    est.      Mox,    strictis    ensibus,    inter    se    pugnare 
coeperunt,   et,   cum   hoc   modo   plurimi   occisi  essent,   reliqui  205 
vulneribus  confecti  a  Jasone  nuUo  negotio  interfecti  sunt. 

195.  gignerentur,  should  be  born;  an  anticipatory  subjunctive  with  dum, 
until.  In  1.  138  the  event  was  one  to  be  forestalled;  here  it  is  one  to  pre- 
pare for. 

sub  vesperum,  toward  evening. 

196.  ut:  with  the  indicative  this  word  means  as  or  when;  in  the  sense  of 
as,  it  may  be  correlative  with  ita  or  sic,  as  in  this  sentence. 

198.  mirum  in  modum:  a  prepositional  phrase  equivalent  to  miro  modo. 

203.  nescid  cur,  for  some  reason  or  other;  in  1.  13  occurred  nescio  quam 
fdbulam. 

204.  inter  se,  one  another;  a  phrase  denoting  reciprocal  action,  and  of 
frequent  occurrence. 

196.  e-venio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ven-  sum,  tr.  [ob+mitto],  let  go;  neg- 

tum,  intr.,  come  out;  result,  turn  lect. 

out. 


203.  contrdversia,   -ae,  /.    [contro- 
versus,  disputed],  dispute,  quar 

204.  stringo,  -ere,  strinxi,  strictu 
200.  omitto,  omittere,  omisi,  omis-           tr.,  strip  off;  draw,  unsheathe. 


prae-dico,  -dicere,  -dixi,  -dictum,  tr.,  versus,  disputed],  dispute,  quarrel, 

foretell,  predict.  204.  stringo,  -ere,  strinxi,  strictum, 


15.   Flight  of  Medea 

At  rex  Aeetes,  ubi  cognovit  Jasonem  laborem  propositum 
confecisse,  ira  graviter  commotus  est;  intellegebat  enim  id 
per  dolum  factum  esse,  nee  dubitabat  quin  Medea  auxilium 

209.  quin  .  .  .  tulisset:  quTn  and  the  subjunctive  after  a  verb  of  doubt- 
ing, as  in  1.  113. 


142  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

210  ei  tulisset.  Medea  autem,  cum  intellegeret  se  in  magno  fore 
perTculo,  si  in  regia  mansisset,  fuga  salutem  petere  constituit. 
Omnibus  igitur  ad  fugam  paratis,  media  nocte,  msciente 
patre,  cum  fratre  Absyrto  evasit,  et  quam  celerrime  ad  locum 
ubi  Argo  subducta  erat  se  contulit.     Eo  cum  venisset,   ad 

215  pedes  Jasonis  se  projecit,  et  multis  cum  lacrimis  obsecravit 
eum  ne  in  tanto  discrimine  mulierem  desereret  quae  ei 
tantum  profuisset.  Ille,  quod  memoria  tenebat  se  per  ejus 
auxilium  e  magno  periculo  evasisse,  libenter  eam  excepit  et, 
postquam   causam   veniendl   audivit,    hortatus   est   ne   patris 

220  iram  timeret.  Promlsit  autem  se  quam  primum  eam  in  nave 
sua  avecturum. 

210.  fore:  a  future  infinitive,  often  employed  instead  of  futurus  esse. 

214.  subducta:  the  size  of  ancient  ships  made  it  possible  to  "beach" 
them;  for  "launch"  we  have  found  deduco. 

216.  ne,  not  to. 

220.  quam  primum,  as  soon  as  possible.     What  is  the  force  of  a  super- 
lative with  quam?     Point  out  another  example  a  few  lines  above. 

214.  sub-duco,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -due-      216.  discrimen,  -inis,  n.  [discemo, 
turn,  tr.,  lead  up,  lead  away;  draw  separate],  crisis,  peril. 

up,  beach.  217.  tantum,  adv.  [ace.  n.  of  tantus], 

215.  obsecro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  so  greatly;  this  much,  only. 
[ob+sacro,  make  sacred],  entreat,  221.  a-veho,  -vehere,  -vexi,   -vec- 
implore.  tum,  tr.,  carry  off,  take  away. 


16.   Seizure  of  the  Fleece 

Postridie  ejus  diei  Jason  cum  sociis  suis,  orta  luce,  navem 

deduxit  et,  tempestatem  idoneam  nacti,  ad  eum  locum  remis 

contenderunt,  quo  in  loco  Medea  vellus  celatum  esse  demon- 

225  stravit.     Eo  cum  venissent,  Jason  in  terram  egressus  est  et, 

sociis  ad   mare  relictis   qui   praesidio   navl  essent,   ipse   cum 

224.  quo  in  \oc6=uhi. 

226.  qui  praesidio  navi  essent,  to  guard  the  ship;  the  clause  is  one  of 
purpose;  praesidio  is  a  dative  of  purpose,  ndvl  a  dative  of  reference,  App. 
53,  54. 


A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER  143 

Medea  in  silvas  viam  cepit.  Pauca  milia  passuum  per  silvam 
progressus,  vellus  quod  quaerebat  ex  arbore  suspensum  vidit. 
Id  tamen  auferre  res  erat  summae  difficultatis;  non  modo 
enim  locus  ipse  egregie  et  natura  et  arte  munitus  erat,  sed  230 
etiam  draco  quidam,  specie  terribili,  arborem  custodiebat. 
At  Medea,  quae,  ut  supra  demonstravimus,  artis  medicae 
summam  scientiam  habuit,  ramum  quern  ex  arbore  proxima 
deripuerat  veneno  infecit.  Hoc  facto,  ad  locum  appropin- 
quavit,  et  draconem,  qui  faucibus  apertis  adventum  expecta-  235 
bat,  veneno  sparsit;  proinde,  dum  drac5  somno  oppressus 
dormit,  Jason  vellus  aureum  ex  arbore  deripuit,  et  cum 
Medea  quam  celerrime  pedem  rettulit. 

238.  pedem  rettulit:  see  refero  in  final  vocabulary. 

228.  suspendo,    -pendere,    -pendi,      234.  deripio,   -ripere,   -ripui,  -rep- 
-pensum,   tr.  [sub+pendo],   hang  turn,   tr.   [de+rapio],    tear  .away, 

up,  suspend.  pull  off, 

230.  egregie,  adv.  [egregius],  excel-      236.  pro-inde,   adv.,    therefore,   ac- 
lently,  unusually.  cordingly. 

232.  medicus.  -a.  -um,  adj.  [medeor,       ^^l^\  t^^rem^fTrl^s  Twn" 
heal],  of  heaUng,  medical.  wTgh  "dLtr^erte  'oTerl 

233.  ramus,  -i,  m.,  branch,  bough.  power. 


17.  Back  to  the  Argo 

Dum  tamen  ea  geruntur,  Argonautae,  qui  ad  mare  relict! 
erant,  animo  anxio  reditum  Jasonis  expectabant;  bene  enim  240 
intellegebant  id  negotium  summi  esse  perlcull.  Postquam 
igitur  ad  occasum  solis  frustra  expectaverant,  de  ejus  salute 
desperare  coeperunt,  nee  dubitabant  quin  aliqui  casus  acci- 
disset.  Quae  cum  ita  essent,  maturandum  sibi  censuerunt, 
ut  auxilium  duci  ferrent;  at,  dum  proficlsci  parant,  lumen  245 
quoddam  subito   conspiciunt,   mirum  in  modum  inter  silvas 

244.  maturandum  (esse)  sibi,  that  they  ought  to  make  haste;  impersonal 
use  of  the  passive  of  an  intransitive  verb;  sibi  is  a  dative  of  agent,  App.  56. 

240.  anxius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  anxious. 


144  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

refulgens,  et  magnopere  mlrati  quae  causa  esset  ejus  rei,  ad 
locum  concurrunt.  Quo  cum  venissent,  Jasoni  et  Medeae 
advenientibus  occurrerunt,  et  vellus  aureum  Itiminis  ejus 
250  causam  esse  cognoverunt.  Omni  timore  sublato,  magno  cum 
gaudio  ducem  suum  exceperunt,  et  dis  gratias  libenter  ege- 
runt,  quod  res  ita  fellciter  evenisset. 

248.   Quo  cum:  translate  as  if  eo  cum. 

251.  dis:  the  form  regularly  employed  for  the  dative  and  ablative  plu- 
ral of  deus. 

252.  quod  .  .  .  evenisset:  the  indicative  is  used  with  quod  causal  unless 
the  reason  is  regarded  as  a  quotation.  Here  the  causal  clause  contains 
the  reason  assigned  in  the  Argonauts'  prayer;  compare  1.  142. 

247.  re-fulgeo,  -fulgere,  -fulsi,  — ,  any  place,  anj^where;  with  com- 
intr.,  flash  back,  glitter.  par.,  in  order  that. 

248.  Quo,  adv.  [qui],  interrog.,  249.  ad-venio, -venire, -veni, -ven- 
whither?  where?  relative,  to  which  tum,  intr.,  come  to,  come  up, 
place  or  point,  whither;  znde/.,  to  approach. 


18.   Pursued  by  the  Angry  Father 

His  rebus  gestis,  omnes  sine  mora  navem  rursus  conscen- 
derunt  et,  sublatis  ancoris,  prima  vigilia  solverunt;  neque 
255  enim  satis  tutum  esse  arbitrati  sunt,  in  eo  loco  manere.  At 
rex  Aeetes,  qui  jam  ante  inimico  in  eos  fuerat  animo,  ubi 
cognovit  flliam  suam  non  modo  ad  Argonautas  se  recepisse, 
sed  etiani  ad  vellus  auferendum  auxilium  tulisse,  hoc  dolore 
gravius  exarsit.     Navem  longam  quam  celerrime  deduci  jussit 

254.  vigilia :  a  method  of  reckoning  time  in  the  night,  which  was  divided, 
from  sunset  to  sunrise,  into  four  equal  "watches." 

256.  inimico  in  eos  fuerat  animo,  had  entertained  hostile  feelings  toward 
them;  animo  is  a  descriptive  ablative  in  the  predicate. 

258.  hoc  dolore:  for  hujus  rel  dolore,  in  resentment  at  this;  literally,  he- 
cause  of  this  resentment. 

259.  navem  longam,  a  war  ship. 

264.  vigilia,  -ae,  /.  [vigil,  awake],  a      259.  ex-ardesco,  -ardescere,  -arsi, 
watching;  a  watch  {as  a  division  -arsum,  intr.,  blaze  out;  be   in- 

of  time).  flamed,  be  enraged. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  145 

et,  mllitibus  impositls,  fugientes  insecutus  est.  Argonautae,  200 
qui  bene  sciebant  rem  in  discrimine  esse,  summis  viribus 
remis  contendebant.  Cum  tamen  navis  qua  vehebantur  in- 
genti  esset  magnitudine,  non  eadem  celeritate  qua  Colchl, 
progredl  poterant.  Quae  cum  ita  essent,  a  Colchis  sequenti- 
bus  paene  capti  sunt;  neque  enim  longius  intererat  quam  quo  205 
telum  adjici  posset.  At  Medea,  cum  vidisset  quo  in  loco  res 
essent,    paene    omnI    spe    deposita,    Infandum    hoc    consilium 

cepit. 

~' ^^ — 

260.  fugientes:  the  present  participle  again  as  a  noun,  fugitives. 

261.  summis  viribus  remis  contendebant,  plied  (literally  strove  with)  the 
oars  with  all  their  might;  viribus  is  an  ablative  of  manner,  ranis  of  means. 

262.  qua,  in  which;  an  ablative  of  means. 

265.  neque  enim,  etc.,  for  the  distance  between  them  was  not  greater  than 
a  javelin's  throw;  quo  .  .  .  posset  is  a  clause  of  result,  literally  greater  than 
to  which  a  javelin  could  be  thrown. 

260.  in-sequor,     -sequi,      -secutus      266.  ad-jicio,  -jicere,  -jecl,  -jectum, 
sum,   tr.   and  intr.,   follow  after,  tr.  [ad+jacio],  hurl  to,  hurl  upon, 

pursue,  follow  up.  throw. 

265.  inter-sum, -esse, -fui,-futurus,       267.  in-fandus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,   un- 
intr.,  be  between,  he  between;  be  speakable,  shocking, 

present  at,  attend. 


19.   A  Fearful  Expedient 

Erat  in  nave  Argonautarum  fllius  quidam  regis  Aeetae, 
nomine  Absyrtus,  quem,  ut  supra  demonstravimus,  Medea,  270 
ex  urbe  fugiens,  secum  abduxerat.  Hunc  puerum  Medea 
constituit  interficere  eo  consilio,  ut,  membrls  ejus  in  mare 
conjectis,  cursum  Colchorum  impedlr^t;  pro  certo  enim 
sciebat  Aeetem,  cum  membra  fllii  vidisset,  non  longius  pro- 
secuturum  esse;  neque...  opinio,  eamfefellit.     Omnia  enim  ita  275 

273.  pro  certo  sciebat,  she  felt  certain;  Uterally,  knew  it  for  certain. 

275.  neque  opinio  eam  fefellit,  ayid  she  was  not  mistaken;  literallj^,  the 
expectation  did  not  deceive  her. 

271.  ab-duc6,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -due-  sum,  tr.,  follow,  follow  after. 

tum,  tr.,  lead  away,  bring  away.  275.  fallo,  fallere,  f efelli,  falsum,  tr., 

274.  pro-sequor,    -sequi,    -secutus  deceive,  cheat,  elude. 


146  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

evenerunt  ut  Medea  speraverat.  Aeetes,  i^ubi  primum  mem- 
bra vidit,  ad  ea  colligenda  navem  statu!  jussit.  Dum  tamen 
ea  geruntur,  Argonautae,  non  intermisso  remigandi  labore, 
mox  (quod  necesse  fuit)  e  conspectu  hostium  remoti  sunt, 
280  neque  prius  fugere  destiterunt  quam  ad  flumen  Eridanum 
pervenerunt.  At  Aeetes,  nihil  sibi  profuttirum  esse  arbitra- 
tus,  si  longius  progressus  esset,  animo  demisso  domum 
revertit,  ut  filil  corpus  ad  sepulturam  daret. 

276.  ubi  primum:  a  phrase  with  the  same  meaning  as  simul  ac;  cum 
primuyn  is  more  common. 

278.  non  intermisso  .  .  .  labore,  by  uninterrupted  labor  at  the  oars,  abla- 
tive absolute. 

279.  quod:  neuter,  because  reference  is  made  to  the  following  state- 
ment of  fact. 

280.  prius:  to  be  translated  with  quam,  before;  the  two  are  often  writ- 
ten as  one  word. 

282.  si  longius  progressus  esset:  in  form  a  condition,  in  thought  the 
subject  of  profuturum  esse,  it  would  do  him  no  good  to  go  farther, 

animo  demisso,  dejected. 

277.  coUigo, -ligere, -legi, -lectum,  [remex,  rower],  row,  ply  an  oar. 
tr.  [com-+lego],  collect                        279.  re-moveo,     -movere,     -movi, 

statud,   -ere,    statui,    statutum,  tr.  -motum,   tr.,    move    back;    take 

[status,    a    standing],    cause    to  away,  remove, 

stand,  stop;  resolve,  determine.  282.  de-mitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 

278.  remigo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr.  sum,  tr.,  send  down,  let  fall. 


20.  The  Bargain  with  Pelias 

Tandem  post  multa  pericula  Jason  in  eundem  locum  per- 
285  venit  unde  olim  profectus  erat.  Turn  e  navi  egressus,  ad 
regem  Peliam,  qui  regnum  adhuc  obtinebat,  statim  se  con- 
tulit  et,  vellere  aureo  monstrato,  ab  eo  postulavit  ut  regnum 
sibi  traderetur.  Pelias  enim  pollicitus  erat,  si  Jason  vellus 
rettulisset,  se  regnum  el  traditurum.  Postquam  Jason  quid 
290  fieri  vellet  ostendit,   Pelias  primum  nihil  respondit,   sed  diu 

289.  rettulisset,  should  bring  back.     In  direct  discourse  the  future  per- 
fect indicative,  rettuleris,  would  be  used. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  147 

in  eadem  tristitia  tacitus  permansit;  tandem  ita  loctitus  est: 
"Vides  me  aetate  jam  esse  confectum,  neque  dubium  est 
quin  dies  supremus  mihi  adsit.  Liceat  igitur  mihi,  dum 
vivam,  hoc  regnum  obtinere;  tum,  postquam  ego  e  vita  dis- 
cessero,  tti  in  meum  locum  venies."  Hac  oratione  adductus,  295 
Jason  respondit  se  id  facturum  quod  ille  rogasset. 

293.  mihi  (adsit) :  a  dative  of  reference,  for  me;  best  translated  here  by 
a  possessive,  my  last  day. 

adsit:  like  non  dubito,  the  phrase  non  dubium  est  takes  quin  and  the 
subjunctive. 

Liceat:  the  subjunctive  expresses  an  entreaty,  allow  me,  etc.;  literally, 
may  it  be  'permitted  me;  App.  92. 

294.  vivam:  future  indicative  with  dum  meaning  as  long  as. 

ego,  tu:  the  personal  pronouns  are  here  employed  for  emphasis  and 
contrast. 


291.  tristitia,  -ae,  /.  [tristis],  dejec-  292.  dubius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  doubtful, 

tion,  sadness.  uncertain. 

tacitus,    -a,    -um,  adj.   [p.   part,  of  293.  supremus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [superl. 

taceo],  silent,  still.  of  superus],  highest;  last. 

per-maneo,  -manere,  -mansi,  -man-  ad-sum,  -esse,  -fui,  -futurus,  intr., 

sum,  intr.,  remain,  continue.  be  at  hand,  be  near. 


21.   A  Magical  Transformation 

His  rebus  cognitis,  Medea  rem  aegre  tulit  et  regni  cupi- 
ditate  adducta  constituit  mortem  regl  per  dolum  Inferre. 
Hoc  constituto,  ad  fllias  regis  venit  atque  ita  locuta  est: 
''Videtis  patrem  vestrum  aetate  jam  esse  confectum,  neque  300 
ad  laborem  regnandi  perferendum  satis  valere.  Vultisne  eum 
rursus  juvenem  fieri?"  Tum  flliae  regis  ita  responderunt : 
''Num  hoc  fieri  potest?     Quis  enim  umquam  e  sene  juvenis 

297.  rem  aegre  tulit:  a  combination  commented  on  in  connection  with 
1.  163. 

298.  mortem  regi  inferre,  to  cause  the  death  of  the  king.     What  is  the 
literal  translation?     Regl  is  a  dative  with  the  compound  verb  inferre. 

301.  Vultisne:  the  enclitic  -ne  serves  as  sign  of  a  direct  question,  with- 
out indicating  whether  a  positive  or  a  negative  answer  is  expected. 

303.  Num:  this  particle  indicates  that  "no"  is  the  expected  answer, 
this  can  not  be  done,  can  it? 


148  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READm 

factus  est?"  At  Medea  respondit,  '^Scitis  me  artis  medieae 
305  summam  habere  scientiam.  Nunc  igitur  vobis  demonstrabo 
quo  modo  haec  res  fieri  possit."  His  dictis,  cum  arietem 
aetate  iam  confectum  interfecisset,  membra  ejus  in  vase 
aeneo  posuit  et,  igne  supposito,  m  aquam  nerbas  quasdam 
infudit.  Tum,  dum  aqua  effervesceret,  carmen  magicum 
310  cantabat.  Post  breve  tempus  aries  e  vase  exiluit  et,  viribus 
refectis,  per  agros  currebat. 

309.  effervesceret:  anticipatory  subjunctive  with  dum,  until,  as  in  1.  195. 

305.  vos,   gen.   vestrum    or   vestri,       effervesce,  -fervescere,  -ferbui,  — , 
pers.  pro)i.,  pi.  of  tu,  you.  [ex+fervesco,  boil],  boil  up,  boil. 

306.  aries,  -etis,  m.,  ram.  carmen,  -inis,  n.,   a  song;   charm, 

307.  vas,  vasis,  n.,  vessel,  utensil.  incantation. 

308.  suppono,  -ponere,  -posul,  -po-      310.  canto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr. 
situm,  tr.  [sub+pono],  put  under.  [freq.  of  cano],  sing. 

309.  in-fundo,      -fundere,       -fudi,       exilio,  -ire,  -ui,  — ,  intr.  [ex+salio], 
-fusum,  tr.,  pour  into,  pour  upon.  leap,  spring  forth. 


22.   A  Dangerous  Experiment 

Dum  flliae  regis  hoc  miraculum  stupentes  intuentur, 
Medea  ita  locuta  est:  ''Videtis  quantum  valeat  ars  medica. 
Vos  igitur,  si  vultis  patrem  vestrum  in  adulescentiam  re- 
315  ducere,  id  quod  feci  ipsae  facietis.  Vos  patris  membra  in 
vas  conjicite;  ego  herbas  magicas  praebebo."  Flliae  regis 
consiUum  quod  dederat  Medea  non  omittendum  putaverunt. 
Patrem  igitur  PeHam  necaverunt,  et  membra  ejus  in  vas 
aeneum  conjecerunt;  nihil  enim  dubitabant  quin  hoc  piaxime 

314.  Vos,  you  (also).     In  315  and  316  vos  and  ego  are  in  contrast. 
319.  nihil:  not  at  all;  accusative  of  extent,  a  stronger  negative  than  non. 

312.  miraculum,  -i,  7i.  [miror],  mar-      in-tueor,    -tueri,    -tuitus    sum,   tr., 
vel,  miracle.  look  upon,  gaze  at;  protect. 

stupeo,   -ere,  stupul,   — -,  intr.,   be      314.  adulescentia,   -ae,  /.    [adules- 
astounded,  amazed,  aghast.  cens],  youth. 


A   JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  I49 

el  profuturum  esset.  At  res  omnino  aliter  evenit  ac  spera-  320 
verant;  Medea  enim  non  easdem  herbas  dedit,  quibus  ipsa 
usa  erat.  Itaque,  postquam  diu  frustra  expectaverunt,  pa- 
trem  suum  re  vera  mortuum  esse  intellexerunt.  His  rebus 
gestis,  Medea  sperabat  se  cum  conjuge  suo  regnum  accep- 
turam  esse.  At  elves,  cum  intellegerent  quo  modo  Pelias  325 
periisset,  tantum  scelus  aegre  tulerunt;  itaque,  Jasone  et 
Medea  e  regno  expulsis,  Acastum  regem  creaverunt. 

_ ■  ■"■  T 

320.  profuturum  esset,  would  benefit;  a  simple  form  of  the  subjunctive 
dependent  upon  a  verb  of  doubting  would  iiot  express  futurity;  Latin 
therefore  resorts  to  the  future  active  participle  with  the  subjunctive  of  sum. 

ac :  after  aliter  and  similar  words  ac  is  translated  than. 

323.  re  vera,  really,  in  truth. 

324.  se  .  .  .  accepturam  esse:  the  infinitive  with  subject  accusative  is 
used  after  spero  as  after  verbs  of  thinking,  knowing,  etc. 

326.  aegre  tulerunt:  were  incensed  at. 


320.  aliter,  adv.  [alius],  otherwise. 

« 


—  -H 

23.   A  Fatal  Gift 

Post  haec  Jason  et  Medea,  e  Thessalia  expulsl,  ad  urbem 
Corinthum  venerunt,  cujus  urbis  Creon  quidam  regnum  turn 
obtinebat.  Erat  autem  Creonti  filia  una,  nomine  Glauce;  330 
quam  cum  vidisset,  Jason  constituit  Medeam  uxorem  suam 
repudiare  eo  consilio,  ut  Glaucen  in  matrimonium  duceret. 
At  Medea,  ubi  intellexit  quae  ille  in  animo  haberet,  ira 
graviter  commota,  jure  jurando  confirmavit  se  tantam  in- 
juriam  ultiiram.  Hoc  igitur  consilium  cepit.  Vestem  paravit  335 
summa   arte    contextam    et    varils    coloribus   tinctam.     Hanc 

330.  Erat  Creonti  filia  una.  =Credn  flliam    unam  habebat;  Creonti  is  a 
dative  of 'possession,  App.  52. 

332.  Glaucen:  accusative;  see  note  on  Danae,  Per.  6. 

335.  Vestem:  like  the  robe  of  Nessus  in  the  story  of  Hercules. 

334.  jus   jiirandum,   juris   jurandi,  tum,  ir.,  weave. 

«.,  an  oath.  tingo,  -ere,  tinxi,  tinctum,  tr.,  dip, 

336.  con-texo,  -texere,  -texui,  -tex-  dye. 


150  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

diro  quodam  Infecit  veneno,  cujus  vis  talis  erat  ut,  si  quis 
earn  vestem  induisset,  corpus  ejus  quasi  igne  tireretur.  Hoc 
facto,  vestem  Glaucae  misit.  Ilia  autem,  nihil  mall  suspicans, 
340  donum  libenter  accepit,  et  vestem  novam  (more  feminarum) 
statim  induit. 

*  

338.  induisset:  the  clause  si  quis  .  .  .  induisset  depends  upon  a  sub- 
junctive, ureretur;  by  what  principle  is  induisset  made  subjunctive? 

338.  uro,  -ere,  ussi,ustum,  tr.,  burn.^ 


24.  Flight  of  Medea,  and  Death  of  Jason 

Vix  vestem  induerat  Glauce,  cum  dolorem  gravem  per 
omnia  membra  sensit,  et  post  paulum  diro  cruciatti  affecta  e 
vita  excessit.     His  rebus  gestis,  Medea,  furore  atque  amentia 

345  impulsa,  filios  suos  necavit.  Tum  magnum  sibi  fore  perlcu- 
lum  arbitrata  si  in  Thessalia  maneret,  ex  ea  regione  fugere 
constituit.  Hoc  constitute,  Solem  oravit  ut  in  tanto  perlcul5 
auxilium  sibi  praeberet.  Sol  autem,  his  precibus  commotus, 
currum    mIsit,    cui    dracones,    alls    InstructI,    juncti    erant. 

350  Medea  non  omittendam  tantam  occasionem  arbitrata  currum 
conscendit,  itaque  per  aera  vecta  incolumis  ad  urbem  Athenas 
pervenit.  Jason  autem  post  breve  tempus  miro  modo  occlsus 
est.  Ille  enim  (sive  casu  sive  consilio  deorum)  sub  umbra 
navis  suae,  quae  in  lltus  subducta  erat,  olim  dormiebat.     At 

355  navis,  quae  adhuc  erecta  steterat,  in  eam  partem  ubi  Jason 
jacebat  subito  delapsa  virum  Infelicem  oppressit. 

342.  cum  .  .  .  sensit:  the  same  use  of  cum,  when,  noted  in  connection 
with  1.  109. 

351.  itaque:  the  two  parts  of  the  word  are  here  to  be  translated  sepa- 
rately, and  so.     What  is  the  usual  meaning? 


344.  amentia,  -ae, /.  [amens,  out  of  349.  curnis,  -us,  m.,  chariot, 

one's  mind],  madness.  353.  umbra,  -ae,/.,  shadow. 

348.  prex,  precis,  /.    (usually   pL),  356.  de-labor,  -labi,   -lapsus  sum, 

prayer,  entreaty.  intr.,  fall  down,  slip  down. 


STORIES  FROM   ROMAN  HISTORY 

The  city  of  Rome  was  believed  by  the  Romans  to  have 
been  founded  by  Romulus,  who  was  the  grandson  of  the 
king  of  Alba  Longa,  a  town  situated  in  the  Alban  Hills, 
not  far  from  Rome.  According  to  legend  Romulus  was  the 
descendant  of  Aeneas,  who  had  fled  from  Troy  to  Italy  when 
Troy  was  captured  by  the  Greeks. 

Following  Romulus  six  other  kings  ruled  over  Rome,  the 
last  of  whom  was  driven  from  his  throne  and  compelled  to 
go  into  exile.  A  republican  form  of  government  was  then 
established  which  continued  nearly  to  the  beginning  of  the 
Chi'istian  era. 

The  stories  of  Romulus  and  the  other  heroes  of  Rome's 
early  history  are  so  involved  with  legend  and  myth  that  they 
have  but  little  historical  value.  But  because  of  the  large 
place  which  they  hold  in  the  literature  and  art  of  the 
Romans  they  are  scarcely  less  significant  than  the  more 
truthful  narrative  of  later  times. 

The  stories  of  the  republican  period  and  probably  of  the 
greater  part  of  the  period  of  the  kings,  as  here  given,  deal 
with  historical  facts.  Since  the  civilization  of  today  is  so 
closely  bound  up  with  that  of  the  Romans,  these  stories  of 
Rome  may  be  said  to  have  a  direct  connection  with  the  life 
of  the  great  nations  of  the  present  time,  our  own  nation 
included. 

The  narrative  is  not  given  in  the  exact  form  in  which 
it  has  come  down  to  us  in  the  works  of  the  Roman  writers, 
but  the  incidents  are  told  substantially  as  they  are  found  in 
their  works. 


152 


STORIES  FROM  ROMAN  HISTORY 

1.   Aeneas  Settles  in  Italy 

Olim  in  Asia  erat  urbs  antlqua,  quae  Troja  appellata  est. 
Earn  urbem  Graeci  decern  annos  obsederunt  tandemque 
ceperunt.  Priamo  rege  fllilsque  ejus  interfectis,  urbem  de- 
le verunt.  Sed  Aeneas,  qui  inter  clarissimos  defensores  urbis 
fuerat,  cum  panels  comitibus  ex  urbe  effugit;  cum  profugos  5 
ex  omnibus  partibus  coegisset,  in  Italiam  migrare  constituit. 

Post  septem  annos  venit  in  eam  partem  Italiae  ubi  erat 
urbs  Laurentum.  Ibi  cum  TrojanI  praedam  ex  agris  agerent, 
Latinus  rex  Aboriginesque,  qui  tum  ea  loca  tenebant,  agros 
defendere  paraverunt.  Sed  Latinus,  postquam  in  coUoquio  lo 
originem  multitudijiis  ducisque  cognovit,  pacem  cum  Aenea 
fecit  atque  postea  ei  Laviniam  filiam  in  matrimonium  dedit. 
TrojanI  urbem  condiderunt,  quam  Aeneas  ab  nomine  uxoris 
Lavlniilm  appellavit. 

Deinde  Turnus,  rex  Rutulorum,  cui  Lavlnia  ante  adventum  15 
Aeneae  desponsa  erat,  bello  Latmum  Trojanosque  aggressus 
est.      Victi   sunt   Rutull,   sed   victores   ducem   Latlnum   aml- 
serunt.     Inde  Turnus  auxilium  petiit  ab  Etruscis,  qui  totam 


4.  Aeneas:  a  Greek  noun  adapted  to  the  Latin  first  declension;  nom. 
Aeneas,  gen.  and  dat.  Aeneae,  ace.  Aenedn  or  Aeneam,  abl.  Aened. 

5.  cum,  when;  with  the  subjunctive  in  a  descriptive  clause  of  situation, 
App.  102. 

8.  praedam:  since  booty  consisted  largely  of  cattle,  ago,  drive,  is  an 
appropriate  verb;  in  English,  "collect,"  "carrj^  off,"  are  the  usual  terms. 

16.  bello,  in  war,  ablative  of  means. 

18.  Etruscis:  the  Etruscans  were  a  people  whose  origin  is  unknown. 
They  were  not  of  the  same  racial  stock  as  the  Romans  and  other  peoples 
of  Italy.  They  attained  a  high  degree  of  civilization  and  exercised  a 
marked  influence  on  Roman  civilization. 

4.  defensor,  -oris,  m.  [defendo],  de-       5.  profugus,  -i,  m.  [profugid],   fugi- 
fender.  tive,  refugee. 

153 


154  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

Italiam  fama  nominis  sul  impleverant:  illi  metuentes  novam 
20  urbem  multitudine  opibusque  crescentem  laeti  auxilium  tu- 
lerunt.  Aeneas  in  tanto  discrlmine,  ut  Aborigines  Tro- 
janosque  sub  eodem  jure  atque  nomine  haberet,  Latinos 
utramque  gentem  appellavit.  Cum  ad  versus  Etruscos  se 
moenibus  defendere  posset,  tamen  in  aciem  copias  eduxit. 
25  EtruscI  victi  sunt;  victores  tamen  ducem  ut  antea  amise- 
runt;  post  pugnam  enim  Aeneam  reperire  non  potuerunt; 
multl  igitur  eum  ad  deos  transisse  crediderunt. 

20.  multitudine,  opibus:  ablatives  of  respect. 

laeti:  to  be  translated  by  an  adverb;  an  adjective  is  frequently  employed 
in  Latin  where  English  requires  an  adverb. 

21.  ut  .  .  .  haberet:  a  clause  of  purpose,  App.  94. 

22.  Latinos  utramque  gentem  appellavit,  called  both  nations  Latini; 
two  accusatives  with  the  active  of  a  verb  of  naming;  likewise  in  1.  13. 

23.  Cum:  that  the  conjunction  is  adversative,  although,  is  shown  by 
tamen,  nevertheless,  in  the  principal  clause. 

24.  defendere  posset,  could  have  defended. 

27.  transisse :  since  Aeneas  was  by  legend  the  son  of  the  goddess  Venus, 
it  was  not  unnatural  to  represent  his  disappearance  as  a  "translation"  to 
the  ranks  of  the  gods. 

23.  adversus,  prep,  with  ace,  opposed  to,  against. 


2.   Founding  of  Alba  Longa 

Lavinia  inde  regnavit,  quoad  Ascanius,  Aeneae  filius,  ado- 

levit.     Tum   ille   propter   abundantem   Lavini   multitudinem 

matri  urbem  reliquit;  ipse  novam  aliam  urbem  sub  Albano 

monte  condidit,  quae  Alba  Longa  appellata  est.     Multi  reges 

5  post   Ascanium   imperium   Albanum   gesserunt.      Quidam   ex 


3.  sub:  with  an  ablative  the  meaning  is  under,  or  at  the  foot  of. 

Albano  monte :  this  mountain  in  historical  times  was  the  site  of  a  temple 
of  Jupiter  Latiaris,  i.e.,  Jupiter  as  the  god  of  the  towns  belonging  to  the 
Latin  League. 


1.  quo-ad,  adv.  and  conj.,  until,  as  long  as. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER  155 

his,  cui  nomen  Proca  erat,  duos  fllios,  Numitorem  atque 
Amulium,  habuit.  Numitori,  qui  major  erat,  regnum  reliquit. 
Pulso  tamen  fratre,  Amulius  regnavit.  Filium  fratris  neca- 
vit;  filiam  Rheam  Silviam  per  speciem  honoris  sacerdotem 
Vestae   legit.  lO 

6.  cui  nomen  Proca  erat,  whose  name  was  Proca;  cui  is  a  dative  of  pos- 
session, App.  52. 

7.  major,  older;  a  frequent  meaning,  the  full  expression  being  major 
ndtu,  (literally)  greater  by  birth. 

9.  sacerdotem:  a  second  accusative  after  legit,  which  belongs  to  the 
list  of  verbs  of  "naming,"  "choosing,"  etc.;  one  accusative  denotes  the  per- 
son named  or  chosen,  the  other  what  he  is  named  or  the  office  to  which 
he  is  chosen. 

10.  Vestae:  goddess  of  the  hearth  of  each  home,  but  also  worshiped 
by  the  state.  In  the  Roman  Forum  stood  the  small  round  temple  which 
was  the  seat  of  the  state  cult.  Here  was  kept  burning  a  never-dying  fire 
tended  by  the  Vestal  Virgins,  who  during  their  service  of  thirty  years 
were  not  allowed  to  marry. 

7.  major,    ma  jus,   adj.    [compar.  of  m.  pL,  ancestors. 

magnus],   larger,    greater;    major      9.  sacerdos, -otis,  w.  and /.  [sacer], 
natu,  older;  subst.,  majores,  -um,  priest,  priestess. 


3.   Romulus  and  Remus 

Ex  hac  filia  nati  sunt  duo  fllii,  Romulus  et  Remus.  Pater 
eorum,  ut  fama  est,  Mars  deus  erat.  Sed  nee  dei  nee 
homines  matrem  et  pueros  a  crudelitate  regia  defenderunt. 
Sacerdos  in  custodiam  data  est;  pueros  rex  in  Tiberim  injici 
jussit.  Forte  Tiberis  abundaverat,  neque  ei  qui  pueros  fere- 
bant  adire  ad  altam  aquam  poterant.  Itaque  pueros  in 
alveo  posuerunt  atque  in  tenui  aqua  reliquerunt.     Sed  alveus 

2.  ut  fama  est,  according  to  tradition;  literally,  as  the  report  is. 

4.  Tiberim:  what  common  noun  has  the  accusative  in  -iin? 

5.  neque:  the  common  word  for  and  not;  the  negative  should  be  taken 
with  poterant. 

7.  reliquerunt:  supply  eos  as  object. 

4.  custodia,  -ae,  /.  [custos],  watch,      7.  alveus,  -i,  m.,  trough, 
custody,  guard. 


156  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

in  sicco  sedit.     Deinde  lupa  sitiens  —  sic  enim  est  traditum  — 
ex   montibus   qui   circa   sunt   ad   puerorum   vagltum   cursum 

10  flexit.     Faustulus,  pastor  regius,  earn  invenit  pueros  nutrien- 

tem.     Ab  eo  atque  Larentia  uxore  pueri  educati  sunt.     Cum 

primum  adoleverunt,  venaii  coeperunt  et  in  latrones  praeda 

onustos  impetus  facere  pastoribusque  praedam  dividere. 

Dum  quoddam  ludicrum  celebratur,  latrones  irati  ob  prae- 

15  dam  amissam  impetum  in  Romulum  et  Remum  fecerunt; 
captum  Remum  regl  Amulio  tradiderunt.  Pueros  praedam 
ex  agris  Numitoris  egisse  incusabant.  Sic  ad  supplicium 
Numitoii   Remus   deditur. 

Ab  initio  Faustulus  crediderat  pueros  jussu  regis  expositos 


8.  in  sicco  sedit,  drifted  ashore;  literally,  settled  on  dry  ground. 

sic  enim  est  traditum:  translate  in  the  same  manner  as  utfdma  est,  1.  2. 

10,  niitrientem:  a  verb  of  ''finding"  often  takes  a  participle  as  a  second 
accusative. 

11.  educati  sunt:  although  we  derive  "educate"  from  this  verb,  it  should 
regularly  be  translated  rear,  bring  up.  What  is  the  difference  between 
educo  and  educo? 

Cum  primum,  as  soon  as;  as  we  have  seen,  cum  in  this  combination 
regularly  takes  the  indicative,  like  simul  atque,  postquam,  ubi. 

13.  pastoribus:  dative  of  indirect  object,  although  we  say  "among" 
with  the  verbs  "divide,"  "distribute." 

14.  Dum  .  .  .  celebratur:  for  the  present  indicative  with  dum  see  note 
on  Per.  46;  the  verb  should  be  translated  by  a  past  tense. 

15.  amissam:  the  past  passive  participle  in  a  prepositional  phrase  is 
sometimes  best  translated  by  an  English  noun,  here  loss  of. 

17.  incusabant,  brought  as  an  accusation,  with  dependent  indirect  dis- 
course, pueros  .  .  .  egisse;  better,  accused  the  boys  of,  etc. 

19.  expositos:  equivalent  to  a  relative  clause,  who  had  been  abandoned. 


8.  siccus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  dry;  suh.'it.,  13.  onustus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [onus,  a 
siccum,  -i,  /;.,  dry  land.  burden],  loaded,  burdened. 

lupa,  -ae,  /.,  a  she-wolf.  14.  celebro,   -are,   -avi,   -atum,  tr. 

sitiens,  gen.  -entis,  adj.  [pr.  part,  of  [celeber],  throng;  celebrate, 

sitio,  to  thirst],  thirsty.  17.  incuso,   -are,   -avi,    -atum,    tr. 

9.  circa,  adv.  and  prep,   with  ace,  [in+causa],  accuse,  complain  of. 
around,  round  about.  19.  (jussus,   -us,   m.),   only  in   the 

10.  nutrio,     -ire,    -ivi,    -itum,    tr.,  abl.,   jussu,  by  order,  command, 
nourish,  nurse.  decree. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  157 

apud  sc  educari.  Turn  peiiculo  RemI  inotus  rem  Romulo  20 
aperit.  Forte  Numitor  quoque  audiverat  fratrcs  geiiiinos 
esse;  turn  comparans  et  aetatem  eorum  et  nobilem  animuni 
Remi  nepotem  agnovit.  Romulus  cum  manu  pastorum  in 
regem  Amulium  impetum  facit;  Remus  alia  parata  manu 
adjuvat.  Ita  rex  interfectus  est.  Imperium  Albanum  Numi-  25 
tori  avo  ab  juvenibus  restitutum  est.  Deinde  Romulus  et 
Remus  in  ils  locis  ubi  expositi  ubique  educati  erant  urbem 
condere  constituerunt. 

20.  apud  se,  at  his  house,  in  his  home;  apud  is  frequently  used  in  the 
sense  here  indicated  with  a  pronoun  or  a  person's  name. 

22.  comparo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.      26.  restituo,  -stituere,  -stitui,  -stitu- 
[compar,  hke],  compare.  turn,  tr.  [re-+statu6,  station],  re- 

store. 


4.   Founding  of  Rome 

Uterque  juvenis  nomen  novae  urbl  dare  eamque  regere 
cupiebat.  Sed  quod  geniini  erant,  nee  res  aetate  decernl' 
poterat,  augurils  usi  sunt.  A  Remo  prius  visl  sunt  sex 
vultures.  Romulo  postea  duodecim  sese  ostenderunt.  Uter- 
que ab  amicis  rex  appellatus  est  atque  regnum  postulabat. ,  ^ 
Cum  iratl  arma  rapuissent,  in  pugna  Remus  cecidit.  Ex 
alia  fama  Remus  illudens  fratrem  novos  muros  urbis  transi- 
luit,  inde  interfectus  est  ab  irato  Romulo,  qui  haec  verba 
quoque  addidit:      ''Sic   deinde  pereat  quicumque  alius  tran- 

3.  usi  sunt,  resorted  to;  notice  the  case  of  the  object. 

6.  Ex,  according  to. 

7.  illudens,  in  mockery  oj . 

9.  Sic  pereat,  so  perish;  optative  subjunctive,  App.  93. 

3.  augurium,  -i,  n.   [augur,  augur],  9.  quicumque,  quaecumque,  quod- 
augury,  divination.  cumque,    indef.    pron.,    whoever, 

7.  illudo,  -ludere,  -lusi,  -lusum,  tr.  whatever,  everyone  who,  every- 

[in+ludo,  play],  make   sport    of,  thmg  that, 
ridicule. 


158  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

10  siliet  moenia  mea."  Ita  solus  potitus  est  imperio  Romulus; 
conditam  urbem  a  suo  nomine  Romam  appellavit. 

Palatium  primum,  in  quo  ipse  erat  educatus,  munlvit. 
Vocata  ad  concilium  multitudine,  jura  dedit.  Insignia  quo- 
que  imperii,   g^ellam   curulem  togamque   praetextam,   et  duo- 

15  decim  llctores  stimpsit.  Asylum  aperuit  in  monte  Capitolino, 
quo  multi  ex  finitimis  populls  profugerunt.  Creavit  etiam 
centum  senatores,  qui  honoris  causae  patres  appellati  sunt. 


10.  imperio:  the  same  case  use  as  augurils,  1.  3. 

11.  conditam:  a  past  participle  equivalent  to  a  relative  clause,  as  in  3,  19. 

12.  Palatium:  the  Palatine  Hill  was  doubtless  the  location  of  the  ear- 
liest settlement  made  on  the  site  of  Rome.  Its  isolated  position  and 
considerable  area  made  it  the  natural  situation  for  a  fortified  town  domi- 
nating the  surrounding  hills. 

13^  jura  dedit,  gave  them  laws. 

14.  sellam  curulem:  an  ivory  stool  without  back,  with  curved  legs,  and 
with  a  seat  of  plaited  leather  straps. 

togam  praetextam:  the  toga  of  the  Roman  citizen  was  white.  Boys 
and  curule  magistrates  wore  a  toga  with  a  scarlet  border, 

15.  lictores:  the  lictors  were  attendants  upon  the  Roman  kings,  later 
upon  certain  magistrates  of  the  republic.  They  accompanied  the  official 
in  public,  clearing  the  way,  and  exacting  due  obeisance  from  passers-by. 
As  symbols  of  the  king's  power  to  scourge  and  to  put  to  death,  the  lictors 
carried  the  fasces,  a  bundle  of  rods  with  an  ax  enclosed.  The  magistrates 
of  the  republic,  however,  were  obliged  to  remove  the  ax  within  the  city 
and  to  lower  the  rods  before  the  popular  assembly. 

Asylum  in  monte  Capitolin5:  the  Capitoline  was  the  smallest  of  the 
hills  of  Rome.  It  had  two  peaks.  On  the  northern  was  the  citadel,  on 
the  southern  the  Capitolium,  or  temple  of  Jupiter.  The  saddle  between 
the  two  peaks  was  the  site  of  the  asylum,  place  of  refuge. 

16.  quo:  an  adverb. 

17.  honoris  causa,  as  a  mark  of  distinction;  remember  that  causa  and 
gratia  in  the  ablative  with  the  meaning  for  the  sake  of  stand  after  the  ac- 
companying genitive. 


14.  sella,  -ae, /.  [sedeo],  chair,  seat.  toga,  praetexta.,  the  toga  of  a  Roman 

magistrate,  which  was  edged  ivith 
curulis,  -e,  adj.,  curule.  scarlet. 

praetextus,  -a,  -um,   adj.    [p.  part.       15.  asylum, -i,  n.,  a  place  of  refuse; 
of  praetexo,  to  border],  bordered;  asylum. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  159 

5.   The  Sabine  Women 


—j^/-,  -t^JT^i 


Jam  res  Romana  firma  et  flnitimis  civitatibus  bello  par 
erat.  Sed  Roman!  neque  uxores  neque  cum  flnitimis  jus 
conubii  habebant.  Tum  Romulus  quosdam  ex  patribus 
legates  in  viclnas  gentes  misit  qui  societatem  contibiumque 
novo  populo  peterent.  Nusquam  benigne  legati  audit!  sunt;  5 
nam  finitim!  non  solum  Romanes  spernebant,  sed  etiam 
tantam  in  medio  crescentem  urbem  metuebant.  Itaque 
irati  Romani  vi  uti  statuerunt. 

Ad  eam  rem  Romulus,  ludis  paratis,  flnitimos  ad  specta- 
culum  invitavit.  Mult!  convenerunt,  ut  et  ludos  spectarent  lo 
et  novam  urbem  vitlerent.  Sabinorum  omnis  multitudo  cum 
liberis  ac  conjugibus  venit.  Ubi  spectaculi  tempus  venit 
omnesque  intent!  in  ludos  erant,  tum,  signo  dato,  Romani 
rapere  virgines  coeperunt.  Parentes  virginum  profugerunt 
clamantes  Romanes  hospitium  violavisse.  Nee  raptae  vir-  15 
gines  aut  spem  de  se  meliorem  aut  indignationem  minorem 
habebant. 

Sed    ipse    Romulus    circumlbat    ostendebatque    id    patrum 

1.  res  Romana:  virtually  equivalent  to  res  piiblica  Romana. 

civitatibus:  dative  depending  on  -par;  give  the  list  of  adjectives  govern- 
ing the  dative. 

bello:  ablative  of  respect.  TMiat  Enghsh  preposition  is  regularly  used 
in  translating  this  ablative? 

4.  qui  .  .  .  peterent,  to  ask  for;  a  relative  clause  of  purpose. 

13.  in  ludos,  on  the  games. 

1.  par,  paris,  adj.,  equal,  hke.  despise,  scorn,  spurn. 

3.  conubium,   -i,   n.    [com-+nub6],  13.  intentus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.  [p.  part. 
marriage.  ^/  intendo],  attentive,  intent. 

4.  vicinus,   -a,    -um,    adj.    [vicus],  16-  melior,    -ius,   adj.    [compar.    of 
neighboring.  bonus],  better. 

societas,  -atis,  /.   [socius],  associa-  ^"<^^'  "^^S'    «^>-    [compar.  of 

tion,  alliance.  parvus],  less,  smaller;  mmor  natu, 

'  younger. 

6.  solum,  adv.  [solus],  only,  merely,  jg.  circum-eo,  -ire,  -ii  (-ivi),  -itum, 

^  tr.  and  intr.,  go  around,  go  from 

spemo,  -ere,  sprevi,   spretum,   tr.,  one  to  another. 


160  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

superbia  factum  esse.     ''Quamquam  vl  captae  estis,"  inquit, 

20  ''omnia  jura  Romanorum  habebitis." 

Jam  multo  minus  perturbati  animi  rapt  arum  erant.  At 
parentes  earum  civitates  finitimas,  ad  quas  ejus  injikiae 
pars  pertinebat,  ad  arma  concitabant.  Hae  civitates  omnes 
a  Romulo  victae  sunt.    Novissimum  bellum  ab  Sablnls  ortum 

25  est,  quod  multo  rnaximum  fuit.  Sabini  arcem  Romanam  in 
■monte  Capitolino  dolo  ceperunt.  Roman!  postero  die  arcem 
reciperare  conati  sunt.  Ubi  Hostius  Hostilius,  dux  exercitus 
RomanI,  cecidit,  confestim  acies  Romana  pulsa  est.  At 
Romulus    templum    vovit    Jovi    Statori    oravitque    auxilium. 

30  Turn  credens  preces  suas  auditas  esse  ''hinc,"  inquit,  ''Ro- 
man!, Juppiter  optimus  maximus  nos  resistere  ac  renovare 
pugnam  jubet."  Restiterunt  Roman!  tamquam  caelest!  voce 
juss!. 

Tum   Sablnae   mulieres   ansae   sunt   se   inter   tela   volantia 

35  inferre,  ut  pacem  a  patribus  virisque  implorarent.  Duces  ea 
re    mot!    non    modo    pacem    sed    etiam    c!vitatem    unam    ex 

*-  -     ^ — — — — — — — ■ — 

19.  superbia:  ablative  of  cause. 

Quamquam:  this  conjunction  takes  an  indicative.  What  mood  is  used 
with  cum  meaning  although? 

21.  raptarum:  the  past  passive  participle  is  frequently  employed  as  a 
noun,  here  of  the  captured  women. 

29.  templum:  this  temple  lay  outside  the  Palatine  city.  It  was  prob- 
ably situated  somewhere  near  the  spot  where  the  Arch  of  Titus  now 
stands. 

31.  optimus  maximus:  a  set  phrase  applied  to  Jupiter;  English  inserts 
"and"  between  the  adjectives  in  translation. 

resistere :  here  in  the  less  frequent  meaning  make  a  stand. 

32.  Restiterunt:  emphatic  by  its  position  as  first  word  in  the  sentence; 
the  emphasis  is  reproduced  in  Enghsh  by  translating,  the  Romans  did  make 
a  stand. 

34.  se  inferre,  rush  in. 

23.  pertineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  — ^-intr.      32.  caelestis,  -e,  adj.  [caelum],  from 
[per+teneo],  stretch  out,  extend;  heaven,  celestial, 

relate,  pertain. 

con-cito,    -are,    -avi,     -atum,     /r.,       vox,  vocis,  /.,  voice,  cry,  utterance, 
rouse,  incite.  word. 


A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER  161 

duabus    faciunt;    regnum    quoque    consociant    atque    Romam 
faciunt   sedem   imperil.      Multitude   ita   aucta   novo    nomine 
Quirites    appellata   est    ex    Curibus,    quae    urbs    caput    Sabl- 
norum    erat.      Deinde    Romulus,    populo    in    curias    triginta  40 
diviso,  nomina  mulierum  raptarum  curils  dedit. 

Post  aliquot  annos  Tatius  ab  Laurentibus  interfectus  est. 
Romulus  postea  solus  regnavit.  Annis  sequentibus  bella 
secunda  cum  Fidenatibus  Veientibusque,  populis  Etruscis, 
gesta   sunt.  45 

Dum  Romulus  quodam  tempore  exercitum  in  campo  Mar-  ^ 
tio    recenset,    tempestas    subito    coorta   eum    nimbo    operuit/ 
Patres  qui   proximi  steterant  dixerunt  regem  sublimem  rap- 

-   ■  —      ■  ■        -  '  ■  ■  ■ ■■        ■       ■   .  -  ■  — — — ■ ' —  ■  1 

37.  faciunt:  for  the  historical  present  consult  the  note  on  Per.  64. 

39.  quae  urbs:  we  say  a  city  which,  putting  city  in  apposition  with  the 
name.  Latin  writers  avoided  putting  an  appositive  directly  before  a 
relative,  preferring  to  include  it  in  the  relative  clause. 

41.  curiis:  this  division  by  ''wards"  continued  through  the  republic  as 
the  basis  of  a  curiate  assembly  of  the  people  which  was  convened  for 
certain  purposes.  _,^,.,^^..^^  -  - 

42.  ab  Laurentibus:  Tatius  was  killed  in  revenge  for  ill  treatment  in- 
flicted by  certain  of  his  relatives  upon  envoys  from  Laurentum. 

44.  secunda:  derived  from  sequor,  follow;  from  one  point  of  view  that 
which  "follows"  is  "second";  from  another,  that  which  "follows"  or  "goes 
with  you"  is  "favorable,"  "successful."  Which  meaning  is  appropriate 
here? 

46.  campo  Martio:  the  northern  part  of  the  Campus  Martins  was 
devoted  to  athletic  purposes,  the  southern  part  was  a  place  of  meeting 
for  public  assemblies. 

47.  recenset:  why  is  the  present  tense  used?  AYhat  English  tense 
should  be  employed  in  translation? 

48.  sublimem:  predicate  adjective  after  raptum  esse;  translate,  had  been 
carried  away  on  high. 

37.  con-socio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  review. 

associate,  unite.  ._,  -  •      .  xu      j 

'  nimbus,  -1,  m.,  ram-storm;  thunder- 

40.  curia,  -ae,  /.  [curia,   a  divisioji  cloud. 

of  the  Roman  -people],  ward;  sen- 
ate-house, operio,   -ire,    operui,    opertum,    tr., 

triginta,  indecl.  numeral,  thirty.  ^°^^^'  ^°^^^"  «^^''  ^«"^^^^^- 

47.  re-censeo,    -censere,     -censul,      48.  sublimis, -e,  ac?/.,  uplifted,  high; 
-censum,    <r.,    number,    reckon;  up,  aloft. 


162  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

turn  esse.  Deinde  universi  clamant:  ''Salve,  deus  deo  nate." 
50  Romulus  dicitur  postea  cuidam  civi  se  ostendisse  et  eum  his 
verbis  allocutus  esse:  ''Nuntia  Romanis  deos  velle  meam 
Roniam  caput,  prbis  terrarum  esse;  proinde  res  militaris 
colenda  est;  nam  nuUae  opes  htimanae  armis  Romanis  re- 
sistere  possunt."  Postea  nomen  Quirinus  Romulo  additum 
55  est.     Regnavit  septem  et  triginta  annos. 

49.  Salve,  etc.,  hail  to  thee,  thou  god,  son  of  a  god. 

51.  meam  Romam  .  .  .  esse:  an  infinitive  with  subject  accusative  is 
frequently  used  as  an  object  of  void. 

53.  colenda  est:  the  use  of  the  future  passive  participle  with  swn  is 
explained  in  App.  126. 

49.  universus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [unus4-       salveo,  -ere,  — ,  — ,  intr.,  be  well; 
versus],  all  together,  all.  salve,  irnper.  {in  greetings),  hail  to 

you. 


6.     NUMA   POMPILIUS 

Cert  amen  inde  de  regno  inter  factiones  ortum  est.  SabinI 
regem  suae  factionis  creari  cupiebant.  RomanI  veteres  pere- 
grlnum  regem  recusabant.  Interregno  secuto,  senatus  im- 
perium  gessit.  Deinde  plebs  clamare  coepit  multos  dominos 
5  pro  uno  factos  esse.  Optimum  igitur  visum  est  sine  mora 
regem  ere  are. 

Habit abat  eo  tempore  Curibus  Numa  Pompilius,  vir  jus- 
tissimus  perltusque  omnis   divlni  atque  human!  juris.     Reg- 

2.  regem  .  .  .  creari:  object  of  cupiebant,  like  Romam  .  ,  .  esse,  object  of 
velle  in  5,  52. 

3.  interregno:  this  word  was  employed  originally  of  the  time  interven- 
ing between  the  death  of  one  king  and  the  accession  of  another;  it  con- 
tinued in  use  in  the  republic  with  reference  to  those  periods  in  which  the 
state  was  without  consuls. 

7.  Curibus,  at  Cures;  a  locative,  App.  81. 

8.  juris:  an  objective  genitive  with  perltus;  we  say  skilled  in  or  familiar 
with. 

3.  inter-regnum, -i,  71.,  interregnum.       8.  peritus,  -a,    -um,    adj.,    experi- 
7.  Justus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [jus],  just,  enced,  skilled, 

upright. 


Y/"^ 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


163 


num  el  omnium  consensu  delatum  est.  Is  urbem  novam, 
quae  a  Romulo  armis  condita  erat,  jure  legibusque  firmavit.  lo 
Arcum  portis  instructum  fecit,  qui  arcus  Jani  appellatus  est; 
apertus  belli  index  erat,  clausus  pacis.  Per  omne  regnum 
Numae  clausus  fuit.  Pax  cum  civitatibus  finitimis  societate 
ac  foederibus  facta  est. 

Rex  inde  a_d  mores  populi  cultumque  deorum  animum  con-  15 
vertit.  Ut  populi  fidem  conciliaret,  simulavit  se  cum  dea 
Egeria  congressus  habere  et  monitu  ejus  sacra' instituere  sacer- 
dotesque  legere"  Annum  ad  cursum  lunae  in  duodecim 
menses  discrlpsit.  Quosdam  dies  nefastos  fecit,  per  quos  dies 
comitia  non  habebantur.  Virgines  Vestales  legit,  quas  caeri-  20 
monils  quibusdam  sanctas  fecit. 

Multa  etiam  alia  a  rege  Instituta  sunt,  ritus,  caerimoniae, 
sacerdotia.     Multitude  his  rebus  a  vi  et  armis  conversa  regis 


11.  instructum,  provided  with. 

12.  apertus,  when  open;  arcus  is  to  be  understood. 

13.  societate,  foederibus:  ablatives  of  means. 

17.  monitu:  an  ablative  expressing  accordance. 

18.  ad  cursum  lunae,  according  to,  etc.;  this  old  lunar  year  of  355  days 
stood  as  the  official  year  until  Julius  Caesar  reformed  the  calendar  in 
46  B.C.     See  note  on  26,  93. 

20.  Virgines  Vestales:  see  the  note  on  2,  10. 


9.  de-fero,  -ferre,  detuli,  delatum, 
tr.,  carry  away  ;  confer. 

12.  index,  -dicis,  m.  and  /.,  in- 
former, witness;  index,  sign. 

15.  cultus,  -us,  m.  [colo],  cultiva- 
tion, culture;  civilization,  refine- 
ment. 

16.  fides,  -ei,  /.,  faith,  confidence; 
faithfulness;  pledge. 

simulo,  -are,  -avi,-atvmi,/r.  [similis], 
make  like;  pretend. 

17.  congressus,  -us,  m.  [congredior], 
meeting,  conference. 

monitus,  -us,  m.  [moneo],  admoni- 
tion, advice. 

19.  di-scribo,     -scribere,     -scrips!, 


-scriptum,  ir.,  distribute,  divide. 

nefastus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [nefas,  wrong, 
crime],  unhallowed;  dies  nefastus, 
a  day  not  open  to  the  transaction 
of  state  business. 

20.  comitium,  -i,  n.  [com-+eo],  a 
place  of  assembly;  the  Comitium, 
a  meeting  place  adjoining  the  old 
Roman  Forum;  comitia,  -orum, 
pL,  public  assembly,  election. 

caerimonia,  -ae,  /.,  ceremony,  rite. 

21.  sanctus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part, 
of  sancio],  sacred,  holy,  inviolate. 

22.  ritus,  -us,  m.,  rite,  ceremony. 

23.  sacerdotium,  -i,  n.  [sacerdos], 
priesthood. 


154  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

mores     imita))atur.       FinitimI     popull     civitatem'  Romanam 
25  totam  in  cultum  deorum  versam  violare  nolebant.     Ita  duo 
deinceps  reges,   Romulus  bello,  Numa  pace,   civitatem  auxe- 
runt.     Numa  annos  tres  et  quadraginta  regnavit. 

25.  totam,  wholly;  an  adjective  where  English  would  employ  an  adverb; 
compare  laeti  in  1,  20. 

24.  imitor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr.,  imi-      26.  deinceps,  ado.,  in  succession, 
tate,  copy  after. 


7.     TULLUS    HOSTILIUS 

Numa  mortuo,  interregnum  ut  antea  secutum  est.  Inde 
Tullus  Hostilius,  nepos  Hostilii  qui  Romulo  regnante  pug- 
nans  adversus  Sabinos  ceciderat,  rex  creatus  est.  Hie  fero- 
cior  etiam   quam   Romulus  fuit.      Quod   cl vitas  torpere  otio 

5  videbatur,  causas  undique  belli  quaerebat.  Bellum  cum 
Albanis  primum  ortum  est.  Albani  priores  magno  exercitu 
in  agrum  Romanum  impetum  fecerunt.  Ibi  Cluilius,  Albanus 
rex,  moritur.  Albani  dictatorem  Mettium  Fufetium  creant. 
Ubi   is   ab   Tullo    colloquium    petiit,    rex    Romanus   non    re- 

10  cusavit.  Mettius  sic  locutus  est:  "Uterque  populus  se  bel- 
lum gerere  propter  injurias  dicit.  Re  vera  cupido  imperil 
duos  cognatos  viclnosque  populos  ad  anna  concitat.  Sed 
potius    metuere    debemus    Etruscos,    qui,    cum    defessi    con- 

2.  Romulo  regnante,  in  the  reign  of  Romulus,  ablative  absolute. 

6.  magno  exercitu:  ablative  of  accompaniment  without  a  preposition 
in  a  military  expression. 

8.  dictatorem :  in  the  time  of  the  republic  the  Romans  also  occasionally 
replaced  their  consuls  by  a  dictator  in  order  better  to  conduct  a  war. 
The  dictatorship  amounted  to  a  temporary  restoration  of  the  kingship. 
Here  the  Albans  are  represented  as  employing  the  dictatorship  to  fill  in 
an  interregnum. 

11.  Re  vera,  in  rcalUy,  in  truth. 

4.  torpeo,  -ere,  — ,  — ,  inir:,  be  in-  sion,  greed. 

active,  languish.  12.  cognatus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.  {coin-+ 

6.  prior,  prius,  compar.  adj.,  former,  (g)nascor],  related. 

previous;  first.  13.  potius,   adv.    [compar.    of  potis, 

11.  cupido,  -inis,  /.  [cupidus],  pas-  able],  rather,  preferably. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  165 

fectlque    erimus,    simul    victorem    ac    victum    aggredientur. 
Certamen  igitur  de  imperio  paucorum  proelio  potius  decerna-  15 
mus."     Tullus  consilium  probavit,  quamquam  magnam  spem 
victoriae   habebat. 

Forte  in  utroque  exercitu  erant  trigeniini  fratres,  nee 
aetate  nee  viribus  dispares,  Horatii  et  Curiatil.  Hi  Albani 
orant,  illl  Romanl.  Trigemini  ad  banc  pugnam  delecti  arma  20 
capiunt  et  in  medium  inter  duas  acies  procedunt.  Duo 
exercitus,  erecti  anxiique,  in  spectaculum  animos  intendunt. 
Signo  dato,  tern!  juvenes  concurrunt. 

Primo  congressu  duo  Roman!  interfecti  sunt  et  tres 
Albani  vulnerati.  Eum  qui  integer  fuit  tres  Curiatii  cir-  25 
cumsistere  conati  sunt.  Cum  jam  Romanus  paulum  fugisset, 
respexit  atque  vidit  tres  Curiatios  magnis  intervallls  sequen- 
tes.  Subito  constitit  et  in  proximum  Curiatium  impetum 
facit;  dum  exereitus  Albanus  Curiatios  obsecrant  ut  fratrl 
auxilium  ferant,  Horatius  eum  interfecit;  deinde  victor  30 
secundum  fratrem  petit.  Tum  magno  clamore  Roman!  ad- 
juvant mllitem  suum  et  ille  conficere  proelium  properat. 
Priusquam   consecutus   est   tertius,    Horatius   alterum   Curia- 

» 

15.  decernamus:  an  instance  of  the  subjunctive  in  an  independent 
use,  App.  92.  The  proposal  was  that  the  people  whose  champions  should 
be  victorious  should  rule  the  other  people. 

18.  trigemini  fratres,  three  brothers  who  were  triplets. 

23.  terni:  a  distributive  numeral,  employed  because  two  groups  of 
three  each  are  involved. 

25.  vulnerati:  est  or  sunt  is  often  omitted  in  the  perfect  passive;  here 
sunt  is  readih^  supplied  from  the  preceding  verb. 

29.  ut  .  .  .  ferant:  a  noun  clause,  object  of  ohsecraitt,  App.  97. 

18.  trigeminus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [tres+  25.  integer,  -gra,  -grum,  ndj.,  un- 

geminus,    born    together],    born  touched,  inihurt ;  fresh,  vigorous, 

three  at  a  birth;  suhst.,  trigemini,  circum-sisto,  -sistere,  -steti,  — ,  /r., 

-orum,  m.  pL,  triplets.  surround. 

21.  medium,  -i,  n.  [n.  0/ medius],  27.  re-spicio,-spicere,-spexi, -spec- 

the  middle,  the  intervening  space.  tum,    //•.    and   inlr.     [re-+speci6, 

23.  temi,  -ae,  -a,  distrih.  num.  adj.  look],  look  back;  have  regard  for. 

[ter],  three  each.  33.  tertius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [ter],  third. 


166 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


tium  conficit.  Jamque  singuli  supererant,  sed  nee  spe  nee 
35  viribus  pares;  alter  integer  et  ferox  superioribus  vietoriis 
erat;  alter  defessus  vulnere,  animo  fractus,  in  certamen  venit. 
Nee  illud  proelium  fuit.  Curiatium  vix  sustinentem  arma 
Horatius  caedit  et  jacentem  spoliat. 

Ad  sepulturam  inde  suorum  Roman!  atque  Albani  nequa- 
40  quam  paribus  animis  vertuntur,  alter!  victores  alter!  vict!. 
Exercitus  domos  abduct!  sunt.  Horati!  soror,  quae  uni  ex 
Curiati!s  desponsa  erat,  cognovit  inter  spolia  pauludamentum 
spons!,  quod  ipsa  confecerat.  Solvit  cr!nes  et  mult!s  cum 
lacrimis  sponsum  mortuum  appellat.  Frater,  !ratus  propter 
45  maerorem  sororis  in  victoria  sua  tantoque  publico  gaudio, 
gladio  eam  interfecit.  Res  ad  populum  relata  est.  Homines 
vehementer  mot!  sunt  in  eo  judicio,  Publio  Horatio  patre 
clamante  filiam  jure  caesam  esse.  Sed  magis  admlratione 
virtutis  quam  jure  causae  juvenem  absolverunt. 

40.  vertuntur,  turn;  the  passive  voice  in  a  reflexive  sense,  as  explained 
in  the  note  on  Her.  301. 

alter!  .  .  .  alter! :    alter  .  .  .  alter    mean    the   one   (person)  .  .  .  the  other; 
the  plural  is  here  employed  to  mean  the  one  people  .  .  .  the  other. 

41.  domos:   the  plural  of  this  noun  may  be  used  like  the  singular 
domum  to  denote  the  place  to  which  without  a  preposition. 

43.  Solvit  crines:  a  common  sign  of  mourning  in  antiquity. 

44.  appellat:  here  in  the  less  usual  sense  of  call  upon. 

47.  Publio  Horatio  .  .  .  clamante :  ablative  absolute,  expressing  an  addi- 
tional reason  for  the  excitement  of  the  people. 

48.  jure :  ablative  of  accordance, 
admiratione,  jure:  ablatives  of  cause. 


34.  singuli,  -ae,  -a,  adj.,  one  at  a 
time;  distrib.,  one  on  a  side. 

36.  frango,  -ere,  fregi,  fractum,  tr., 

,     break;  weaken,  dishearten. 

39.  ne-quaquam,  adv.,  by  no  means, 
not  at  all. 

42.  spolium,  -i,  n.,  skin; booty,  spoil. 
paludamentum,   -i,    n.,    military 

cloak. 

43.  sponsus,  -i,  7n.  [p.  part,  of  spon- 
dee, promise],  betrothed,  lover, 

crinis,  crinis,  -ium,  m.,  hair. 


45.  maeror,  -oris,  m.   [maereo,  be 

sad],  mourning,  sorrow. 

publicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [populus],  of 
the  people  or  state,  public. 

47.  judicium,   -i,  n.   [judex],   judg- 
ment; trial;  court. 

48.  magis,    compar.    adv.,    more, 
rather. 

admiratio,  -onis,  /.  [admiror],  admi- 
ration, surprise. 

49.  ab-solv6,  -solvere,  -solvi,  -solu- 
tum,  tr.,  set  free;  acquit. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  167 

Populus  Albanus  Ira  ardebat,  quod  Mettius  tribus  mllitibus  50 
fortunam    publicam    commlserat.      Is.   igitur    pravo    consilio 
civium  animos  reconciliare  conatus  est.     Nam  poUicitus  est 
adjuvare    Fidenates    Veientesque,    qui    bellum    adversus    Ro- 
manos  parabant.     Bello  incepto,  Mettius,  qui  in  acie  contra 
Fidenates    positus    erat,    ad    colles    proximos    sine    certamine  55 
Albanos  abduxit.     Tullus,  simulans  se  id  jussisse,  clara  voce 
clamavit   Mettium   exercitum   Fidenatium   a   tergo   oppugna- 
turum    esse.      Fidenates,    qui    Latlne    sciebant,    banc    vocein 
audiverunt  et  fugerunt.     Veientes  quoque  pulsi  sunt.     Proe- 
lio  facto,   rex  Mettium  interfici  propter   proditionem  jussit.  eo 
Populo   omni   Albano   Romam   traducto,    civitas   plebl   data 
est  et  prlncipes  Albanorum  in  patres  lecti  sunt. 

Postea  pestilentia  gravis  in  urbem  incidit,  qua  rex  quoque 
affectus  est.     Hac  calamitate  fractus  sacrls  postea  animum 
dedit.     Postremo,  quia  sacrum  quoddam  non  rite  fecerat  —  6.5 
ita    fama    est  —  Tullus    fulmine    percussus    cum    domo    con- 
flagravit.     Regnavit  annos  duos  et  triginta. 

58.  Latine  sciebant,  understood  Latin;  our  idiom  leads  us  to  expect  a 
noun  instead  of  the  adverb  Latine. 

69.  Proelio  facto,  at  the  conclusion  of  the  battle. 

61.  Populo  .  .  .  Romam  traducto:  the  transfer  and  incorporation  of  a 
related  people  within  the  Roman  state  occured  more  than  once. 

64.  saciis,  to  religious  observances. 

61.  pravus,  -a,  -um,   adj.,  crooked;  pestilential],  plague,  pestilence, 
bad,  dishonest.  65.  quia,  conj.,  because. 

62.  re-concilio,   -are,   -avi,    -atum,  66.  fulmen,-inis,  n.,  lightning-flash, 
tr.,  win  back,  recover;  reconcile.  thunderbolt. 

68.  Latine,  adv.  [Latinus],  in  Latin.       con-flagro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr., 

63.  pestilentia,    -ae,   /.    [pestilens,  be  on  fire,  be  consumed. 


8.   Angus  Marcius 

Ancus  Marcius,  nepos  Numae  Pompilil,  quartus  rex  creatus 
est.     Ut  Numa  in  pace  religiones  instituerat,  sic  Ancus  caeri- 

2.  Ut  .  .  .  sic,  just  as  ...  so. 
2.  religio,  -onis,/.,  scruple,  religion;  religious  observance. 


IGS 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


monias  instituit,  quibus  bella  postea  indicia  sunt.  Sacer- 
dotes,  quibus  id  negotium  mandatum  est,  fetiales  appellavit. 
5  Bellis  cum  urbibus  Latinorum  gestis,  elves  llomam  tra- 
dtixit.  Janiculum,  qui  collis  trans  Tiberim  est,  cum  urbe 
ponte  sublicio  conjimxit.     Career,   qui  etiam  nunc  extat,  sub 

7.  Career:  a  small  stone  structure  with  a  vaulted  roof.  Beneath  it  is  a 
dungeon  Avhere  criminals  were  sometimes  executed.  The  Career  is  now  a 
church. 


3.  in-dic6,  -dicere,  -dixi,   -dictum, 

tr.,  proclaim,  declare,  appoint. 

4.  mando,    -are,    -avi,    -atum,    tr. 
[manus+do],  consign,  intrust. 

fetialis,  -e,  adj.,  diplomatic,  fetial; 
subst.,  fetialis,    -is,    in.,    a   fetial 


priest. 

7.  sublicius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [sublica, 
pile,  stake],  of  piles,  resting  on 
piles. 

exto,  -are,  — ,  — ,  intr.  [ex+sto], 
stand  forth;  be  extant,  exist. 


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RUINS    OF    OSTIA 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  169 

monte  Capitolino  aeclificatus  est.     Imperium  usque  ad  mare 
prolatum  est,  et  in  ore  Tiberis  Ostia  urbs  condita. 

Anco  regnante,  vir  quidam,  nomine  Lucumo,  habitabat  lo 
Tarquinils,  quae  urbs  Etrusca  erat.  Pater  ejus  erat  Demara- 
tus,  profugus  Corinthius.  Lucumo  in  matrimonium  Tana- 
qullem,  mulierem  nobilem,  duxerat.  EtruscI  spernebant 
Lucumonem,  exulis  fllium.  Tanaquil,  quae  ferre  indignita- 
tem  non  poterat,  consilium  migrandl  Romam  cepit.  Facile  i.> 
conjugi  persuadet.  Dum  iter  faciunt,  aquila  dicitur  pilleum 
ab  capite  Lucumonis  abstulisse  et  rursus  reposuisse.  Laeta 
Tanquil  accepit  id  augurium  potentiae  futurae.  EtruscI  enim 
caelestium  prodigiorum  periti  erant. 

Postquam    Romam    venerunt,    Lucumo    nomen    L.    Tar-  20 
quinium  Priscum  sibi  sumpsit.     Ibi  paulatii^i  Insignis  factus 
est    dlvitils    alilsque    rebus.      Postremo    in    amicitiam    regis 
receptus    tutor    llberorum    regis    testamento    Inst  it  ut  us    est. 
Ancus  annos  quattuor  et  vlginti  regnavit. 


9.  Ostia:  extensive  remains  of  this  city,  as  it  was  later,  have  been  un- 
earthed in  modern  times. 

11.  Tarquiniis:  what  is  the  locative  form  of  the  names  of  cities  which 
are  used  in  the  plural?  of  those  which  are  used  in  the  singular,  in  the 
first  and  second  declensions? 

15.  Romam:  migro  as  a  verb  of  motion  is  followed  by  an  accusative  of 
the  place  to  which.     Why  no  preposition? 

18.  id  augurium,  this  as  a  token. 

19.  prodigiorum:  objective  genitive  with  -perltl,  as  in  6,  8. 


9.  pro-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, /r.,  19.  pr6digium,-i,  ??.,  omen,  portent, 

bring  forth,  carry  forward,  extend,  prodigy. 

21.  insignis,   -e,  adj.   [in+signum], 

14.  exul,  -ulis,  m.,  an  exile.  noted,     eminent,     distinguished, 

indignitas,  -atis,/.  [indignus],  indig-  conspicuous. 

nity,  outrage.  23.  tutor,  -oris,  m.  [tueor],  defender; 

16.  pilleus,  -i,  m.,  a  cap.  guardian. 

18.  futurus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.  [Jut.  part.  testamentum,  -i,  n.  [tester,  call  to 

of    sum],   yet   to    be,    to    come,  ^'^^^^^^J'  ^  ^^^^^^  ^'^^1- 

future.  24.  viginti,  indecl.  num.,  twenty. 


170 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


9.   Tarquinius  Priscus 

Jam  filil  Anci  prope  adultl  erant.  Sed  Tarquinius  ipse  rex 
creari  cupiebat.  Is  primus  palam  regnum  petiit,  memorans 
officia  privata  ac  ptiblica  et  l)enignitatem  in  omnes.  Magno 
consensu  populus  Romanus  eum  regnare  jussit. 
5  Tarquinius  Latlnls  hello  victis  ludos  magnificos  fecit.  Tum 
primum  locus  circo,  qui  Maximus  dicitur,  designatus  est. 
Ludi  sollemnes  manserunt,  Roman!  aut  magnl  appellati. 

Magna  quoque  opera  a  rege  incepta  sunt,  ut  populus  non 
quietior  in  pace  quam  in  bello  esset.     Muro  lapideo  urbem 
10  cingere  paravit,  et  loca  circa  forum  aliasque  convalles  cloacis 
siccavit.     Fundamenta  aedis  Jo  vis  in  Capitolio  jecit. 

Eo  fere  tempore  in  regia  prodigium  mirabile  fuit.     Caput 


2.  primus  petiit,  was  the  first  to  canvass  for.     What  is  the  literal  transla- 
tion? 

6.  circo:  dative  of  purpose  with  designatus  est.     The  Circus  Maximus 
lay  between  the  Palatine  and  Aventine  hills. 

7.  Romani  aut  magni:  the  ''Roman  games"  were  celebrated  in  Septem- 
ber each  year. 

8.  non  quietior,  quite  as  busy;  the  clause  ut  .  .  .  esset  is  one  of  purpose, 
non  going  closely  with  quietior. 

11.  jecit,  laid. 


1.  prope,  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace.; 
as  adv.,  near,  nearly,  almost, 
about;  as  prep.,  near,  near  to. 

adultus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
adolesco],  grown  up,  mature. 

2.  palam,  adv.,  openly,  publicly, 
plainly. 

3.  privatus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part, 
of  privo],  private,  personal;  subst., 
privatus,  -i,  w.,  a  private  citizen. 

benignitas,  -atis,/.  [benignus],  kind- 
ness. 

5.  magnificus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [magnus 
4-facio],  splendid,  fine,  magnifi- 
cent. 

6.  circus,  -i,  m.,  a  circle;  a  circus. 

de-signo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  mark 
out,  mean,  intend. 


7.  sollemnis,  -e,  adj.,  established, 
fixed,  regular;  solemn. 

9.  quietus,  -a,  -um„  od!/.  [p.  part,  of 
quiesco,  keep  quiet],  quiet,  peace- 
ful, free  from  labor. 

10.  forum,  -i,  n.,  an  open  space; 
market-place ;  especially,  Forum 
Romanum,  the  Roman  Forum. 

convallis,  -vallis,  -ium, /.,  valley. 

cloaca,  -ae,  /.,  sewer. 

11.  sicc5,    -are,    -avi,     -atum,     tr. 

[siccus],  dry,  drain. 

fundamentum,  -i,  n.  [fundo,  found], 
foundation. 

aedes,  aedis,  -ium,  /.  sg.,  temple, 
sanctuary;  pL,  dwelling,  house.    ' 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  171 

pueri  dormientis,  cm  Servius  TuUius  fuit  nomen,  multorum 
in  conspectu  arsit.  Servl,  qui  aquam  ad  restinguendam  flam- 
mam  ferebant,  ab  reglna  retenti  sunt.  Mox  cum  puer  e  i5 
somno  excitatus  esset,  flamma  abiit.  Tum,  abducto  in  se- 
cretum  viro,  Tanaquil  ^'videsne  tti  hunc  puerum,"  inquit, 
"quem  tam  humili  cultti  educamus?  Lumen  profecto  porten- 
dit  eum  aliquando  nobis  praesidio  futurum  esse.  Proinde 
artibus  liberalibus  erudiendus  est."  Ingenium  juvenis  vere  20 
regium  erat.     Tarquinius  igitur  ei  filiam  suam  despondit. 

Etsi  Anci  filii  duo  antea  irati  fuerant  quod  peregrinus 
E-omae  regnabat,  tum  major  erat  indignatio,  quoniam  servo 
jam  regnum  patere  videbatur.  Regem  igitur  interfieere 
regnumque  occupare  constituerunt.  Ex  pastoribus  duo  fero-  25 
cissimi  ad  facinus  delecti  in  vestibulo  regiae  specie  rixae  in 
se  omnes  apparitores  regios  converterunt.  Inde  vocati  ad 
regem  dicere  in  vicem  jussi  sunt.     tJnus  rem  exponit.     Dum 


13.  cui:  dative  of  possession,  as  in  2,  6. 

14.  ad  restinguendam  flammam:  a  gerundive  construction,  App.  128. 

17.  viro:  vir  is  frequently  used  to  mean  husband. 

18.  cultu,  manner  of  life,  station. 

19.  nobis  praesidio  futurum  esse,  will  be  a  support  to  us;  dative  of  ref- 
erence and  dative  of  purpose. 

20.  erudiendus  est,  must  be  educated;  what  is  the  meaning  of  educo? 

22.  Etsi:  like  quamquam  takes  the  indicative.     What  other  conjunc- 
tion, meaning  ^'although,"  takes  the  subjunctive? 

23.  servo:  dative  after  patere. 

26.  in  se  .  .  .  converterunt,  attracted  {to  themselves)  the  attention  of. 
28.  rem,  the  (pretended)  quarrel.  ♦ 


14.  restinguo,    -stinguere,     -stinxi,  19.  aliquando,  adv.,  at  some  time  or 

-stinctum,  tr.,  put  out,  quench.  other,  once. 

16.  secretus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part.  20.  Uberalis,  -e,  adj.   [liber],  befit- 

0/  secerno,  to  separate],    secret;  tmg  a  freeman;  honorable,  liberal. 

subst.,    secretum,    -i,   n.,    secret;  26.  rixa, -ae,/.,  quarrel,  dispute, 

privacy.  27.  apparitor,  -oris,  m.,  servant. 

18.  profecto,  adv.  [prc+facto],  actu-  28.  vicis,  /.  gen.  (no  nom.),  change; 

ally,  in  fact,  assuredly,  certainly.  in  vicem,  in  turn. 


172  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

intentus  in  eum  se  rex  tot  us  avertit,  alter  elatam  securim  in 

30  caput  regis  dejecit;  relicto  in  vulnere  telo,  ambo  foras 
fugiunt.  Tarquinium  moribundum  apparitores  excipiunt; 
illos  fugientes  lictores  comprehendunt.  Magnus  sequitur 
populi  tumultus,  inter  quein  Tanaquil  claudi  regiam  jubet. 
Servio  inde  celeriter  ad  se  vocat5,  auxilium  oravit.     ''Tuum 

35  est  regnum,"  inquit,  ''Servi,  si  vir  es,_non  eorum  qui  alienls 
manibus  pessimum  facinus  fecerunt.  Erige  te  deosque  duces 
sequere,  qui  divina  flamma  hoc  caput  clarum  futurum  esse 
portenderunt.  Noll  perturbari  quod  peregrlnus  es.  Etiam 
nos  peregrin!  regnavimus.     Si  propter  subitam  rem  consilia 

40  fingere  non  potes,  mea  tamen  consilia  sequere."  Cum  jam 
clamor  multitudinis  vix  sustineri  posset,  Tanaquil  ex  su- 
periore  parte  regiae  populum  ita  allocuta  est:  "Cum  vulnus 
regis  grave  sit,  jam  tamen  ad  se  redit;  brevi  tempore  regem 
ipsum   videbitis.      Interim   vult   Servium   TuUium   rem   pub- 

45  licam  administrare."  Itaque  Servius  per  aliquot  dies,  cum 
Tarquinius    jam    mortuus    esset,    suas    opes    firmavit.      Tum 


29.  elatam:  Latin  frequently  employs  a  past  passive  participle  in  agree- 
ment with  an  object  where  we  use  coordinate  verbs,  raised  his  ax  and 
brought  it  down. 

34.  Tuum:  emphatic  and  balanced  by  the  possessive  genitive  eorum, 
which  is  likewise  used  predicatively,  to  you  belongs  .  .  .  ,  not  to  those. 

36.  duces:  an  appositive;  we  may  translate,  the  guidance  of  the  gods. 

37.  sequere:  imperative.     Review  the  imperative  of  deponent  verbs. 

38.  Noli  perturbari:  negative  commands  in  Latin  are  explained  in  App. 
112. 

42.  Cum:  what  word  in  the  principlal  clause  determines  the  meaning  of 
cum?     What  meaning  for  cum  in  1.  45  is  required  by  the  context? 


29.  a-verto,  -vertere,   -verti,   -ver-  31.  moribundus,     -a,      -um,     adj., 
sum,  tr.,  turn  away,  avert.  [morior],  dying. 

effero,  efferre,  extuli,  elatum,  tr.  [ex  36.  pessimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [superl 

+fer6],  carry  forth,  remove;  lift  o/ malus],  worst, 

up,  raise.  39.  subitus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  sudden, 

securis,  -is,/.,  axe.  unexpected. 

30.  foras,  adiK  [coynpare  foris],  out  44.  interim,  adv.,  meanwhile,  in  the 
of  door.s,  out.  meantime. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


173 


demum   mors   regis    ntSntiata   est.      Servius,    praesidio    firmo 
munitus,  primus  injussu  populi  voluntate  patrum  regnavit. 

48.  primus:  to  be  translated  as  in  1.  2. 
injussu,  voluntate:  ablatives  of  accordance. 


FRAGMENT   OF  THE   WALL   OF   SERVIUS   TULLIUS 


10.    Servius  Tullius 

Servius  primum  censum  Instituit  et  populum  in  classes 
pro  opibus  discrlpsit.  Ex  censu  postea  officia  belli  pacisque 
tributa     sunt.       Ad     multitudinem     crescentem     duo     colles, 

1.  primum:  an  adverb. 

2.  Ex,  in  accordance  with,  on  the  basis  of. 

1.  classis,   classis,  -ium,  /.,    class,       3.  tribuo,  -ere,  tribui,  tributum,  tr. 

fleet.  [tribus,  tribe],  a.ssign,  bestow. 


174  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

Quirmalis  Viminalisque,  ad  urbem  additi  sunt.  Imperium 
5  quoque  hoc  consilio  auctum  est.  Fanum  erat  nobile  Di- 
anae  Ephesiae,  quod  communiter  a  civitatibus  Asiae  factum 
esse  dicebatur.  Servius  inter  principes  Latinorum,  eo  con- 
sensu civitatum  Asiaticarum  vehementer  laudato,  tandem 
populls    Latlnls    persuasit    ut    Romae    cum    populo    Romano 

10  fanum  Dianae  facerent.  Ea  erat  confessio  caput  rerum 
Romam  esse,  de  quo  totiens  certatum  erat. 

Lucius  Tarquinius,  Prisci  fllius,  interdum  querebatur  quod 
Servius  injussu  popull  regnaret.  Servius  igitur  prius  agrum 
eaptum   ex   hostibus   viritim   di visit;    hoc   modo   voluntatem 

15  ptebis  conciUavit.  Populus  deinde  maximo  consensu  eum 
regnare  jussit. 

Rex  •  duas  flUas  Lucio  atque  Arrunti  Tarquiniis,  Prisci 
filiis,  in  matrimonium  dederat.  Mores  horum  dispares  erant. 
Nam  Arruns  Tarquinius  mitis  erat,   L.  Tarquinius  ferox  et 

ao  cupidus  regm.  Duae  TulUae  item  dispares  erant.  Forte 
Arruns  ferocem  Tulliam  in  matrimonium  duxerat.  Simili- 
tudo  celeriter  L.   Tarquinium  et  ferocem  Tulliam  contrahit. 

5.  hoc,  the  following. 

9.  ut .  .  .  facerent:  a  noun  clause,  object  of  persuasit;  to  be  translated 
by  an  infinitive. 

10.  caput  .  .  .  Romam  esse,  that  Rome,  etc.;  indirect  discourse  after  erat 
confessio. 

11.  certatum  erat,  there  had  been  a  contest;  impersonal  passive,  see  on 
Arg.  75. 

12.  quod  .  .  .  regnaret:  for  quod  causal  with  the  subjunctive  see  App. 
110. 

15.  Popuius  .  .  .  eum  regnare  jussit:  their  action  merely  ratified  the 
authority  which  he  already  held. 

21.  Similitude:  likeness  (of  character). 

5.  fanum,  -i,  n.,  shrine,  temple.  20.  item,  adv.,  hkewise,  also. 

11.  certo,  -are,   -avi    -atum,  in^r.  21.  similitudo,    -inis,    /.    [simiUs], 

[freq.  of  cemo],  contend,  strive.  fikeness,  resemblance. 

14.  viritim,  adv.  [vir],  man  by  man,  _„ 

to  each  man  22.  con-traho,      -tranere,       -traxi, 

19.  mitis,    -e, '  adj.,    mild,    gentle,  -tractum,     tr.,     draw    or     bring 

kind.  together. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  175 

Cum    prope    continuls    caedibus    domos    vacuas    fecissent, 
junguntur  nuptils.     Paulatim  inde  mulier  conjugem  ad  cae- 
dem  Servii  excitat.     Itaque  Tarquinius  prius  omnibus  rebus  25 
cives    et    maxime    patres    conciliavit.      Postremo,    ubi    jam 
tempus  agendi  visum  est,  stipatus  armatls  in  forum  irrupit. 
Inde  in  regia  sede   pro   curia  sedens    patres    in   curiam   per 
praeconem  ad  regem  Tarquinium  vocarl  jussit.     Ibi  incusa- 
bat  regem,   quod  regnum  muliebri  dono  occupavisset ;  quere-  30 
batur  item  de  consiliis  popularibus,  de  agro  plebi  diviso,  de  , 
censu  Instituto.     Dum  loquitur,  Servius  inter venit  et  a  vesti- 
bulo  curiae  magna  voce  ''quid  tibi  vis,"  inquit,   "Tarquini? 
Qua  audacia   tu,   me   vivo,   vocare   patres   aut   in   sede   mea 
considere  ausus  es?"     Tarquinius  ferociter  respondit  se  sedem  35 
patris  sui  tenere,  se  regni  heredem  esse.     Turn  medium  arri- 
pit  Servium,   elatumque  e  curia  per  gradus  dejicit;   inde  in 
curiam  redit.     Apparitores  regis  fugiunt.     Rex  ipse  a  servis 

23.  prope  continuis,  almost  without  an  interval  between. 

27.  agendi,  for  action. 

armatis:  a  participle  as  a  noun;  see  vocabulary. 

30.  quod  .  .  .  occupavisset:  the  subjunctive  as  in  1.  12. 

33.  quid  tibi  vis,  what  do  you  mean?     How,  literally?     From  what  does 
tns  come? 

34.  me  vivo,  while  I  am  alive;  ablative  absolute. 

36.  regni  heredem:  the  kingship  had  been  elective;  here  was  an  attempt 
to  create  a  dynasty. 

medium,  around  the  waist. 

37.  elatum :  in  agreement  with  ewm,  to  be  supplied ;  a  past  participle  for 
a  coordinate  verb,  as  in  9,  29;  translate,  carried  him  out  and  hurled. 

per,  down;  in  1.  41  it  means  over. 

24.  nuptiae,   -arum,  /.   pi.    [nubo],  35.  con-sido,   -sidere,  -sedi,   -ses- 

marriage,  wedding.  sum,  intr.,  sit  down,   take  one's 

27.  stipo,    -are,    -avi,    -atum,    tr.,  seat. 

pack,  crowd;  attend,  accompany.  ferociter,  adv.  [ferox],  courageously, 

30.  muliebris,  -e,  adj.   [mulier],  of  fiercely,  arrogantly. 

a  woman.  36.  heres,  -edis,   m.    and  /.,    heir, 

32.  inter-venio,     -venire,     -veni,  heiress. 

-ventum,  intr.,  come  upon,  come  arripio,  -ripere,  -ripui,  -reptum,  tr. 

in.  [ad+rapio],  grasp,  seize. 


176  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

Tarquinii  interficitur.  TuUia  carpento  in  forum  invecta  con- 
40  jugem  evocavit  regemque  prima  appellavit.  Dum  do  mum 
redit,  dicitur  patrem  in  via  jacentem  invenisse  et  per  corpus 
carpentum  egisse.  Hie  locus  postea  vicus  sceleratus  vocatus 
est.     Servius  Tullius  regnavit  annos  quattuor  et  quadraginta. 

39.  in-veho, -vehere, -vexi, -vectum,      42.  sceleratus,  -a,  -um,  adj.   [sce- 
tr.,    carry   in;    pass.,  be   carried,  lus],  wicked,  criminal, 

ride. 


11.   Tarquinius  Superbus 

Inde  L.  Tarquinius  regnare  coepit,  cui  propter  facta  cog- 
nomen Superbus  datum  est.  Prlncipes  patrum,  qui  Servium 
dilexerant,  interfecit.  Suum  corpus  armatis  circumsaepsit. 
Judicia  capitalium  rerum  sine  consilils  per  se  solus  exercebat. 
5  Ita  poterat  occidere,  in  exilium  agere,  bonis  spoliare  omnes 
quos  cupiebat.  Etsi  reges  superiores  senatum  de  omnibus 
rebus  consulere  soliti  erant,  Tarquinius  domesticis  consilils 
rem  publicam  administravit.  Bellum,  pacem,  foedera,  so- 
cietates  per  se  ipse  fecit.  Latlnorum  gentem  sibi  maxime 
10  conciliabat.  Octavio  Mamilio  Tusculano  —  is  longe  nobilis- 
simus  Latinorum  erat  —  flliam  in  matrimonium  dat. 

Cum    jam    magna    Tarquinii    auctoritas    inter    Latlnorum 

4.  Judicia  capitalium  rerum,  trials  in  capital  cases. 

consilils :  these  were  boards  from  among  the  senators  which  assisted  the 
king  with  advice  in  the  administration  of  the  courts. 

5.  bonis:  ablative  of  separation. 

7.  domesticis  consiliis:  i.e.,  Tarquin  was  the  first  king  to  rely  for  advice 
solely  upon  personal  friends. 

1.  cognomen,    -inis,    n.    [com-+(g)  love. 

nomen],  cognomen,  surname.  circum-saepio,     -saepire,      -saepsi, 

2.  superbus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.,  haughty,  -saeptum,     tr.,     hedge     around, 
proud;   subst.,    Superbus,  -i,  m.,           encircle,  surround. 

the  Proud,  an  epithet  applied  to  4.  capitalis,  -e,  adj.  [caput],  of  the 

the   second  King    Tarquin    as    a  head;  of  the  life,  capital. 

cognomen.  7    domesticus,      -a,       -um,     adj. 

3.  diligo,  -ligere,  -lexi,  -lectum,  tr.  [domus],    of   the  house;  private, 
[dis-+leg6j,   i-;mgle   out;  esteem,  iKTSonal. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


177 


principes  esset,  concilium  in  certam  diem  cohvocavit.  Con- 
veniunt  frequentes  prima  luce.  Ipse  Tarquinius  diem  quidem 
servavit,  sed  paulo  ante  solis  occasum  venit.  Turnus  Her-  15 
donius  Ariclnus  ferociter  absent  em  Tarquinium  accusaverat. 
Dixit  Tarquinium  patientiam  Latlnorum  temptare  et  affectare 
imperium  in  eos.  Rex,  hoc  cognito,  quia  pro  imperio  palam 
Turnum  interficere  non  poterat,  confestim  statuit  falso  crimine 
eum  opprimere.  Proxima  igitur  nocte  auctore  Tarquinio  20 
quidam  Arlclnl,  Turno  inimlcl,  in  deversorium  ejus  magnum 
numerum  gladiorum  clam  intulerunt. 

Tarquinius  paulo  ante  lucem  ad  se  principes  Latlnorum 
vocavit  certioresque  de  gladils  celatis  fecit:  "Cognovl," 
inquit,  "Turnum  cupere  Latlnorum  solum  imperium  tenere,  25 
et  jam  necem  omnium  parare."  Duxit  deinde  eos  ad  de- 
versorium. Ubi  gladii  ex  omnibus  locis  deversorii  prolati 
sunt,  manifesta  visa  est  res,  Turnusque  in  catenas  conjectus 
est.  Confestim  concilium  Latlnorum  convocatur.  Ibi  magna 
indignatio  oritur,  gladils  in  medio  positls.  Itaque  Turnus,  30 
indicta  causa,  in  aquam  Ferentlnam  mersus  est. 

Rex,  auctoritate  inter  Latinos  ita  aucta,  cum  els  reno- 
vavit  foedus  quod  a  Tullo  rege  antea  factum  erat.  Latini 
non   repugnaverunt,    quamquam   in   eo   foedere   res   Romana 

14.  quidem:  with  concessive  force,  it  is  true,  as  explained  in  the  note  on 
Her.  346.  " 

20.  auctore  Tarquinio,  at  the  instigation  of  Tarquinius. 

21.  Turno:  dative  with  inimici,  but  to  be  translated  as  if  genitive. 

24.  certiores  fecit,  informed;  how,  literally? 

31.  indicta  causa,  without  a  trial;  literally,  his  case  impleaded,  ablative 
absolute. 


14.  frequens,  -entis,  adj.,  crowded, 
in  large  numbers. 

17.  patientia,  -ae,  /.   [patiens],  pa- 
tience, endurance. 

afiecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [freq. 
of  afficio],  strive  after,  aim  at. 

20.  auctor,  -oris,  m.   [augeo],  pro- 
moter, instigator. 

21.  deversorium,    -i,   n.   [deversor, 


turn   aside,   lodge],  inn,  lodging- 
place. 
26.  nex,  necis,  /.,  death,  murder. 

28.  manifestus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  clear, 
evident,  manifest. 

31.  in-dictus,   -a,   -um,    adj.     (not 

said),  not  pleaded,  unheard. 
34.  re-pugno,    -are,    -avi,     -atum, 

intr.,  fight  back,  resist,  oppose. 


178  A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 

35  superior  erat.  Mors  enim  TurnI  docebat  potentiam  Tar- 
quinii  ac  perlculum  eorum  qui  resistebant. 

Tarquinius,  quamquam  in  Justus  in  pace  rex  fuit,  ducem 
belli  tamen  non  pravum  se  praebuit.  Is  primus  cum  Volscis 
bellum  gessit,  et  magnam  praedam  cepit.     In  alio  bello,  cum 

40  Gabios,  viclnam  urbem,  vi  capere  non  posset,  fraude  ac  dolo 
aggressus  est.  Sextus  enim,  fllius  Tarquinii,  qui  minimus  ex 
tribus  erat,  transiit  Gabios,  crudelitatem  intolerabilem  patris 
vehementer  querens  atque  adjuvare  Gabinos  ad  versus  eum 
pollicens.      Benigne   a   Gabinis   exceptus   in    consilia   publica 

45  adhibetur,  et  denique  dux  legitur.  Proelia  parva  inter  Ro- 
mam  Gabiosque  facta  sunt,  quibus  Gablnl  superiores  erant. 
Gablni  Sex.  Tarquinium  dono  deorum  sibi  missum  esse 
ducem  crediderunt.  Inde  Sextus  unum  ex  suis  Romam 
misit,  qui  mandata  patris  peteret.     Rex  nihil  voce  respondit, 

60  sed  tamquam  rem  dellberans  in  hortum  aedium  transiit, 
sequente  nuntio  fllil;  ibi  inambulans  tacitus  summa  papa- 
verum  capita  baculo  deJ3cit.  Nuntius,  defessus  interrogando 
expectandoque  responsum,  redit  Gabios  remque  miram  refert. 
Sextus    intellexit    quid    pater    fieri    vellet.      Principes    igitur 

41.  aggressus  est:  earn  {urhem)  is  to  be  supplied  as  object, 
minimus,  youngest;  what  does  major  mean  with  reference  to  age? 

47.  dono,  hy  gift. 

48.  ex  suis,  of  his  followers. 

49.  qui  .  .  .  peteret:  a  relative  clause  of  purpose. 

52.  interrogando:  the  ablative  of  the  gerund  may  be  employed  to  ex- 
press cause;  observe  that  expectando  has  a  direct  object,  responsum. 

54.  quid  pater  fieri  vellet:  for  the  indirect  question  consult  App.  107. 

41.  minimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [superl.  mando],  injunction,  command. 
of  parvus],  least,   smallest,   very       50.  tamquam,  adv.,  as  if,  just  as  if. 

small;  youngest.  ,.,.,__         ...,  ,  , 

,„.',.,  .,T  ,.  .   ,  1      1  ,  de-libero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  and 

42.  intolerabilis,    adj.,  mtolerable,  ^^^f,^    ponder,  meditate, 
unbearable.                                                .     ,  ,    , 

/tc      JV.-V.   -     -  -     -i.         .     r  J       51.  m-ambul6,   -are,    -avi,    -atum, 

45.  adhibeo,  -ere,  -m,  -itum,  tr   [ad  ^^^^^^  ^    and  down. 

+nabeoJ,  apply;  summon,  admit,  '  ^ 

employ.  papaver,  -eris,  n.,  a  poppy. 

49.  mandatum,  -1,    n.    [p.   part,    of      52.  baculum, -i,  n.,  staff. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER  I79 

cTvitatis  variis  criminibus  necavit.     Res  Gabina  ita  spoliata  55 
consilio  auxilioque  regl  Romano  sine  certamine  gravi  traditur. 

Gabiis  receptis,  Tarquinius  ad  negotia  urbana  animum  con- 
vertit.  Primum  templum  in  monte  Tarpeio  aedificare 
totumque  montem  Jovi  dedicare  constituit.  Hoc  templum 
pater  jam  antea  voverat.  Ad  hoc  opus  fabrls  Etruscis  et  60 
operariis  ex  plebe  Romano  usus  est.  Plebs  etiam  ad  alia 
opera  traducta  foros  in  circo  fecit  cloacamque  maximam  sub 
terram  egit,  quam  etiam  nunc  videmus.  Multi  quoque  ex  ♦ 
plebe  colon!  Signiam  Circeiosque  miss!  sunt  qui  praesidia 
urbl  essent.  65 

Dum  haec  aguntur,  portentum  terribile  visum  est:  anguis 
ex  columna  lignea  elapsus  terrorem  fugamque  in  regia  fecit 
atque  ipslus  regis  pectus  anxils  curis  implevit.  Itaque  Tar- 
quinius filios,  Titum  et  Arruntem,  Delphos  ad  clarissimum 
in  terris  oraculum  mittere  statuit.  Comes  els  additus  est  70 
L.  Junius  Brutus,  ex  Tarquinia,  sorore  regis,  natus.  Cog- 
nomen ejus  hoc  modo  paratum  erat:  rex  eos  principes  clvi- 
tatis  quos  timebat  interficere  solebat,  in  quibus  fratrem 
Bruti  interfecit.  Hie,  ut  crudelitatem  regis  vltaret,  consulto 
stultitiam  imitatus  bona  sua  regem  spoliare  passus  est  neque  75 

55.  'Res:=  res  puhlica. 

62.  traducta,  transferred. 

64.  coloni,  as  colonists. 

qui  .  .  .  essent :  a  relative  clause  of  purpose. 

70.  oraculum:  see  note  on  Per.  54. 

74.  Hie,  the  latter. 

57.  urbanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.   [urbs],  settler,  colonist. 

of  a  city,  urban;   subsL,   urbani,  qq    portentum,    -i,  71.    [p.    part,   of 

-orum,  7n.  pL,  mhabitants  of  a  portendo],  omen,  portent, 
city. 

61.  operarius.  -I,  ,„.  [opera],  laborer,  ''J^^'  ^"SjJ^^'  "'""•  "»•  ""^Z-  ^^'- 
workman.  ^       ' 

62.  forus,  -i,  in.,  gangway;  a  row  of  67.  e-labor,  -labi,  -lapsus  sum,intr., 
seats   in   the   theater   or    circus,  glide  out,  glide  away,  escape, 
seats.  74.  consulto,   adv.   [abl.  of  consul- 

64.  colonus,  -I,   m.   [colo],   farmer;  turn],  intentionally. 


180  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

cognomen  Bruti  recusavit.  Is  turn  igitur  ab  Tarquiniis 
ductus  est  Delphos,  Itidibrium  verius  quam  comes.  Tulit 
tamen  donum  Apollini  aureum  baculum  inclusum  in  baculo 
corneo, .  tamquam  effigiem  ingenii  sul. 

80  Postquam  juvenes  Delphos  venerunt  patrisque  mandata 
confecerunt,  statuerunt  quaerere  ex  oraculo  ad  quem  eorum 
regnum  esset  venturum.  Vox  reddita  est:  '^Imperium  sum- 
mum  Romae  habebit  qui  vestrum  primus,  O  juvenes,  matrem 
osculabitur."      Tarquinil,    Brutum    contemnentes,    ipsi    inter 

85  se  ius  matris  osculandae  Romae  sorti  permittunt.  Brutus, 
qui  alio  modo  oraculum  interpretatus  erat,  cecidit  terramque 
osGulatus  est,  scilicet  quod  ea  communis  mater  est  omnium 
mortalium.     Redierunt  inde  juvenes  Romam. 

76.  Bruti:  the  word  is  properly  an  adjective,  dull,  then  as  a  noun  the 
dullard.  With  nomen,  urbs,  and  the  like,  an  explanatory  genitive  is  some- 
times used  instead  of  an  appositive. 

81.  ad  quem  eorum,  etc.:  an  indirect  question;  eorum,  like  vestrum  in 
1,  83,  is  a  genitive  of  the  whole. 

82.  esset  venturum,  was  destined  to  come.  The  direct  question  would 
have  a  future  indicative:  ad  quem  nostrum  regnum  veniet?  The  future 
indicative  in  a  question  of  fact  is  regularly  represented  in  an  indirect 
question  by  the  future  active  participle  with  the  subjunctive  of  the  verb 
sum. 

85.  matris  osculandae:  a  gerundive  construction. 

Romae :  a  locative. 

p»77.  ludibrium,-i,n.  [compare  ludus],  culum],  to  kiss. 

object  of  ridicule,  mockery.  85.  sors,  sortis,  /.,  lot,  casting  of 

79.  corneus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [cornum,  lots. 

cornel-cherry],  of  cornel-wood.  86.  interpreter,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr. 

effigies,    ace.    -em,   /.,   semblance,  [interpres],  explain,  interpret. 

effigy.  87.  scilicet,    adv.    [scire  +  licet],   of 

84.  osculor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr.  [os-  course,  no  doubt,  doubtless. 


12.   Banishment  of  Tarquinius  Superbus 

Paulo  post  RomanI,  qui  jam  dudum  superbiam  Tarquinil 
regis  atque  flliorum  aegre  ferebant,  ita  scelere  quodam  Sex. 

1.  jam  diidum  .  .  /aegre  ferebant,/ /tad  long  resented;  the  use  of  tenses 
with  jam  dudum  is  explained  in  the  note  on  Per.  24. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


181 


Tarquinii  concitati  sunt  ut  regiam  familiam  in  exilium  pel- 
lere  statuerent.  Turn  primum  verum  ingenium  Brtiti  apertum 
est.  Eo  enim  duce  populus  juravit  se  nee  Tarquinium  nee  5 
alium  quemquam  regnare  Romae  passurum  esse.  Brutus 
inde  in  castra  profectus  est,  ubi  exercitus  Romanus  Ardeam, 
caput  Rutulorum,  obsidebat.  TuUiam  reginam  domo  profu- 
gientem  omnes  viri  mulieresque  execrati  sunt. 

Ubi  nuntii  harum  rerum  in  castra  perlati  sunt,  rex  Romam  lo 
perrexit.  Brutus  adventum  regis  sensit  flexitque  viam.  Ita 
eodem  fere  tempore  dlversis  itineribus  Brutus  Ardeam,  Tar- 
quinius  Romam  venerunt.  Hie  portas  clausas  invenit; 
Brutum  liberatorem  urbis  laeta  castra  acceperunt  exactlque 
sunt  llberi  regis;  duo  patrem  secuti  exules  Caere,  quae  15 
urbs  Etrusca  erat;  Sextus  Tarquinius  Gabios,  tamquam  in 
suum  regnum,  profectus  ab  ultoribus  veterum  injuriarum 
quas  ipse  intulerat  interfectus  est. 

L.  Tarquinius  Superbus  regnavit  annos  quinque  et  vigintT. 
Regnum  Romae  annos  ducentos  quadraginta  duraverat.    Duo  20 
consules  inde  creati  sunt,  L.  Junius  Brutus  et  L.  Tarquinius 
CoUatinus. 


3.  ut  .  .  .  statuerent:  a  clause  of  result,  App.  96. 

8.  domo :  why  no  preposition? 

13.  Hie:  to  be  translated  as  in  11,  74. 

15.  quae:  the  antecedent  of  quae,  Caere,  is  neuter;  but  the  relative  is 
made  to  agree  in  gender  with  a  predicate  noun  instead  of  with  the  ante- 
cedent, a  common  usage. 


3.  familia,  -ae,/.  [famulus,  servant], 
household  establishment,  slaves 
in  a  hoasehold;  familJ^ 

6.  juro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr.  [jus], 
swear,  take  oath. 

9.  execror,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr.  [ex+ 
sacro],  doom,  curse. 

11.  pergo,  -ere,  perrexi,  perrectum, 

intr.  [per+rego],  go  on,  proceed. 

12.  fere,  adv.,  about,  nearl}';  in  gen- 
eral, usually. 


diversus,  -versa,  -versum,  adj., 
turned  different  ways,  opposite. 

14.  exigo,  -igere,  -egi,  -actimi,  tr. 
[ex  +  ago],  drive  out,  expel;  exact; 
spend. 

17.  ultor,  -oris,  m.  [ulciscor],  a- 
venger. 

20.  ducenti,  -ae,  -a,  num.  adj.  [duo 
+centum],  two  hundred. 

duro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  and  intr. 
[durus],  harden;  last,  endure. 


182  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

13.     HORATIUS   COCLES 

Tarquinius,  ut  regnum  reciperaret,  ad  Lartem  Porsenam, 

Cltislnum  regem,  fugit.     Ei  persuasit  ne  regem  Etruscae  gen- 

tis  regno  prlvarl  pateretur.     Porsena  Romam  infesto  exercitii 

venit.     Magnus    terror    senatum    occupavit;    adeo    firma    res 

5  Cluslna  turn  erat  magnumque  Porsenae  nomen. 

Cum  hostes  adessent,  omnes  in  urbem  ex  agris  veniunt 
urbemque  ipsam  muniunt  praesidils.  Alia  loca  mtiris,  alia 
Tiber!  objecto  videbantur  tuta.  Pons  sublicius  tamen  iter 
paene  hostibus  dedit,  ni  unus  vir  fuisset,  Horatius  Codes,  qui 
10  forte  ad  pontem  positus  erat.  Clusini  repentino  impetu  Ja- 
niculum  ceperunt  atque  inde  velociter  ad  flumen  decurrebant. 
Codes,  cum  suos  fugere  vidisset,  oravit  eos  ut  manerent  et 
pontem    rescinderent :    se    impetum    hostium,    quantum    unus 

Horatius  Codes:  Macaulay  has  celebrated  this  exploit  in  one  of  his 
Lays  of  Ancient  Rome. 

2.  ne  .  .  .  pateretur,  not  to  permit;  object  of  persuasit. 

regem  .  .  .  privari:  like  jubed,  potior  takes  an  infinitive  with  subject 
accusative. 

3.  regno:  ablative  of  separation. 

4.  res  Clusina  =  res  publica  Clusina,  the  state  of  Clusium. 

7.  Alia,  alia:  how  are  correlative  forms  of  alius  translated? 

8.  Tiber!  objecto:  ablative  absolute;  but  like  miirls  it  expresses  the 
cause  or  means ;  translate,  because  of  the  interposition  of  the  Tiber,  or  with 
the  Tiber  as  a  defense. 

Pons  sublicius:  this  bridge  was  preserved  for  centuries,  restored  doubt- 
less from  time  to  time. 

9.  ni  .  .  .  fuisset  Horatius  Codes,  had  it  not  been  for  one  man,  Horatius 
Codes;  a  condition  contrary  to  fact,  App.  120;  the  proper  conclusion  is 
only  implied,  paene  dedit  {atque  dedisset),  almost  afforded  {and  would  have 
afforded). 

12.  suos  fugere  vidisset,  had  seen  his  men  fleeing.  How  do  you  ac- 
count for  the  case  of  su3s  and  the  mood  of  fugere? 

13.  se  .  .  .  exceptunim  esse :  dependent  on  a  verb  of  saying  implied  in 
the  preceding  sentence. 

quantum,  so  far  as. 

3.  privo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  fpri-  sudden],  sudden,  unexpected, 

vus,  private],  deprive,  rob.  11.  velociter,  adv.  [velox],  swiftly. 

*  4.  ad-eo,  adv.,  to  such  a  degree,  so.  13.  re-scindo,     -scindere,      -scidi, 

9.  ni,  conj.,  if  not,  unless.  -scissum,    tr.,    cut   down,    break 

10.  repentinus, -a,-um,a4/.  [repens,  down. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  183 

posset  id  facere,  excepturum  esse.     Processit  inde  in  primum 
aditum  pontis  ipsaque  audacia  turbavit  hostes.  •       15 

Duos  tamen  cum  eo  pudor  tenuit,  Sp.  Larcium  ac  T.  Her- 
minium,  ambos  claros  genere  factlsque.  Cum  his  prlmam 
pugnam  paulisper  sustinuit.  Deinde  eos,  parva  parte  pontis 
relicta,  cedere  in  tutum  jussit.  Pudor  inde  commovit 
Etruscos,  et,  clamore  sublato,  undique  in  unum  hostem  tela  20 
conjiciunt.  Denique,  ponte  paene  rescisso,  Codes  aiTuatus  in^ 
Tiberim  desiluit  incolumisque  ad  suos  tranavit.  Grata  erga 
tantam  virtutem  civitas  fuit;  statua  ejus  in  comitio  posita  est, 
et  agri  quantum  uno  die  circumaravit  datum. 

14.  posset:  subjunctive  in  a  subordinate  clause  in  indirect  discourse. 

primum  aditum  =  the  farther  end. 

17.  genere,  factis :  ablatives  of  respect. 

primam:  an  adjective  denoting  a  part,  App.  85. 

19.  in  tutum,  to  safety;  the  adjective  is  used  as  a  noun. 

24.  agri:  genitive  of  the  whole  with  quantum,  as  much  land  as. 

15.  turbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [tur-  19.  cedo,    cedere,    cessi,    cessum, 
ba],  disturb,  confound,  throw  into  intr.,  withdraw,  retire,  yield, 
confusion.  22.  desilio,  -ire,  -ui,  — ,  intr.  [de+ 

16.  pudor,  -oris,  m.,  shame,  sense  ^alio,  leap],  leap  down. 

of  honor.  trano,  -nare,  -navi,  — ,  tr.  and  intr. 

[trans+no,  swim],  swim  across. 
18.  pauUsper,  a^y.  [paulum,  little+      24.  circum-aro,  -are,  -avi,  tr.,  plow 
per],  a  little  while,  a  short  time.  around. 


14.   Secession  of  the  Plebs 

Primis  temporibus  rel  publicae  llberae  magna  dissensio 
orta  est  inter  patres  et  plebem  propter  aes  alienum,  quo 
paene  tota  plebs  premebantur.     Creditorl  enim  licebat  debi- 

1.  llberae:  the  phrase  res  piiblica  means  state  or  commonwealth  and 
implies  nothing  as  to  form  of  government.     Res  publica  libera  means 

republic,  or  free  commonwealth. 

2.  aes  alienum,  "another's  money"  is  a  striking  way  of  denoting  debt. 

2.  alienus,   -a,   -um,   adj.    [alius],  press;  burden,  weigh  down. 

another's;  out  of  plac^;  unfavor-      creditor,  -oris,  m.  [credo],  creditor, 
able;  aes  alienum,  debt.  '  *        "^  ' 

«  .  -  ,  debitor,  -oris,  m.  [debeo],  debtol. 

3.  premo,  -ere,  pressi,  pressum,  tr.,  »  1        i  j» 


184  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

torem  etiam  in  servitutem  ducere.  Praeterea  jus  reddebatur 
5  a  consulibus,  qui  magistratus  tantum  patribus  patebat. 
Cum  jam  plebs  auxilium  a  consulibus  postularent,  Latlni 
equites  nuntiaverunt  Volscos  ad  urbem  oppugnandam  venire. 
Plebs  exultabant  gaudio,  atque  inter  se  hortabantur  ne 
nomina  darent.  At  unus  e  consulibus,  plebe  convocata,  pol- 
io licitus  est  judicia  intermittere  quoad  mllites  in  castris  essent; 
bello  confecto,  senatum  plebi  consul turum  esse.  Eo  modo 
plebi  persuasit  ut  nomina  darent.  VolscI  aliique  popull 
finitimi  victi  sunt. 

Postea  tamen  jus  de  creditis  pecuniis  crudeliter,  ut  antea, 
15  dictum  est.     Tandem  plebs,  cum  exercitus,  alio  bello  coorto, 
in    armls   esset,    desperato    consulum   senatusque   auxilio,    in 
Sacrum  montem  secesserunt.     Hie  mons  trans  Anienem  flu- 
men  est,  tria  ab  urbe  mllia  passuum.     Patres  arbitrati  nul- 

4.  jus  reddebatur,  justice  was  administered. 

5.  qui  magistratus  .  .  .  patebat,  an  office  which  was  open  only  to  'patricians. 
Of  the  two  classes  in  Roman  society,  patricians  and  plebeians,  the  former 
at  this  time  occupied  a  position  of  great  advantage. '  In  the  change  from 
monarchy  to  free  government  the  patricians  had  secured  for  themselves 
alone  the  privilege  of  offtce-holding,  although  the  plebeians  possessed  the 
right  to  vote.  Only  after  a  contest  of  two  centuries  or  more  did  the  ple- 
beians gain  equal  political  and  social  rights  with  the  patricians. 

6.  postularent:  a  collective  noun  (here  plebs)  may  take  a  singular  verb, 
or,  if  the  individuals  of  the  group  are  thought  of,  the  plural  may  be  used, 
as  here. 

8.  inter  se,  one  another. 

ne  nomina  darent,  not  to  enlist. 

10.  quoad,  so  long  as.  The  subjunctive  essent  is  due  to  the  indirect 
discourse  implied  in  pollicitus  est,  App.  109. 

11.  plebi:  consulo  meaning  consult  the  interest  of  takes  a  dative;  when 
meaning  consult,  ask  the  advice  of,  it  takes  an  accusative. 

14.  jus  .  .  .  dictum  est:  with  the  same  meaning  as  jus  reddebatur,  1.  4. 

creditis,  loaned. 

18.  arbitrati:  it  should  not  be  forgotten  that  the  past  participles  of 
some  deponent  verbs  are  to  be  rendered  as  present. 

6.  magistratus,  -us,  m.   [magister],  17.  sacer,  -era, -crum,  odj.,  sacred; 

magistracy,  office;  magistrate.  subst.  sacra,  -orum,  n.  pi.,  sacred 

14.  crudeliter,  adv.  [crudelis],  cru-  rites,    rehgious    customs;    Mons 

elty.  Sacer,  a  hill  near  Rome. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  185 

lam  spem  nisi  in  concordia  civium  reliquam  esse,  ad  plebem 
mlserunt  Menenium  Agrippam,  ipsum  plebeium  et  plebi  carum.  20 

19.  concordia,  -ae,  /.  [concors,  har-      20.  plebeius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [plebs], 
monious],  concord,  harmony.  of  the  common  people,  plebeian. 


15.   Menenius  Agrippa 

Menenius  hoc  narrasse  fertur:  ''Olim  reliquae  partes  coN 
poris  humani  indignabantur  quod  sua  cura,  suo  labore  ac 
ministerio  ventri  omnia  quaererentur,  venter  in  medio  quie- 
tus datis  voluptatibus  frueretur;  conjuraverunt  inde  ne 
manus  ad  os  cibum  ferrent,  neve  os  datum  cibum  acciperet,  s 
neve  dentes  conficerent.  Sed  dum  ventrem  fame  domare 
volunt,  ipsa  membra  totumque  corpus  paene  perierunt. 
Inde  senserunt  ventris  quoque  ministerium  baud  iners  esse." 
Ostendit  deinde  dissensionem  inter  partes  corporis  similem 
esse  irae  plebis  in  patres  et  it  a  flexit  mentes  hominum.  10 

Concordia  reconciliaia,  plebl  permissum  est  suos  magistra- 

1.  fertur,  is  said,  a  frequent  meaning. 

2.  quod:  whose  reason  was  this?  Why  the  subjunctives  quaererentur 
and  frueretur? 

4.  ne  .  .  .  ferrent:  the  noun  clause  gives  the  substance  of  the  oath, 

that  the  hands  should  not,  etc. 

5.  neve:  neve,  composed  of  ne  and  the  enclitic  -ve,  or,  is  the  negative 
conjunction  regularly  employed  between  subjunctives,  neque  between 
indicatives. 

6.  conficerent,  masticate. 

10.  in,  toward. 

11.  suos  magistratus,  as  magistrates  of  their  own. 

2.  indignor,  -ari,  -atus   sum,  intr.,       con-juro,    -are,  -avi,    -atum,    intr., 
be  indignant,  be  offended.  swear  together,  form  a  conspiracy, 

3.  ministerium,  -i,  n.  [minis  t  e  r ,  conspire. 

servant],  office,  service,  labor.  5.  neve,  conj.,  and  that  not,  and  not. 

venter,  -tris,  m.,  belly.  ^     ,  ,  ,      . 

.,,..,.,      1  6.  domo, -are,  domui,  domitum,  <r., 

4.  voluptas, -atis, /.,  pleasure.  «„Kri.,l  r...Lw 


subdue,  master. 

iners,  -ertis,  a 
of.  inert,  indolent. 


fruor,  frui,  fructus  sum,  intr.  (takes 

ablative),  e.ijoy,  have  the  benefit      8.  iners,  -ertis,  adj.  [in-+ars],  idle, 


186  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

tus    creare    tribunos    plebeios,    qui    auxilium    plebi    adversus 
consules  ferrent. 

12.  qui  .  .  .  ferrent:  what  kind  of  clause?  Observe  the  mood.  The 
tribunes  at  first  possessed  merely  the  power  to  nullify  the  act  of  a  patrician 
magistrate  in  a  particular  case.  In  time  the  authority  and  prestige  of  the 
tribunate  were  so  increased  as  to  render  it  the  most  powerful  magistracy 
in  the  state. 

12.  triburius,  -i,  m.  [tribus,  tribe],  tribune,  title  of  a  Roman  official. 


16.   Lucius  Quinctius  Cincinnatus 

Postea,  dum  tribuni  imperium  consulare  legibus  definire 
conantur,  L.  Quinctius  Cincinnatus  consul  factus  est.  Ut 
magistratum  iniit,  reprehendit  et  senatum  et  plebem,  quod 
eidem  tribuni  etiam  atque  etiam  creati  civitatem  turbarent. 
5  Senatus  igitur  decrevit  magistratus  continuarl  contra  rem 
publicam  esse.  Plebs  tamen  eosdem,  quos  antea,  tribunos 
creaverunt.  Patres  quoque,  ne  quid  cederent  plebl,  Lucium 
Quinctium  consulem  fecerunt.  At  is  ''minime  mirum  est," 
inquit,  ''si  nihil  auctoritatis,  patres  conscripti,  habetis  apud 
10  plebem.  Vos  eam  minuitis,  qui  in  continuandis  magistrati- 
bus   plebem   imitaminL     Ego   me   contra   senatus   consultum 

1.  definire:  the  laws  had  not  hitherto  been  put  into  written  form. 
To  reduce  them  to  writing  would  somewhat  diminish  the  advantage  en- 
joyed by  the  patrician  magistrates  who  dispensed  justice. 

2.  Ut:  here  in  a  temporal  sense,  tvhen. 

5.  magistratus  continuari:  infinitive  with  subject  accusative  used  to- 
gether as  subject  of  esse;  the  English  idiom  is,  for  magistrates  to  be  reelected. 

rem  publicam,  the  general  interest,  public  policy.  What  does  the  phrase 
usually  mean? 

7.  ne  quid  cederent  plebi,  not  to  yield  anything  to  the  plebeians,  i.e.,  not 
to  be  outdone  by  the  plebeians;  a  clause  of  purpose. 

10.  qui  imitamini,  by  imitating.     How,  literally? 

1.  consularis,  -e,  adj.  [consul],  of  a  5.  continuo,   -are,   -avi,  -atum,  tr. 

consul,  consular.  [  continuus  ],    make     continuous, 

de-finio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  tr.,  hmit,  l^ol^l  without  an  interval. 

define.  10.  minuo,  -ere,  minui,   minutum, 

3.  re-prehendo,  -prehendere,  -pre-  ^r.,  diminish,  weaken,  impair. 

hendi,  -prehensum,  tr.,  hold  back,  11.  consultum,     -i,    n.    \  consulo  ], 

seize;  censure,  rebuke.  decree. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


187 


consulem  refici  non  patiar."     Alius  igitur  consul  f actus  est. 

Post  paucos  annos  Aequi  exercitum  Romanum  munltioni- 
bus  clausum  obsidebant.  Cum  hoc  Roinam  nuntiatum  esset, 
L.  Quinctius  consensu  omnium  dictator  dictus  est.  Legati  15 
a  senatu  missi  eum  invcnerunt  trans  Tiberim  agrum  quattuor 
jugerum  colentem  atque  in  opus  intentum.  Rogaverunt  ut 
togatus  mandata  senatus  audlret.  Quinctius  admiratus  jubet 
uxorem  togam  propere  e  tugurio  proferre.  Cum,  absferso 
stidore,  toga  velatus  processisset,  dictatorem  eum  legati  salti-  20 
tant  atque  in  urbem  vocant;  qui  terror  sit  in  exercitu  exponunt. 

Quinctius  exercitum  obsessum  celeriter  llberavit  et  hostes 
sub  jugum  misit.  Triumphans  urbem  iniit  sextoque  decimo 
die  dictaturam  in  sex  menses  acceptam  deposuit. 


14.  Romam:  accusative  of  the  place  to  which,  since  nuntiatum  esset 
implies  motion. 

18.  admiratus:  with  present  force,  like  arhitrdti,  14,  18. 

21.  qui:  interrogative  adjective;  why  the  subjunctive  sit? 

23.  sub  jugum:  the  "yoke"  consisted  of  two  spears  set  upright  in  the 
ground  with  a  cross-spear  high  enough  to  let  the  conquered  troops  pass 
under. 

Triumphans,  in  triumph.  In  case  of  an  important  victory  the  Roman 
senate  might  grant  the  successful  general  the  privilege  of  entering  the 
city  in  triumphal  procession.  The  general  rode  in  a  special  triumphal 
car  drawn  by  four  white  horses.  The  procession  moved  through  the  Forum 
up  to  the  temple  of  Jupiter  on  the  Capitoline  Hill,  where  sacrifice  was 
made  to  the  god. 

24.  in  sex  menses:  as  explained  before  in  the  note  on  7,  8,  the  dictator- 
ship was  virtually  a  restoration  of  the  kingship,  but  only,  as  indicated 
here,  for  the  limited  period  of  six  months. 


17.  jugerum,  -I,  gen.  pi.  jugerum, 
n.,  an  acre,  a  juger  {about  two- 
thirds  of  an  English  acre.) 

18.  togatus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [toga], 
clad  in  the  toga. 

19.  propere,  adv.  [properus,  speedyl. 
hastily,  speedily. 

tugurium,  -i,  n.,  hut,  cottage. 

absterged,  -tergere,  -tarsi,  -tersum, 

//•.,  wipe  off  or  away. 


20.  sudor,  -oris,  m.,  perspiration. 

saliito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [salus], 
greet,  hail. 

23.  triumpho,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr. 
[triumphus],  celebrate  a  triumph, 
triumph. 

sextus  decimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  (both 
parts  declined),  sixteenth. 

24.  dictatura,  -ae,  /.  [dictator],  dic- 
tatorship. 


188  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

17.   The  Gallic  Invasion 

Olim  legati  ab  Clusinis  Romam  venerunt  auxilium  petentes 
adversus  Senones,  gentem  Gallicam.  Turn  Romani  miserunt 
legates  qui  monerent  Gallos  ne  amicos  populi  Romani  op- 
pugnarent.     Proelio  tamen   commisso,   legati   Romani  contra 

5  jus  gentium  arma  ceperunt  auxiliumque  Clusinis  tulerunt. 
Galli  postea  a  senatu  Romano  postulaverunt  ut  pro  jure 
gentium  ita  violato  legati  Romani  dederentur.  Hoc  negato, 
exercitus  Gallicus  Romam  profectus  est. 

Romani,  qui  nihil  ad  tantum  periculum  idoneum  parave- 

10  rant,  apud  flumen  Alliam  superati  sunt.  Diem  quo  hoc  proe- 
lium  factum  est  Romani  postea  AUiensem  appellaverunt. 
Magna  pars  exercitus  incolumis  Veios  perfugit.  Ceteri  Ro- 
mam petierunt  et  ne  clausis  quidem  portis  urbis  in  arcem 
Capitoliumque  cum  conjugibus  et  liberis  se  contulerunt. 

15  Galli  ingressi  urbem  nemini  parcunt,  diripiunt  incendunt- 
que  tecta.  Post  aliquot  dies,  testtidine  facta,  impetum  in 
arcem    fecerunt.     At    Romani    medio    fere    colle    restiterunt, 


3.  ne  .  .  .  oppugnarent,  not  to  attack;  a  noun  clause,  object  of  monerent. 

5.  jus  gentium:  the  ancient  equivalent  of  our  "international  law." 

6.  pro,  in  return  for,  in  satisfaction  of. 

11.  AUiensem:  this  day  was  always  regarded  as  one  of  ill  omen,  on 
which  no  official  assemblies  of  the  people  were  held, 

13.  ne  clausis  quidem,  without  even  closing;  remember  that  the  words 
ne  .  .  .  quidem  enclose  the  emphatic  word. 

15.  nemini:  give  the  list  of  "special"  verbs  that  govern  the  dative. 

16.  testudine:  a  formation  with  shields  in  close  array  in  front  and  over- 
head. 

17.  medio  fere  colle,  about  the  middle  of  the  hill;  medio  is  an  adjective 
denoting  a  part,  like  prlmam,  13,  17. 

12.  per-fugio,    -fugere,    -fugi,    — ,  with  forbearance. 
intr.,  flee  for  refuge,  flee.  ... 

13.  quidem.  ad.,  certainly,  in  fact;      "'^^'Vrap'St'pIundlr;"'''""'  ''^ 


to  be  sure,  it  is  true;  ne  .  .  . 
quidem,  not  even,  not  either. 

).  parco,  -ere,   peperci,  parsurus, 

intr.   {takes  dative),   spare,    treat  column  (a  military  term). 


quidem,  not  even,  not  either.  le.  testudo,  -dinis,  /.  [testa,  shell, 

15.  parco,  -ere,   peperci,  parsurus,  hard  covering],  tortoise;  covered 


A   JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  189 

atque  inde  ex  loco  superiore,  impetu  facto,  Gallos  pepulerunt. 
Obsidio    inde    a    Gallls    parata    est.     Pars    exercitus    Gallici 
dimissa  est  ad  frumentum  conferendum  ex  agris  populorum  20 
finitimorum.     Hos  fortuna  ipsa  duxit  Ardeam,  ubi  Camillus, 
imperator  clarissimus,   in   exilio    vivebat.     Ardeates   eo  duce 
castra  Gallorum  nocte  oppugnant  et  solutos  somno  trucldant. 
Veils  interim  non  animi  solum  in  dies  sed  etiam  vires  cresce- 
bant.     Nam  praeter  Romanos,  qui  ex  pugna  AUiensI  copper-  25 
fugerant,    voluntarii    ex    Latio    conveniebant.     Hi    jam    con- 
stituerunt   Romam   hostibus   llberare.     Omnibus   placuit   Ca- 
millum   arcessi,    sed   antea   senatum   consull.     Ad   eam   rem 
Pontius  Cominius,  audax  juvenis,  sublevatus  cortice  secundo 
Tiber!  ad  urbem  defertur.     Senatu  probante,  Camillus  dicta-  30 
tor  dictus  est. 


20.  ad  .  .  .  conferendum:  a  gerundive  construction. 

21.  Ardeam,  to  Ardea. 

Camillus:  he  had  previously  taken  the  Etruscan  city  of  Veii  after  a 
long  siege,  but  had  subsequently  been  exiled  on  the  charge  of  having  un- 
fairly divided  the  spoils  of  that  place. 

23.  solutos  somno,  while  sleeping;  how,  literally? 

24.  Veils:  a  locative. 

animi:  plural;  compare  English  "their  spirits." 
;  in  dies,  day  hy  day. 

27.  placuit:  the  subject  is  the  infinitive  clause  Camillum  arcessi. 

28.  consul!:  passive  infinitive;  the  meaning  was  explained  in  the  note 
on  14,  11. 

29.  cortice:  a  float  made  of  bark. 

secundo  Tiberi,  down  the  Tiber;  literally,  the  Tiber  being  favorable, 
ablative  absolute;  in  like  manner  adverso  flumine  means  up  stream. 

31.  dictus  est  =credf  us  es^. 


19.  obsidio,    -onis,   /.    [ob+sedeo],  luntas],  voluntary;  subst.,  volun- 
siege,  blockade.  tarii,  -orum,  m.  pL,  volunteers. 

20.  di-mitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -mis-  28.  arcesso,  -cessere,  -cessivl,  -ces- 
sum,   tr.,   send   out,    send    forth;  situm,  //•.,  send  for,  summon, 
dismiss. 

23.  trucido,   -are,   -avi,  -atum,  ir.,  29.  audax  -acis,  adj.  [audeo],  dar- 

slaughter,  massacre.  ^^^^'  *^^^^- 

26.  voluntarius,   -a,  -um,  adj.  [vo-  cortex,  -icis,  m.  andf.,  bark. 


190 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


Interim  arx  Romae  Capitoliumque  in  ingenti  periculo  fuit. 
Nocte  enim  Galli,  praemisso  milite  qui  viam  temptaret,  tanto 
silentio  in  summum  evaserunt  ut  non  solum  custodes  falle- 

35  rent,  sed  ne  canes  quidem  excitarent.  Anseres  non  fefellerunt, 
qui  aves  Junonis  sacrae  erant.  Nam  M.  Manlius,  vir  bello 
egregius,  clangore  eorum  alarumque  crepitu  excitatus  dejecit 
Galium  qui  jam  in  summo  constiterat.  Jamque  alii  Romani 
telis    saxisque    hostes    propellunt,    totaque    acies    Gallorum 

40  praeceps  defertur. 

Sed  fames  jam  utrumque  exercitum  urgebat,  Gallos  pesti- 
lentia  etiam.  Diem  ex  die  Romani  frustra  auxilium  ab  die- 
tatore  expectabant.  Postremo  mille  pondo  auri  cum  Gallis 
pacti  sunt  ut  obsidionem  relinquerent.     Huic  rei  per  se  tur- 

45  pissimae  indignitas  addita  est;  nam  pondera  ab  Gallis  allata 
sunt   iniqua.     Romanis   recusantibus   gladius   a  Brenno,   rege 

32.  fuit:  the  verb  often  agrees  in  number  with  the  nearest  part  of  a 
compound  subject. 

33.  temptaret,  try,  reconnoiter. 

34.  evaserunt,  made  their  way  up. 
ut  non  fallerent:  App.  96. 

42.  Diem  ex  die,  day  after  day. 

43.  mille  pondo  auri:  a  peculiar  phrase,  meaning  a  thousand  pounds  of 
gold.  Translate,  they  bargained  with  the  Gauls  for  a  thousand  pounds  of 
gold  that  they  should  abar\don  the  siege. 

44.  pacti  sunt:  from  paclscor. 

per  se,  of  itself;  to  be  taken  closely  with  turpissimae. 

45.  pondera,  weights;  i.e.,  for  the  scales. 


34.  silentium,  -I,  n.  [sileo,  be  still], 
silence. 

custos,  -odis,  in.  and  /.,  guard, 
guardian,  keeper, 

35.  anser,  -eris,  m.,  goose. 

37.  egregius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [e+grex, 
flock],  distinguished,  eminent. 

clangor,  -oris,  m.,  noise. 

39.  pro-pello,  -pellere,  -puli,  -pul- 
sum,  tr.,  drive  forward;  drive  off, 
repel,  rout. 


40.  praeceps,  -cipitis,  adj.  [prae,  be- 
fore, +caput],  headforemost,  head- 
long. 

41.  urgeo,  -ere,  ursi,  — ,  tr.,  press, 
press  hard,  beset,  urge. 

43.  pondo,  adv.  [compare  pondus], 
by  weight,  in  weight. 

44.  paciscor,   pacisci,   pactus   sum, 

inlr.,  bargain,  agree. 

46.  iniquus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [in-+ 
aequus],   uneven;  unfair,  unjust. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


191 


yj 


Gallorum,  ponder!  additus  est  cum  his  verbis,   "vae  victis 
Sed  priusquam  res  perfecta  est,  dictator  pervenit  auferrique 
aurum  de  medio  et  Gallos  summoverl  jussit.     Cum  illi  dice- 
rent  se  pactos  esse,  negat  eam  pactionem  valere,  quae,  post-  so 
quam   ipse   dictator   creatus   esset,    injussu    suo   facta   esset; 
turn  denuntiat  Gallis  ut  se  ad  proelium  parent. 

Galll  et  in  urbe  et  altero  proelio  via  Gabina  superati  sunt. 
Dictator  triumphans  in  urbem  rediit;  Romulus  ac  parens 
patriae  conditorque  alter  urbis  appellabatur.  Deinde  s»rva-  55 
tarn  in  bello  patriam  iterum  in  pace  servavit.  Cum  enim 
tribuni  plebem  agitarent  ut  relictis  rulnis  Veios  migrarent, 
Camillus  oratione  acri  civibus  persuasit  ut  Romam  restitue- 
rent.  Centurio  quoque  populum  movit  voce  opportune 
emissa,  qui  cum  cohortibus  forum  transiens  clamavit:  60 
'^Signum  statue,  signifer;  hie  manebimus  optime."  Qua 
voce  audita,  et  senatus  e  curia  egressus  omen  accipere  -se 
conclamavit,  et  plebs  circumfusa  probaverunt. 

47.  vae  victis,  woe  to  the  vanquished. 

51.  creatus  esset,  facta  esset:  subjunctives  in  subordinate  clauses  in 
indirect  discourse. 

63.  via  Gabina,  on  the  road  to  Gabii. 

64.  Romulus :  predicate  nominative. 

65.  servatam:  to  be  translated  by  a  relative  clause. 

67.  plebem  agitarent  ut  .  .  .  migrarent,  were  instigating  the  people  to 
migrate;  migrarent  takes  a  subject  supplied  from  plebem;  how  is  the  plural 
verb  to  be  accounted  for? 

69.  Centurio  .  .  .  movit:  this  incident  illustrates  the  very  common  tend- 
ency of  the  Romans  to  find  omens  in  chance  utterances. 

62.  et  .  .  .  et,  both  .  .  .  and. 


47.  vaeyinterj.,  woe! 

49.  summoveo,  -movere,  -movl, 
-motum,  tr.  [sub  +  moveo],  drive 
away,  remove. 

50.  pactio,  -onis,  /.  [paciscor],  agree- 
ment, bargain. 

62.  de-nuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
announce,  proclaim ;  give  w^arning. 

67.  agito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [freq. 
of  ago],  drive;  impel,  instigate. 

ruina,  -ae,/.  [ruo,  fall  in  ruins],  ruin, 
downfall;  pL,  ruins. 


59.  opportune,  adv.  [opportunus], 
fitly,  opportunely. 

61.  signifer,  -i,  m.  [signum  +  fero], 
standard-bearer. 

optime,  superl.  adv.  [optimus],  best. 

62.  omen,  -inis,  n.,  omen. 

63.  con-clamo,  -are,  -avi,  -atimi,  tr. 
and  intr.,  cry  out  together,  cry 
out  loudly,  exclaim. 

circum-fundo,  -fundere,  -fudi,  -fu- 
sum,  tr.,  pour  around. 


192 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


18.   Gaius  Fabricius 

RomanI  a  Pyrrho,  rege  Epirl,  proelio  superati  legatos  Ta- 
rentum  ad  eum  de  redimendis  captTvis  miserunt.  Inter  lega- 
tes Romanes  erat  C.  Fabricius,  vir  bonus  et  bello  egregius, 
sed  admodum  pauper.  Pyrrhus,  qui  cum  Romanis  pacem 
5  facere  volebat,  legatls  magna  dona  obtulit,  si  Romanis  pacem 
suaderent.  Quamquam  haec  omnia  spreta  sunt,  rex  tamen 
captlvQS  dicitur  sine  pretio  Romam  misisse. 

Pyrrhus   Fabricii   virtutem  admlratus  ill!  secreto  quartam 
etiam  regni  sui  partem  obtulit  si  patriam  desereret  secumque 

10  viveret;  cui  Fabricius  ita  respondit:  "Qi  me  virum  bonum 
judicas,  cur  me  vis  corrumpere?  sin  vero  malum,  cur  meam 
amicitiam  cupis?"  Anno  inter jecto,  omni  spe  pacis  inter 
Pyrrhum  et  Romanes  conciliandae  ablata,  Fabricius  consul 
factus  contra  eum  missus  est.     Cumque  vicina  castra  ipse  et 

15  rex  haberent,  medicus  regis  nocte  ad  Fabricium  venit  elque 


1.  Pyrrho:  Pyrrhus  came  into  Italy  at  the  invitation  of  the  people  of 
Tarentum  as  their  ally  in  war  with  the  Romans.  In  a  more  general  way 
he  stood  as  the  champion  of  the  Greek  cities  of  southern  Italy  against 
Roman  aggression. 

5.  si  .  .  .  suaderent,  if  they  would  urge  peace  upon  the  Romans;  the  sub- 
junctive is  due  to  the  informal  indirect  discourse,  Pyrrhus  said  that  he 
would  make  large  presents,  if,  etc. 

12.  pads  .  .  .  conciliandae:  genitive  of  the  gerundive  construction. 


2.  redimo,  -imere,  -emi,  -emptum, 
tr.  [red-+em6],  buy  back,  ransom, 
buy  up. 

4.  ad-modum,  adv.,  fully,  very, 
quite. 

pauper,  -eris,  adj.,  poor,  of  small 
means. 

6.  suadeo,  -ere,  suasi,  suasum,  tr. 

and  inlr.  [compare  suavis],  advise, 
recommend,  urge. 

7.  pretium,  -i,  n.,  price,  value;  re- 
ward, recompense. 

8.  secreto,  adv.  [secretus],  separate- 
ly, secretly,  in  private. 


11.  judico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [ju- 
dex], judge,  decide. 

corrumpo,  -rumpere,  -rupi,  -ruptum, 
tr.  [com-  +  rump6,  burst],  rum; 
corrupt. 

sin,  conj.  [si+ne],  but  if. 

vero,  adu.  [verus],  in  fact,  certainly; 
but  in  fact,  however. 

12.  interjicio,  -jicere,  -jeci,  -jectum, 
tr.  [inter +  jacio],  throw  between, 
interpose. 

15.  medicus,  -i,  m.  [medicus,  medi- 
cal], physician,  surgeon. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  193 

pollicitus  est,  si  praemium  sibi  proposuisset,  se  Pyrrhum  ve- 
neno  necatfirum.  Hunc  Fabricius  vinctum  ad  Pyrrhum 
remisit  atque  eum  certiorem  fecit  quae  medicus  pollicitus 
esset.  Turn  rex  admlratus  eum  dixisse  fertur:  *'Ille  est 
Fabricius,  qui  difficilius  ab  honestate  quam  sol  a  suo  cursu  20 
potest  avertl." 

Fabricius  cum  apud  Pyrrhum  regem  legatus  esset,  cum 
Cinea,  legato  Pyrrhl,  sermonem  contulit.  Hie  dixit  qyendam 
philosophum  esse  Athenis,  qui  diceret  omnia  quae  faceremus 
ad  voluptatem  esse  referenda.  Tum  Fabricium  exclamasse  25 
ferunt:  ''Utinam  id  hostibus  nostris  persuadeamus,  quo  facili- 
us  vinci  possint,  cum  se  voluptatibus  dederint!"  Nihil 
magis  ab  ejus  vita  alienum  erat  quam  voluptas  et  luxus. 
Tota  ejus  suppellex  argentea  ex  salino  tino  const abat  et  ex 

16.  se  .  .  .  necaturum  esse:  a  verb  of  "promising"  may  take  either  a 
future  infinitive  with  subject  accusative,  as  here,  or  simply  a  present 
infinitive  without  subject. 

18.  quae  medicus  pollicitus  esset,  what  the  physician  had  promised; 
indirect  question  depending  on  certiorem  fecit. 

19.  fertur,  is  said,  the  same  meaning  as  in  15,  1;  in  1.  26  occurs  the 
active  Jerunt,  they  say. 

23.  Cinea:  for  the  declension  of  this  Greek  word  see  the  note  on  Aeneas, 
1,  4.  Cineas  was  famed  for  his  powers  of  persuasion  and  was  Pyrrhus' 
favorite  adviser.  The  king  was  reported  to  have  said  that  he  had  taken 
more  cities  through  the  eloquence  of  Cineas  than  by  force  of  arms. 

sermonem  contulit,  engaged  in  conversation. 

Hie,  the  latter. 

25.  ad  voluptatem,  to  the  standard  of  pleasure. 

26.  Utinam  id  hostibus  nostris  persuadeamus,  would  that  we  might 
persuade  our  enemies  of  this;  the  accusative  id  replaces  an  infinitive  clause, 
id  verum  esse.  The  optative  subjunctive  persuadeamus  and  the  clause  of 
purpose  following  are  explained  in  App.  93  and  95. 

28.  ab  .  .  .  vita:  with  alienum;  we  say  ''foreign  to." 

18.  re-mitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -mis-      24.  philosophus,  -i,  m.,  philosopher, 
sum,  tr.,  send  back;  relax,  discon-       28.  luxus,  -us,  vi.,  luxury,  splendor. 

^*^^^"  29.  suppellex,  -lectilis,  /.,  domestic 
20.  difficiliter,  adv.  [difficilis],  with  utensils,  furniture. 

difficulty.  argenteus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [argentum], 
honestas,  -atis,  /.  [honor],  honesty,  of  silver. 

honor.  salinum,  -i,  n.  [sal],  salt-cellar. 


194 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


30  patella  ad  usum  sacrorum,  quae  corneo  pediculo  sustinebatur. 
Cenabat  ad  focum  radices  et  herbas,  cum  legati  Samnltium 
ad  eum  venerunt  magnamque  ei  pecuniam  obtulerunt;  quibus 
sic  respondit:  '^Quamdiu  cupiditatibus  imperare  potero,  nihil 
mihi  deerit;  vos  autem  pecuniam  eis  qui  eam  cupiunt  donate." 

35  Fabricius  omnem  vitam  in  gloriosa  paupertate  exegit, 
adeoque  inops  decessit  ut  unde  dos  flliai*um  daretur  non 
relinqueret.  Senatus  patris  sibi  partes  sumpsit  et,  datis  ex 
aerario  dotibus,  fllias  collocavit. 

31.  cum  .  .  .  venerunt:  this  uso  of  cum  with  a  perfect  indicative  is 
explained  in  the  note  on  Arg.  109. 

33.  nihil  mihi  deerit,  /  shall  lack  nothing;  the  dative  with  desum  is 
(      similar  to  the  dative  of  possession  with  su7n. 

36.  unde,  the  msans  from  which;  the  idea  of  possibility  is  involved  in 
the  subjunctive  daretur,  could  be  furnished. 


30.  patella,  -ae,  /.  [dii7i.  of  patina, 
pan],  a  small  pan,  a  small  dish. 

comeus,  -a,  -um,   adj.    [cornu],   of 

horn, 
pediculus,  -i,  m.  [pes],  a  little  foot, 

a  small  base. 

31.  ceno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr.  and 
tr.  [cena],  dine,  dine  upon. 

focus,  -i,  m.,  fireplace,  hearth. 
radix,  -dicis, /.,  root,  radish;  lower 
part,  foot,  base  {of  a  mountain). 

33.  quam-diu,  adv.,  as  long  as. 

34.  de-sum,   -esse,   -fui,   -futurus, 
intr.,  be  wanting,  be  lacking. 


35.  gloriosus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [gloria], 
glorious,  famous,  renowned. 

paupertas,  -atis,  /.  [pauper],  small 
means,  poverty. 

36.  inops,  -opis,  adj.  [in-+ops],  poor, 
destitute. 

de-cedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,   -cessum, 

iiitr.,  withdraw,  depart;  die. 

dos,  dotis,  /.,  dowry.  ' 

38.  aerarium,  -i,  n.  [aes],  treasury. 

colloco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  fr.  [com- 
+loco,  place],  station,  arrange^ 
give  in  marriage. 


19.   Marcus  Atilius  Regulus 

Cum  primo  Punico  bello  RomanI  contra  Carthaginienses  de 
imperio  Siciliae  contenderent,  M.  Atilius  Regulus,  consul 
Romanus,  navali  pugna  classem  Punicam  superavit.  Proelio 
facto,  Hanno,  dux  Carthaginiensis,  ad  eum  venit  simulans  se 


3.  navalis,  -e,  adj.  [navis],  of  ships,  nautical,  naval. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  195 

• 

velle  de  pace  agere,  re  vera  ut  tempus  extraheret,  dum  novae  5 
copiae  ex  Africa  advenirent.     Mllites   Romanl   clamare   coe- 
perunt  Regulum  idem'  facere  oportere  quod   Carthaginienses 
paucis  ante  annis  in  consule  quodam  fecissent.     Is  enim  tam- 
quam  in  colloquium  per  fraudem  vocatus  a  Poenis  compre- 
hensus  erat  et  in  catenas  conjectus.     Jam  Hanno  timere  in-  10 
cipiebat,    sed    perlculum  responso  callido   reppulit.     ''Si  hoc 
feceritis",    inquit,    ''nihilo    eritis    Poenis    meliores.'*'     Consul 
tacere  jussit  eos  qui  par  pari  referri  volebant,  et  conveniens 
gravitati  Romanae  responsum  dedit:  ''Isto  te  metti,  Hanno, 
fides  Romana  llberat."     De  pace,  quia  Poenus  ex  animo  non  15 
agebat  et  consul  bellum  gerere  quam  pacem  facere  malebat, 
non  convenit. 

Deinde  Regulus  et  coUega,  L.  Manlius  Vulso,  in  Africam 
primi  Romanorum  ducum  transierunt.  Ibi,  multls  castellls 
expugnatis  magnaque  praeda  capta,  Tunetem  occupaverunt,  20 
quae  urbs  decern  tantum  mllibus  passuum  a  Carthagine 
aberat.  Vulso  in  Italiam  cum  parte  militum  rediit,  coUega 
ad   agros   vastandos   relicto.     Dum    Regulus    ita   hiemem   in 

5.  re  vera,  in  fad,  in  reality,  as  in  7,  11. 

6.  advenirent:  anticipatory  subjunctive  with  dum,  until,  App.  100. 

7.  oportere:  the  infinitive  is  due  to  the  indirect  discourse;  its  subject  is 
another  infinitive  with  subject  accusative,  Regulum  .  .  .  facere. 

8.  in,  iM  the  case  of. 

9.  Poenis:  Poeni  and  Carthaginienses  are  used  of  the  same  people,  the 
former  referring  to  their  Phoenician  origin,  the  latter  derived  from  the 
name  of  their  chief  city. 

13.  par  pari,  like  for  like,  as  good  as  they  sent. 

15.  ex  animo,  sincerely;  literally,  from  his  heart. 

17.  non  convenit,  no  agreement  was  reached;  convenit  is  used  impersonally, 

21.  mUibus:  ablative  of  degree  or  measure  of  difference;  what  part  of 
speech  is  the  plural  of  mllle? 

11.  callidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [calleo,  13.  conveniens,  ^en., -entis,od!;.  [pr. 
be  callous,  be  skilled],  shrewd,  par^.  o/convenio],  agreeing,  appro- 
adroit,  priate. 

12.  nihilum,  -i,  n.  [ne+hilum,a  14.  gravitas, -atis,/.  [gravis],  heavi- 
shred],  nothmg;  esp.  in  theabl.  ness;  importance;  dignity. 

unth  a  compar.,  e.  g.  mluld  minus, 

none  the  less.  18.  collega,  -ae,  m.,  colleague. 


196 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


Africa  agit,  vllicus  in  agello  septem  jugerum,  quem  Regulus 
25  consul  habebat,  mortuus  est;  occasionem  nactus  mercennarius, 
ablato  rtistico  instrumento,  aufugit.  Ita  perlculum  erat  ne, 
deserto  agro,  alimenta  uxor!  Reguli  ac  llbeiis  deessent.  Dici- 
tur  litteiis  a  consulibus  petisse  ut  sibi  successor  mitteretur. 
At  senatus  agrum  coli  ptiblice  et  alimenta  conjugi  ejus  ac 
30  llberTs  praeberi  resque  quas  amiserat  redimi  jussit. 

Insequenti  anno  Regulus,  arbitratus  Carthaginienses  jam  se 

dedere    paratos    esse,    ad    colloquium    eos    invltavit.     Laeti 

venerunt,    ut   de   pace   agerent.     Sed   cum   postulata   Reguli 

audlvissent,    constituerunt    condiciones    tam    duras    recusare 

35  bellumque  renovare. 

Eo  fere  tempore  Lacedaemonius  quidam,  nomine  Xanthip- 
pus,    rel   militaris   peritissimus,    Carthaginem   cum   conductis  j^ 
venit.     Carthaginiensibus    celeriter    persuasit    ut    se    d^cem 
facerent.     Quo  facto  fortuna  mutata   est.     Nam   non   solum 

26.  ne  .  .  .  deessent:  the  noun  clause  is  used  with  perlculum  erat  exactly 
as  with  a  verb  of  fearing,  App.  99,  b;  observe  that  ne  is  to  be  translated  that. 

27.  uxori:  a  dative  with  desum,  like  mihi,  18,  34. 
37.  rei:  objective  genitive  with  peritissimus. 


24.  Vllicus,  -i,  7n.  [villa],  steward, 
bailiff. 

agellus,  -i,  7n.  [dim.  of  ager],  a  little 
field. 

25.  mercennarius,  -a,  -um,  adj. 
[merces],  hired,  paid;  subsL, 
mercennarius,  -i,  m.,  hired  ser- 
vant. 

26.  rusticus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [rus],  of 
the  country,  rustic. 

instriimentum,  -i,  n.,  implement, 
tool;  as  collective  in  the  si7ig.,  im- 
plements, tools. 

27.  alimenta,  -orum,  n.  pi.  [alo], 
food,  provisions;  support. 

28.  littera,  -ae,  /.,  a  letter  (of  the 
alphabet);  pL,  a  letter,  an  epistle; 
literature. 


successor,  -oris,  m.  [succedo],  suc- 
cessor. 

29.  publice,  adv.  [publicus],  in  the 
name  of  the  state,  at  public 
expense. 

31.  in-sequens,  ge7i.  -sequentis,  adj. 
[pr.  part,  of  insequor],  following, 
next. 

33.  postulatum,  -i,  n.  [p.  part,  of 
postulo],  a  demand,  request. 

34.  condicio,  -onis,  /.    [condico, 

agree],  agreement;  terms,  condi- 
tions. 

durus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  hard,  harsh, 
severe. 

37.  conduct!,  -orum,  m.  pi.  [p. 
part,  of  conduce],  iiercenary 
soldiers,  mercenaries. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  197 

exercitum   Romanum   vicerunt   sed   etiam   Regulum   impera-  40 
torem  ceperunt. 

Paucis  post  annis,  cum  iterum  de  pace  agere  constituissent, 
Regulum  cum  legates  Romam  miserunt  qui  Romanis  pacem 
suaderet  et  de  commutandis  captlvis  ageret;  jure  jurando 
autem  adstrictus  est  ut,  nisi  de  captivis  impetraret,  redlret  45 
ipse  Carthaginem.  Is,  cum  Romam  venisset,  egit  aliter  ac 
PoenI  mandaverant.  Nam  senatui  sliasit  ne  pax  cum  Poenls 
fieret;  illos  enim  fractos  tot  casibus  spem  nullam  habere; 
reddi  captivos  negavit  esse  utile;  adulescentes  esse  et  bonos 
duces,  se  jam  confectum  senectute;  dixit  etiam  malum  ex-  50 
emplum  futurum  esse,  si  captivl  Roman!  redimerentur. 
Senatus  eo  auctore  pacem  recusavit  Poenosque  captivos 
retinuit.  Regulus  ut  captlvus  conjugem  parvosque  natos 
a  se  removit  Carthaginemque  rediit.  Ibi  crudelissimis 
supplicils   necatus   esse  dicitur.  55 

42.  Paucis  post  annis:  an  ablative  of  degree  of  difference  with  post; 
we  have  also  had  post  paucos  annos. 

43.  Romanis  .  .  .  suaderet:  translated  in  the  note  on  18,  5. 

44.  jure  jurando  .  .  .  adstrictus  est  ut  .  .  .  rediret,  bound  himself  by  an 
oath  to  return;  because  of  the  implied  indirect  discourse  (he  said  he  would 
return),  the  subordinate  clause,  nisi  .  .  .  impetraret,  has  the  subjunctive. 

46.  ac,  than,  a  meaning  explained  in  the  note  on  Arg.  320. 

48.  illos  .  .  .  habere:  dependent  on  a  verb  of  ''saying"  implied  in  the 
preceding  sentence. 

49.  reddi  captivos:  for  the  infinitive  clause  as  subject  of  esse,  see  the 
note  on  16,  5.     Why  is  Utile  neuter? 

52.  60  auctore,  by  his  advice,  ablative  absolute. 

53.  ut  captivus,  as  a  prisoner;  and  so  not  the  equal  of  free  Romans. 

54.  a  se  removit,  shunned. 


50.  senectus,  -utis,  /.  [senex],  old 


age. 


44.  com-muto, -are, -avi, -atum,  /r.,  pedient. 
change,  exchange. 

45.  ad-stringo,  -stringere,  -strinxi, 
-strictum,  //•.,  bind  to,  bind. 

impetro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  and  exemplum,  -i,  n.,  example,   prece- 

i7Ur.    [in+patro,    perform],    gain,  dent. 

gain  one's  request.  53,  retineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  -tentum, 
49.  utilis,  -e,  adj.  [utor],  useful,  ex-  tr.  [re-+tene6],  restrain,  retain. 


19g  A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 

20.   Hannibal 

Carthaginienses  post  primum  Punicum  bellum  imperium 
opesque  in  Hispania  diligenter  auxerunt.  Dux  hujus  operis 
Hamilcar  erat,  qui  imperator  primo  bello  fuerat  atque  indig- 
nabatur    quod    Carthago    eo    bello    Siciliam    Sardiniamque 

5  amiserat. 

Hannibal,  ejus  filius,  annos  novem  natus  patre  incitante 
juravit  se  semper  hostem  futtirum  esse  popull  Roman! . 
Postea  in  Hispaniam  missus  est.  Tarn  similis  patri  ore  vul- 
tuque  erat  ut  milites  Hamilcarem  juvenem  redditum  sibi  esse 

10  crederent.  Ingenium  autem  erat  ad  res  diversissimas,  paren- 
dum  atque  imperandum,  aptum.  Non  minus  HasdrubalJ, 
imperatori,  qui  interfecto  Hamilcare  ei  successor  fuit  in  His- 
pania, quam  exercitui  carus  erat.  Neque  Hasdrubal  alium 
quemquam   militibus   praeficere   malebat,   neque   milites   alio 

15  duce  plus  confldebant  aut  audebant.  Plurimum  audaciae  ad 
pericula  capessenda,  plurimum  consilii  inter  ipsa  pericula 
praebebat.     Null5    labore    aut    corpus    fatlgari    aut    animus 

6.  annos  novem  natus,  at  the  age  of  nine;  how,  literally? 

patre  incitante,  at  the  instigation  of  his  father,  ablative  absolute. 

8.  patri:  dative  with  similis,  which  sometimes  takes  the  genitive. 

10.  parendum,  imperandum:  accusative  of  the  gerund  in  apposition 
with  res. 

12.  ei  successor,  successor  to  him.  Hasdrubal  was  a  brother-in-law  of 
Hannibal. 

13.  alium  quemquam,  any  other. 

14.  militibus:  dative  with  the  compound  praeficere,  of  which  quemquam 
is  the  direct  object. 

ali5  duce,  under  another  leader,  ablative  absolute. 

15.  plus  confidebant  aut  audebant,  displayed  more  confidence  or  daring. 

Pliirimum  audaciae,  the  utmost  boldness;  substantive  use  of  the  adjective 
with  dependent  genitive  of  the  whole. 

6.  in-cito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [cito,  15.  plus,  adv.  [n.  ace.  of  plus],  more. 

rouse],  rouse,  incite,  instigate.  le.  capesso,  -ere,  — ,  — ,  tr.  [capio], 

8.  vultus,  -us,  m.,  face,  features,  ex-  seize    (eagerly),    undertake,    un- 

pression.  dergo. 

11.  aptus, -a, -um,  ad;.,  fit,  adap-  17.  fatigo,   -are,    -avi,   -atum,    tr., 

ted.  weary,  tire,  fatigue. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


199 


vincI  poterat.  Caloris  ac  frigoris  patientia  erat  par.  CibI 
modus  potionisque  desiderio  natural!,  non  voluptate,  finitus 
est;  tempora  vigiliarum  somnique  nee  die  nee  nocte  discrl-  20 
minata  sunt;  id  quod  gerendls  rebus  supererat  quieti  datum  est; 
ea  neque  molli  strato  neque  silentio  arcessTta  est;  multl  saepe 
eum  mllitari  sagulo  opertum  humi  jacentem  inter  custodias 
stationesque  militum  conspexerunt.  Vestitus  nihil  inter 
aequales  excellens;  arma  atque  equi  conspiciebantur.  Equi-  25 
tum  peditumque  idem  longe  primus  erat;  princeps  in  proeli- 
um  ibat,  ultimus  commisso  proelio  excedebat. 

Hasdrubale  interfecto,  Hannibal,  natus  annos  viginti  sep- 
tem  imperator  creatus,  constituit  Romanes  vincere,  ut  Car- 
thaginem  in  pristinam  auctoritatem  restitueret.  Primum  30 
obsidione  urbem  Saguntlnorum  cepit,  qui  socii  Hispanienses 
Romanorum  erant.  Deinde  per  montes  Pyrenaeos  atque 
Alpes  iter  difficile  in  Italiam  fecit.  Ibi  Romanes  exercitus 
superavit  ad  Ticinum  flumen,  ad  Trebiam,  ad  Trasumennum 
lacum,   in  Apulia  ad  Cannas.     In  Apuliam  venerat  eo  con-  35 


21.  id  quod  .  .  .  supererat,  what  time  was  left  from  active  duties;  gerendls 
rebus  is  a  dative  of  the  gerundive  construetion,  the  dative  being  frequently 
used  after  super  sum. 

23.  humi,  on  the  ground;  a  locative. 

24.  nihil,  not  at  all;  for  the  case  see  the  note  on  Arg.  319, 
26.  idem,  alike;  in  agreement  with  the  subject  of  erat. 


18.  frigus,  frigoris,  7i.,   cold,  cold- 
ness. 

19.  potio,  -onis,  /.  [poto,  to  drink], 
a  drink,  drink. 

desiderium,  -i,  n.    [desidero,   long 
for],  desire,  longing. 

naturalis,   -e,  adj.    [natura],    of 
nature,  natural. 

finio,   -ire,   -ivi,   -itum,    tr.    [finis], 
limit,  determine,  fix. 

20.  discrimino,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr. 
[discrimen],    divide,    distinguish. 

22.  mollis,  -e,  adj.,  soft. 


stratum,  -i,  ??.  [p.  part,  of  sterno, 
spread  out],  bed-covering,  cover- 
let. 

23.  sagulum,  -i,  n.  [dim.  of  sagum, 
mantle],  a  military  cloak. 

24.  static,  -onis,  /.  fsto],  station, 
post;  pi.  sentries,  outposts. 

25.  aequalis,  -e,  adj.,  equal;  subst., 
aequalis,  -is,  in.,  one  of  the  same 
age. 

excellens,  gen.  -entis,  adj.  [pr.  part, 
of  excello,  excel],  prominent,  dis- 
tinguished. 


200  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

silio,  ut  spe  libertatis  socios  Romanorum  sollicitaret.  Qui- 
dam  ex  sociis  amicitiam  Hannibalis  secuti  sunt,  sed  multi  in 
fide  Romanorum  manserunt.  Cum  optimi  duces  Roman! 
adversus  Hannibalem  mitterentur,  numquam  tamen  eum 
40  devincere  potuerunt.  Sedecim  annos  in  Italia  neque  victor 
neque  victus  mansit. 

36.  ut  .  .  .  sollicitaret:  a  clause  explaining  cdnsilio. 

37.  amicitiam  Hamiibalis  secuti  sunt,  7nade  friends  with  Hannibal. 

36.  sollicito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  turn,  tr.,  conquer  completely. 

disturb,  tempt,  incite.  sedecim,  indecl.  num.  [sex+decem], 

40.  de-vinco,  -vincere,  -vici,  -vie-  sixteen. 


21.   QuiNTus  Fabius  Maximus 

Initio  secundi  Punici  belli  Roman!  legates  Carthaginem 
miserunt  qui  reperlrent  num  publico  consilio  Hannibal  Sagun- 
tum  oppugnasset.  Re  diu  at  que  frustra  in  senatu  Cartha- 
giniensi  dellberata,  tandem  unus  ex  Carthaginiensibus  clama- 

5  vit:  ''Omittite  Sagunt!  mentionem  facere,  et  quod  fertis  ali- 
quando  dicite."  Tum  Q.  Fabius  Maximus,  legationis  Ro- 
manae  pr!nceps,  sinu  ex  toga  facto,  ^'h!c,"  inquit,  '^vobls 
bellum  et  pacem  portamus;  utrum  placet,  sumite."  Cartha- 
ginienses   baud   minus   ferociter   eum   jusserunt    dare   utrum 

10  vellet.  Et  cum  is  iterum  sinu  effuso  bellum  se  dare  d!xisset, 
Carthaginienses  responderunt :  ''Bellum  accipimus  et  quibus 
anim!s  accipimus  !sdem  geremus. ' ' 

2.  num:  this  word  may  introduce  indirect  questions  as  well  as  direct; 
with  indirect  questions  it  should  be  translated  whether. 

publico  consilio,  with  the  sanction  of  the  government. 

8.  utrum,  whichever;  literally,  which  of  the  two. 

11.  quibus  animis  .  .  .  isdem:  here,  as  often  in  Latin,  the  antecedent 
animls  is  placed  in  the  relative  clause,  with  a  demonstrative  standing 
after;  it  is  best  to  translate  as  if  we  had  Isdem  animis  geremus  quibus 
accipimus. 

6.  legatio,  -onis,  /.  [lego,  appoint  as  deputy],  embassy,  legation.  * 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


201 


Postquam  Romani  cladem  ad  Trasumennum  lacum  acce- 
perunt,  Fabius  dictator  creatus  est,  et  M.  Minucius  Rufus 
magister  equitum.  Consilium  erat  Fabii  nullo  loco  cum  15 
hoste  decertare,  sed  fines  Romanorum  sociorumque  intueri  et 
levibus  proelils  mllitum  fortitudinem  augere.  Hannibal  hoc 
consillo  turbatus  dictatorem  invidia  onerare  constituit.  Ita- 
que  cum  ager  Fabii  ei  monstratus  esset,  omnibus  agris  circa 
vastatis,  iini  agro  dictatoris  pepercit.  At  Fabius,  misso  Ro-  20 
mam  Quinto  filio,  agrum  vendidit  pecuniaque  redacta  capti- 
vos  Romanes  redemit. 

Ratio  Fabiana  belli  gerendi,  propter  quam  Fabio  cognomen 
Ciinctator  datum  est,  Romanis  grata  non  erat.  Cum  Minu- 
cius, absente  dictatore,  aliquantum  victoriae  forte  adeptus  2.5 
esset,  lex  lata  est  ut  jus  magistri  equitum  et  dictatoris  ae- 
quaretur.  Injuriam  tamen  Fabius  aequo  animo  tulit,  satis 
fidens  haudquaquam  cum  imperii  jure  artem  imperandi 
aequatam  esse.  Legiones  inter  dictatorem  et  magistrum 
divisae  sunt.  Denique  Minucius,  temere  proelio  commisso,  30 
a  Fabio  servatus  est.     Tum  sub   imperium   dictatoris  rediit 

20.  uni,  alone;  a  not  infrequent  meaning  of  unus. 

21.  pecunia  redacta,  ivUh  the  money  realized,  ablative  absolute, 

25.  aliquantum  victoriae,  somewhat  of  a  victory. 

26.  ut  .  .  .  aequaretur:  a  noun  clause  defining  lex. 

27.  aequo  animo,  with  composure,     satis  fidens,  quite  convinced. 
31.  a  Fabio:  to  be  taken  with  servatus  est. 


13.  clades,  cladis, -ium,/.,  disaster, 
misfortune;  defeat. 

16.  de-certo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr., 
fight  it  out,  fight  a  decisive  battle. 

17.  fortitude,  -dinis,/.  [fortis],  forti- 
tude, bravery. 

18.  invidia,  -ae,  /.  [invidus,  en- 
vious], envy,  jealousy. 

21.  vendo,  -ddre,  -didi,  -ditum,  tr. 
[venum,  sale,  +d6],  sell. 

redigo,  -igere,  -egl,  -actum,  tr.  [red- 
+agol,  force  back;  bring  under, 
reduce;  collect. 


24.  ciinctator,  -oris,  vi.  [cunctor],  a 
delayer;  as  a  proper  noun,  be- 
stowed informally  as  a  cognomen 
onQ.  Fabius  Maximus. 

25.  aliquantum,  -i,  n.  [aliquantus, 
some],  something. 

adipiscor,  adipiscT,  adeptus  sum,  tr. 
[ad+apiscor,  reach],  attain,  ob- 
tain, win. 

26.  aequ5,  -are,  -avI,  -atum,  tr. 
[aequus],  make  equal,  equahze. 

28.  fido,    -ere,    fisus    sum,    intr., 

trust,  rely  upon. 
30.  temere,  adv.,  rashly,  heedlessly. 


202  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

legionesque  restituit  et  Fabium  pat  rem  appellavit.  Romae,  ut 
est  perlata  fama  ejus  rel,  omnes  Maximum  laudibus  ad 
caelum  ferebant. 
35  Multls  post  annis,  alils  rebus  interim  gestis,  Fabius  mor- 
tuus  est.  Quamquam  alius  dux  promptior  ad  proelium 
Hannibalem  denique  devlcit,  certum  tamen  est  Fabium  rem 
Romanam  consili5  cunctandl  restituisse. 


32.  ut,  when. 

33.  laudibus  ferebant,  extolled. 

37.  rem  Romanam,  Roman  fortunes . 

36.  promptus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part.       38.  cunctor,  -an,  -atus  sum,  intr., 
of   promo,    bring    forth],    ready,  delay,  hesitate, 

prompt. 


22.   PuBLius  Cornelius  Scipio  Africanus 

P.  Cornelius  Scipio  fllius  erat  consulis  qui  exercitui  Ro- 
mano in  proelio  ad  Ticlnum  flumen  praefuerat.  Fama  est 
patrem,  cum  in  eo  proeli5  vulneratus  ab  hostibus  circum- 
venlretur,  a  filio  septendecim  nato  annos  servatum  esse. 

5  Post  pugnam  Cannensem  quattuor  milia  militum  Romano- 
rum  Canusium  perfugerunt.  Cum  ibi  tribuni  militum  quat- 
tuor essent,  omnium  tamen  consensu  ad  duos  tribunos,  P. 
Scipionem  et  Ap.  Claudium,  summa  imperii  delata  est.  Els 
nuntiatum  est  nobiles  juvenes  quosdam  de  deserenda  Italia 

10  consultare.     Scipio   sequentibus   panels  venit   in   deversorium 

1.  exercitui:  dative  with  the  compound  verb  praefuerat. 

2.  Fama  est,  there  is  a  story;  governing  indirect  discourse,  patrem  .  .  . 

servatum  esse. 

6.  Cum :  of  the  three  possible  meanings,  when,  since,  although,  which  one 
suits  the  context? 

4.  septendecim,  indecl.  nmn.  [sep-  10.  consulto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr. 

tem+decemj,  seventeen.  [freq.  of  c5nsulo],  consult,  dehb- 

8.  summa,  -ae,  /.  [summus],  chief  crate. 

I)luce,  supreinac-y;  sum,  total. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


203 


ubi   conjurati   erant,    strictoque   gladio   eos   coegit   jurare   se 
numquam  rem  publicam  deserturos  esse. 

Postea  cum  aedilitatem  peteret,  tribuni  plebis  resistebant, 
quod    nondum    ad    petendum    legit  ima    aetas    esset.     Turn 
Sclpio  ''si  me,"  inquit,  ''omnes  Quirltes  aedllem  facere  volunt,  15 
satis   annorum   habeo."     Aedllis   magno   favore   popull   nuUo 
tribuno  resistente  creatus  est. 

Quattuor  post  annis  pater  Scipionis  et  patruus,  qui  bellum 
in  Hispania  gesserant,  intra  dies  triginta  ceciderunt.  Comi- 
tiis  edictis  ad  imperatorem  creandum  omnes  seniores  imperium  20 
Hispaniense  accipere  nolebant;  turn  subito  P.  Cornelius 
Sclpio,  quattuor  et  viginti  annos  natus,  professus  est  se 
petere  et  in  superiore  loco  unde  conspici  posset,  constitit. 
Deinde  ad  unum  omnes  P.  Scipioni  imperium  esse  in  His- 
pania jusserunt.  Postea  tamen  elves  ob  aetatem  imperatoris  25 
novi  dubitare  incipiebant  num  recte  fecissent.  Sclpio,  hoc 
animadverso,  contionem  habuit  et  tarn  graviter  disseruit  ut 
animos  rursus  excitaret  omnesque  certa  spe  impleret. 


14.  quod  .  .  .  esSet:  what  difference  is  there  between  the  indicative  and 
the  subjunctive  with  quod  causal? 

petendum:  peto  is  the  technical  term  for  ''seek  office,"  "be  a  candidate." 

23.  unde  conspici  posset:  a  clause  of  purpose  introduced  by  a  relative 
adverb. 

24.  P.  Scipioni  imperium  esse,  that  P.  Scipio  should  have  the  command; 
Scipioni  is  a  dative  of  possession. 

26.  num:  see  note  on  21,  2. 


11.  conjurati,  -onim,  m.  pi.  [pf. 
part,  of  conjuro,  conspire],  con- 
spirators. 

13.  aedilitas,  -atis,  /.  [aedilisj,  the 
office  of  an  aedile,  aedileship. 

14.  legitimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [lex], 
fixed  by  law,  legal.. 

15.  aedilis,  aedilis,  -ium,  ??i.,  aedile, 
title  of  a  Roman  magistrate . 

16.  favor,  -oris,  m.  [faveo],  favor, 
good-will. 

18.  patruus,  -i,  m.  [pater],  a  father's 
hrother,  uncle. 


20.  senior,  gen.  -oris,  adj.  [compar. 
of  senex],  older;  subst.,  m.  pi., 
the  older  men,  the  elders. 

22.  profiteor,  -eri,  -fessus  sum,  tr. 
[pro+fateor,  confess],  declare  pub- 
licly, profess,  avow. 

26.  recte,  adiK  [rectus],  straight; 
right,  properly. 

27.  contio,  -onis,  /.  [compare  com- 
a/id venio],  a  public  assembly;  a 
speech. 

dis-sero,  -serere,  -semi,  -sertum, 
intr.  [sero,  join],  discourse,  argue. 


204  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

QuTnque  annos  in  Hispania  bellum  adversus  Carthaginienses 

30  continuo    cursu    victoriarum    gessit.     Exercitus    hostium    ex 

Hispania   expulit    et    amicitias    gentium    Hispaniensium    sibi 

conciliavit.     Multa  narrantur   de   Scipionis   mansuetudine   in 

miseros    et    de    comitate    in    hostes    ac    barbaros.     Virginem 

Hispanam   captam  Carthagine   Nova,   quae   Allucio,   principi 

35  Celtiberorum,  desponsa  erat,  sponso  tradidit.     Magnum  quo- 

que    aurl    pondus,    quod    virginis    parentes    ad    redimendam 

filiam    attulerunt,     sponso    dedit.     Allucius,     ut    beneficium 

remuneraretur,  domum  profectus  ad  Sclpionem  cum  delectis 

'    mllle  et  quadringentis  equitibus  revertit.     Massivam  adules- 

40  centem,     captlvum    Afrum,     restituit    avunculo     Masinissae, 

Numidarum  regi,   qui  cum  equitatu  subsidio  Carthaginiensi- 

bus  venerat. 

Scipio,  recepta  Hispania,  gloriam  conficiendl  belli  spectare 
coepit.  Constituit  prius  conciliare  reges  Afros,  Syphacem  et 
45  Masinissam,  qui  socil  Carthaginiensium  erant.  Syphax  col- 
loquium cum  duce  Romano  postulavit.  Scipio  ab  Carthagine 
Nova  profectus  forte  invectus  est  in  regium  portum  eo  ipso 
tempore  quo  Hasdrubal,  dux  Carthaginiensis,  qui  Hispania 
pulsus  erat.  Romanus  et  Carthaginiensis,  quamquam  hostes 
50  erant,  a  Syphace  in  hospitium  invitati  eodem  lecto  accubue- 

31.  amicitias:  translate  by  the  singular.     The  plural  is  employed  be- 
cause several  nations  are  involved. 

33.  in,  to,  towards. 

41.  subsidid    Carthaginiensibus:   datives   of   purpose   and   reference, 
App.  53,  54. 

50.  in  hospitium,  to  he  his  guests. 

32.  mansuetudo,  -inis,  /.  [mansue-      40.  avunculus,     -i,     m.    [avus],    a 
tus,  mild],  mildness,    gentleness,  (maternal)  uncle. 

clemencv. 

33.  comitas,  -atis,  /.  [comis,  oour-  ^^;  'f'^'"^^  -cipere  -cepi,  -ceptum, 

,         1       »           »  ./     I           »  ij'    re-+capio  ,  take  back,  regam 

teous  ,    courteousness,   anabi  ity.  '     ,  •     .   „;; - Jf    *. 

^'                            '                 -^  accept,   receive;   se   recipere,    to 

38.  re-muneror,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr.,  recover  oneself,  to  withdraw,  to 
repay,  reward.                                            retreat. 

39.  quadringenti,  -ae,  -a,  num.  adj. 

[quattuor+centum],  four  hundred.       50.  lectus,  -i,  m.,  couch,  bed. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  205 

runt.  Tanta  autem  inerat  comitas  ScipionI  ut  Hasdrubal  non 
minus  quam  Syphax  Romanum  admiraretur.  Scipio  cum 
Syphace  foedere  facto  Novam  Carthaginem  rediit. 

Postea  iter  longum  per  Hispaniam  fecit,  ut  cum  Masinissa 
quoque  colloqueretur,  quem  comitate  atque  maj  estate  facile  55 
conciliavit.  Numida  gratias  egit  quod  Scipio  fratris  fllium 
remisisset  dixitque  se  velle  in  fide  atque  amicitia  popull 
Romani  esse;  Romanos,  si  Scipionem  ducem  in  Africam 
mitterent,  brevi  tempore  Carthaginem  capturos  esse.  Scipio, 
fide  data  acceptaque,  in  castra  rediit  atque  mox  Romam  go 
profectus  est.' 

Cum  ibi  consul  ingenti  favore  factus  esset,  Sicilia  el  pro- 
vincia  decreta  est  permissumque  ut  in  Africam  translret. 
Dum  in  Sicilia  bellum  parat,  Romam  ab  inimicis  ejus  nun- 
tiatum  est  imperatorem  exercitumque  Syracusarum  amoeni-  g5 
tate  licentiaque  corrumpi.  Legatis  a  senatu  Syracusas  ad 
haec  cognoscenda  missis,  Scipio  mllites  in  terra  decurrentes, 
classem  in  portti  simulacrum  navalis  pugnae  edentem,  arma- 
mentaria, horrea,  belli  alium  apparatum  ostendit;  tantaque  - 
admlratio  legatos  ccpit  ut  satis  crederent  aut  illo  duce  atque  70 


57.  in  fide  atque   amicitia,  under  the  friendly  'protection,  a  loose  sort 
of  alliance  between  the  Roman  government  and  less   civilized  peoples. 

63.  permissum   (est),  'permission  was  given;  the  noun  clause  ut  .  .  . 
translret  is  subject  of  permissum  est. 

64.  Romam:  accusative  of  the  place  to  which.     What  suggests  the 
idea  of  motion? 

67.  decurrentes,  drilling,  maneuvering. 

70.  satis  crederent,  ivere  quite  convinced. 

51.  in-sum,  -esse,  -fui,  infr.,  be  in,  freedom,  hcense;  boldness. 

be  upon.  :  qq    sunulacrum,  -i,  n.  fsunulo],  hke- 

55.  colloquor,  -loqui,  -locutus  sum,  ^ess,  semblance. 

intr.     [com-+loquor],      converse,  .          .        ,          1 

confer.  armamentarmm,  -1,  n.  [armaj,  arse- 

.     ._  '     ...      J.   r       .     1     ]•      .,  nal,  armory. 

majestas,  -atis,  /.  [majorj,  dignity,  ' 

majesty.  69.  horreum,     -i,     n.,    storehouse, 

65.  amoenitas,   -atis,  /.  [amoenus,  granary. 

f    charming],  pleasantness,  charm.  ■        apparatus,  -us,  m.  [apparo,  prepare], 

66.  licentia,   -ae,  /.    [licens, ,  free],  apparatus,  equipment. 


206 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


\ 


exercitu  vinci  Carthaginienses  aut  nullo  alio  posse.     Senatus 

igitur  censuit  ut  Scipio  quam  prirrum  in  Africam  translret. 

Sclpioni  in  Africam  advenienti  Masinissa  se  conjunxit  cum 

parva  manu   equitum.     Syphax,    qui   a   Romanis   ad   Poenos 

75  defecerat,  captus  est  Romamque  missus.  Denique  Cartha- 
ginienses, salute  desperata  ob  multas  victorias  Scipionis, 
Hannibalem  ex  Italia  revocaverunt. 

Frendens  gemensque  ac  vix  a  lacrimls  temperans  dicitur 
legatorum   verba   audlsse.     Respexit   saepe   Italiae   lltora,    se 

80  accusans  quod  non  victorem  exercitum  statim  ab  Cannensi 
pugna  Romam  duxisset.  Zamam  venit,  quae-  urbs  quinque 
dierum  iter  ab  Carthagine  abest.  Inde  praemissi  specula- 
tores  except!  sunt  ab  custodibus  Romanis  et  ad  ScTpionem 
deduct!.     Ille  autem  jussit  eos  per  castra  circumduc!  et  ad 

85  Hannibalem  d!m!sit. 

Deinde,  quaerente  colloquium  Hannibale,  dies  locusque 
constituitur.  Itaque  congress!  sunt  duo  maxim!  suae  aetatis 
duces.  Paulisper  tacuerunt  adm!ratione  mutua  def!xl.  Ciim 
vero   de   condicionibus   pacis   inter   eos   non   convenisset,    ad 

90  suos  se  receperunt  renuntiantes  armis  decernendum  esse. 
Commisso  deinde  proelio  Hannibal  victus  cum  pauc!s  equiti- 
bus  fugit. 

Pax    Carthaginiensibus    data    est    e!s    condicionibus    quae 

72.  quam  primum,  as  soon  as  possible.  ^ 

89.  convenisset:  impersonal,  as  in  19,  17. 

90.  decernendum  esse,  the  matter  must  be  decided;  impersonal  passive. 

93.  eis  .  .  .  quae  .  .  .  facerent,  such  terms  as  made;  quae  .  .  .  facerent 
is  a  clause  of  result  introduced  by  a  relative  pronoun. 


77.  re-voco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  ir., 
call  back,  recall. 

78.  (frendo,  -ere),  oydy  in  pr.  part., 
intr.,  gnash  the  teeth. 

gemo,  -ere,  gemui,  — ,  intr.,  groan, 

lament. 
tempero,    -are,     -avi,     -atum,     tr. 

[tempus],  restrain,  abstain  from, 

refrain  from. 

79.  litus, litoris,  n.,  st^ashore,  beach. 


84.  circum-duco,  -ducere,  -duxi, 
-ductiun,  tr.,  lead  around. 

87.  con-gredior,  -gredi,  -gressus 
sum,  intr.  [com-+gradior,  step], 
come  together,  meet. 

88.  mutuus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [muto], 
mutual. 

de-figo,  -figere,  -fixl,  -fixum,  tr., 
fasten  down;  strike  motionless, 
stupefy. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  207 

m 

Romanos  suae  partis  orbis  terrarum  dominos  facerent.  Pace 
terra  marlque  parta,  Smpio  exercitti  in  naves  imposito  Ro-  95 
mam  profectus  est.  Per  Italiam  laetam  pace  non  minus 
quam  victoria  iter  fecit.  Non  urbes  modo  ad  habendos 
honores  effusae  sunt,  sed  agrestium  etiam  turba  vias  obside- 
bat.  Triumphs  omnium  clarissimo  urbem  est  invectus  cog- 
nomenque  Africanum  sibi  sumpsit.  100 

95.  terra  marique,  hy  land  and  sea;  locative  ablatives. 
98.  effusae  sunt:  translate  in  the  active  voice,  poured  out. 

95.  pario,  -ere,  peperl,  partum,  tr.,  -ium,  m.,  a  countryman,  a  peas- 

bring  forth,  give  birth  to,  produce.  ant. 

98.  agrestis,  -e,  adj.  [ager],  of  the      99.  triumphus,  -i,  w.,  a  triumphal 
country;  subst.  agrestis,  agrestis,  procession,  triumph. 


23.   Gaius  Marius 

C.  Marius  humili  loco  natus,  prima  stipendia  in  Hispania 
duce  Sclpione  fecit.  Imprimis  ScipionI  ob  egregiam  virtutem 
earns  erat;  Scipio  enim  dixit,  si  quid  sibi  accidisset,  rem 
publicam  nullum  alium  successorem  Mario  meliorem  in- 
venttiram  esse.  Qua  laude  excitatus  Marius  spiritus  dignos  .5 
rebus  quas  postea  gessit  concepit. 

Postea  legatus  fuit  Q.  Metelli,  qui  bellum  in  Numidia 
contra  Jugurtham  regem  gerebat.  Romam  missus  Metellum 
apud    populum    incusavit,    quod   bellum    duceret;    si    se    con- 

1.  loco:  the  ablative  of  locus  in  the  sense  of  station  needs  no  preposition. 
prima  stipendia  fecit,  saiv  his  first  service. 

2.  Scipioni:  the  younger  Scipio,  the  destroyer  of  Carthage. 

6.  rebus :  the  ablative  is  regularly  governed  by  dignus  and  its  opposite 
indignus. 

9.  si  se,  etc.:  dependent  on  a  verb  of  "saying"  implied  in  incusavit; 
with  captUrian  esse,  se  is  to  be  supplied  as  subject. 

2.  imprimis,   adv.    [in-^-abl.    pi.    of  dignus, -a, ^um,  at//.,  worthy. 

primus],  especially,  chiefly.  6.  concipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptum, 
5.  spiritus,  -iis,  m.  [spiro,  breathe],  tr.  [com-+capi6],    take    hold    of; 

breath;    spirit,    pride,    ambition,  conceive. 

arrogance. 


208 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


10  sulem  fecissent,  brevi  tempore  aut  vivum  aut  mortuum 
Jugurtham  capturum  esse.  Itaque  consul  creatus  in  Numi- 
diam  rediit  atque  superavit  Bocchum,  regem  Gaetulorum,  ad 
quern  Jugurtha  profugerat.  Deinde  Sulla,  quaestor  MariT, 
persuasit  Boccho  ut  Jugurtham  traderet. 

15  Marius  iterum  consul  creatus  in  Galliam  profectus  est,  ubi 
vicit  Teutones,  gentem  Germanicam,  qui  cum  Cimbris  novas 
sedes  quaerebant.  Cum  Teuton!  vallem  flumenque  medium 
tenerent,  mllitesque  Romani,  quibus  aquae  nulla  copia  erat, 
aquam    flagitarent,    Marius    "virl,"    inquit,    "estis;    en,    illlc 

20  aquam  habetis."  Mllites  ita  concitati  tam  acriter  pugnave- 
runt  ut  ducenta  milia  hostium  caederentur  et  nonaginta 
caperentur. 

Insequenti    anno    cum    Marius    contra    Cimbros    in    Italia 
castra  haberet,  ill!  legates  ad  eum  miserunt  qui  agros  sibi  et 


18.  quibus  .  .  .  erat  =  qui  .  .  .  hahehant;   what  kind  of  dative  is  quihus? 


13.  quaestor,  -oris,  m.  [for  quaesitor, 
compare  quaero],  quaestor,  a  Ro- 
man magistrate  connected  with  state 
finances. 

19.  flagito,   -are,   -avi,   -atum,    tr., 


demand  urgently,  demand, 
en,  inter j.,  behold!  see! 
illic,  adv.  [ille],  there,  yonder. 
21.  nonaginta,  indecl.  num.,  ninety. 


ROMAN   AQUEDUCT 


A   JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


209 


fratribus    postularent;    Teutonum    enim    cladem    ignorabant.  25 
Cum   quaereret   Marius   quos   illi   fratres   dlcerent,   Teutones 
nominaverunt ;   turn  ridens  Marius   "omittite,"   inquit,   ''fra- 
tres; tenent  hi  acceptam  a  nobis  terram  atque  in  perpetuum 
tenebunt."     Proelio    commisso,    Cimbii   caesi   sunt.     In   ipsa 
pugna   Marius   duas   cohortSs   Camertium,    qui   mira   virtute  so 
vim  Cimbrorum  sustinebant,   contra  legem  civitate  donavit. 
De    qua    re    postea    reprehensus    se    excusavit,    quod    inter 
armorum  strepitum  verba  juris  civilis  exaudire  non  potuisset. 
Marius,    qui    semper    factionem    popularem    in    re    publica 
secutus  erat,  cum  senesceret,  invidere  coepit  Bullae,  qui  dux  35 
nobilium  erat.     Itaque,  cum  Sulla  in  consulatti  bello  Mithri- 
datico    praefectus    esset,    tribunus    quidam    lege    imperium 
Sullae  abrogavit  Marioque  bellum  detulit.     Qua  re  commotus 
Sulla,  qui  ex  Italia  nondum  excesserat,  Romam  cum  exercitti 
rediit    et    urbe    occupata    tribunum    interfecit    Mariumque  40 
fugavit.     Marius    aliquamdiu    in    palude    latuit;    paulo    post 
repertus,  injecto  in  collum  loro,  Minturnas  raptus  est  et  in 


26.  quos  .  .  .  dicerent,  whom  they  meant  by  "brothers." 

31.  contra  legem:  Roman  citizenship  was  normally  the  gift  of  the 
senate. 

32.  se  excusavit,  quod,  offered  as  an  excuse,  that,  etc.     There  is  no  verb 
of  ''saying"  here,  yet  we  have  the  subjunctive  in  potuisset.     Why? 

34.  in  re  publica,  in  politics. 

36.  Sulla,  bello :  what  would  be  the  cases  of  these  words  if  the  compound 
verb,  praefectus  esset,  were  in  the  active  voice? 

42.  injecto  .  .  .  I5r6,  with  a  rope,  etc.,  ablative  absolute. 


27.  nomino,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr. 
[nomen],  call  by  name,  mention. 

31.  dono,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr. 
[donum],  present,  bestow. 

33.  strepitus,  -us,  m.  [strepo,  make 
a  noise],  noise,  uproar,  confusion. 

ex-audio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  tr.,  hear 
clearly,  hear. 

34.  popularis,  -e,  adj.  fpopulus], 
of  the  people,  democratic,  popu- 
lar. 


35.  senesco,  -ere,  senui,  — ,  intr. 
[coyyipare  senex],  grow  old. 

in-video,  -videre,  -vidi,  -visum,  iyitr., 
envy,  be  jealous  of. 

36.  consulatus,    -us,    rn.     [consul], 
consulship. 

38.  ab-rogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
annul;  take  away  {an  office). 

41.  aliquamdiii,  adv.,  for  a  while. 

lateo,  -ere,  latui,  — ,  intr.,  he  hid, 
be  hidden. 

42.  lonim,  -i,  n.,  thong,  strap. 


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A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


custodiam  conjectus.     Missus  est  ad  eum  occldendum  servus 
publicus,   natione   Cimber,   quern   Marius   vultus   auctoritate 

45  deterruit.  Cum  enim  hominem  ad  se  stricto  gladio  venien- 
tem  vidisset,  ''tune,  homo,"  inquit,  ''C.  Marium  audebis 
occidere?"  Quo  audito  ille  perturbatus  gladium  abjecit 
atque  fugit,  Marium  se  non  posse  occidere  clamitans.  Ma- 
rius deinde  ab  ils  qui  prius  eum  occidere  voluerant  e  carcere 

50  emissus  est. 

Accepta  navicula  in  African!  transiit  et  in  agrum  Cartha- 
giniensem  pervenit.  Ibi  cum  in  locis  solitarils  sederet,  ve- 
nit  ad  eum  lictor  Sextilii  praetoris,  qui  tum  Africam  obtine- 
bat.     Ab  hoc,  quem  numquam  laesisset,  Marius  humanitatis 

55  aUquod  officium  expectabat;  at  lictor  decedere  eum  provincia 
jassit,  nisi  in  se  animadverti  vellet;  torveque  intuentem  et 
vocem  nullam  emittentem  Marium  rogavit  tandem,  ecquid 
renuntiari  praetori  vellet?  Marius  ''ntintia,"  inquit,  'He 
vidisse  Gaium  Marium  in  Carthaginis  ruinis  sedentem." 

44.  natione:  ablative  of  respect. 

46.  tune:  -ne  is  the  enclitic  particle  employed  as  sign  of  a  question. 

54.  quem  .  .  .  laesisset,  since  he  had  never  injured  him;  a  relative 
clause  may  express  a  reason  or  cause  and  take  a  subjunctive,  the  rela- 
tive pronoun  being  equivalent  to  cum  causal  and  a  demonstrative  pro- 
noun, here  cum  eum.  ^ 

56.  nisi  in  se  animadvert!  vellet,  unless  he  wanted  himself  punished; 
animadverto  is  a  compound  of  animum  and  adverto,  turn  attention  to, 
which  easily  comes  to  mean  punish;  here  the  passive  infinitive  is  used 
impersonally.  Even  when  active,  animadverto  in  the  sense  of  punish 
takes  in  with  the  accusative. 

57.  ecquid,  whether  anything,  introducing  an  indirect  question. 


44.  natio,   -onis,  /.    [nascor],   race, 
nation,  people. 

45.  de-terreo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  tr., 
frighten  away,  deter. 

51.  navicula,  -ae,  /.  [dim.  of  navis], 
boat,  skiff. 

52.  solitarius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [solus], 
lonely,  solitary. 

53.  praetor,  -oris,  m.  [for  praeitor, 
from  praeed,  go  before],  (a  leader) ; 


praetor,  title  of  a  Roman  magis- 
trate charged  with  judicial  duties. 

54.  laedo,   laedere,   laesi,  laesum, 

tr.,  injure,  offend. 

humanitas,  -atis, /.  [humanus],  cul- 
ture; kindness. 

56.  torve,  adv.  [torvus,  stern],  stern- 
ly, fiercely. 

57.  ecquis,  ecquid,  pron.,  interrog., 
anyone?  anything?  whether  any- 
one, whether  anything. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


211 


Cum  Sulla  ad  bellum  Mithridaticum  profectus  esset,  Marius  eo 
revocatus  a  Cinna  in  Italiam  rediit,  calamitate  incensus 
magis  quam  fractus.  Cum  exercitu  Romam  ingressus  eam 
caedibus  et  raplnis  vastavit;  omnes  adversae  factionis  nobiles 
varils  suppliciorum  generibus  affecit.  Quinque  dies  continu- 
os  totidemque  noctes  ilia  licentia  scelerum  omnium  duravit.  b.^ 
Tandem  Marius,  senectute  et  laboribus  confectus  in  morbuin 
incidit  et  ingenti  omnium  laetitia  mortuus  est.  Cujus  viri  si 
comparentur  cum  virtiitibus  vitia,  baud  facile  sit  dictu  utrum 
bello  melior  an  pace  perniciosior  fuerit. 

Marius  durior  ad  humanitatis  studia  erat  et  liberalium  70 
artium  contemptor.  Cum  aedem  Honoris  de  manubils  hos- 
tium  vovisset,  spreta  peregrlnorum  marmorum  nobilitate 
artificumque  Graecorum  arte,  eam  vulgar!  lapide  per  artifi- 
cem  Romanum  aedificari  jussit.  Graecas  litteras  contempsit 
quod  doctoribus  suis  panmi  ad  virtutem  profuissent.  ^^-^ 

61.  Cinna:  a  leader  of  the  anti-aristocratic  faction. 

67.  si  .  .  .  comparentur:  a  future  less  vivid  condition,  App.  119. 

68.  dictu :  ablative  of  the  supine. 

utrum  .  .  .  an,  whether  .  .  .  or,  introducing  a  double  indirect  question; 
utrum  is  in  origin  the  neuter  of  titer,  which  of  two  things. 

74.  litteras:  the  singular  of  this  word  means  a  letter  of  the  alphabet; 
the  plural,  a  letter,  i.e.,  an  epistle,  or  literature;  here,  the  latter. 

75.  doctoribus  .  .  .  parum  .  .  .  profuisset,  had  been  of  too  little  profit  to 
its  teachers. 


C3.  rapina,  -ae,  /.  [rapio],  robbery, 
plunder,  rapine. 

65.  totidem,   indecl.  adj.  [tot],  just 
as  many,  the  same  number  of. 

66.  morbus,  -i,  m.,  sickness,  disease. 

68.  vitium,  -i,  n.,  fault,  vice. 

utrum,  adv.  [neut.  of  uter],  whether, 
used  in  double  indirect  questions. 

69.  an,    conj.,    or,    used   in   double 
questions. 

pemiciosus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  fpemicies], 
destructive,  ruinous. 


71.  co'ntemptor,  -oris,  m.  [contem- 

no],  despiscr,  scorner. 

manubiae,  -anmi,  /.  pL,  booty, 
prize-money. 

72.  marmor,  -oris,  n.,  marble. 

nobilitas,  -atis,  /.  [nobilis],  high 
birth;  collect.,  the  nobility,  the 
nobles. 

73.  artifex,  -icis,  m.,  artificer,  arti- 
san. 

vulgaris,  -e,  adj.  [vulgus],  ordinary, 
common. 

75.  doctor,  -oris,  m.  [doceo],  teacher. 


212 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 
24.   Lucius  Cornelius  Sulla 


L.  Cornelius  Sulla,  qui  bello  Jugurthlno  quaestor  Marii  con- 
sulis  fuit,  usque  ad  quaesturam  vltam  luxuriosam  egerat. 
Marius  moleste  tulisse  traditur,  quod  sibi  gravissimum  bellum 
gerenti  quaestor  voluptati  deditus  sorte  obvenisset.     Ejusdem 

5  virtus  tamen,  postquam  in  Africam  venit,  enituit.  Bello  Cim- 
brico  legatus  consulis  fuit  et  bonam  operam  edidit.  Consul 
ipse  deinde  factus,  pulso  in  exilium  Mario,  adversus  Mithri- 
datem  profectus  est.  Mithridates  enim,  Ponticus  rex,  vir  bello 
acerrimus,    virtute    egregia,    odio    in    Romanes    non    inferior 

10  Hannibale  fuit.  Effecerat  igitur  ut  omnes  in  Asia  elves  Ro- 
mani  eadem  die  atque  hora  interficerentur.  Ac  primo  Sulla 
illlus  praefectos  duobus  proelils  in  Graecia  superavit;  deinde 
in  Asia  Mithridatem  ipsum  fudit;  oppressisset  quoque  nisi 
in   Italiam   ad   bellum   civile   adversus    factionem   popularem 


3.  moleste  tulisse :  moleste  fero  has  nearly  the  same  meaning  as  aegre 
fero,  he  vexed,  annoyed,  grieved,  etc. 

sibi :  dative  with  obvenisset. 

4.  sorte:  the  quaestors  cast  lots  to  determine  the  posts  to  which  they 
should  be  assigned  in  the  city  or  provinces. 

6.  bonam  operam  edidit,  did  good  service. 

Consul  ipse  factus,  etc.:  as  told  in  the  story  of  Marius,  1.  34  ff. 

9.  odio:  ablative  of  respect. 

10.  Hannibale:  ablative  of  comparison. 

ut  omnes  .  .  .  interficerentur:  a  noun  clause  of  fact,  object  of  effecerat, 
had  caused  all  Roman  citizens  to  be  put  to  death. 

13.  oppressisset,  .  .  .  nisi  .  .  .  maluisset:     conclusion     and     condition 
contrary  to  fact,  App.  120. 


2.  quaestura,  -ae, /.  [quaestor],  the 

ofhce  of  quaestor,  quaestorship. 

luxuriosus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [luxuria, 
luxury],  luxurious,  voluptuous. 

3.  moleste,  adv.  [molestus],  with 
difficulty,  with  vexation;  moleste 
ferre,  to  be  annoyed. 

4.  ob-venio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ven- 
tum,  intr.,  come  to,  befall;  fall  to 
the  lot  of. 


5.  e-niteo,  -nitere,  -nitui,  — ,  intr'., 
shine  forth,  gleam;  be  displaj'ed. 

9.  odium,  -i,  n.  [odi],  hatred. 

inferior,  -ius,  compar.  adj.,  lower; 
inferior. 

10.  efficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum, 
tr.  [ex  +  facio],  accomplish,  brini^ 
about,  cause. 

13.  fundo,  -ere,  fudi,  fusum,  tr., 
pour,  pour  out;  rout,  defeat. 


A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


213 


redire     properans     qualemcumque     pacem    facere    maluisset.  15 
Mithridatem  tamen  pecunia  multavit;  Asia  aliisque  provin- 
cils  quas  occupaverat  decedere  paternisque  finibus  contentum 
esse  coegit. 

Sulla  propter  motus  urbanos  cum  victore  exercitu  Romam 
properavit;  eos  qui  Mario  favebant  omnes  superavit.  Nihil  20 
autem  ea  victoria  fuit  crudelius.  Sulla,  urbem  ingressus  et 
dictator  creatus,  vel  in  eos  qui  se  sponte  dediderant  jussit 
animadvert!.  Quattuor  milia  deditorum  inermium  civium 
in  circo  interfici  jussit.  Quis  autem  illos  potest  enumerare 
quos  in  urbe  passim  quisquis  voluit  occldit?  Denique  admonuit  25 
eum  Fufidius  quidam  vivere  aliquos  debere,  ut  essent  quibus 
imperaret.  Novo  et  inaudito  exemplo  tabulam  proscrlptio- 
nis  proposuit,  qua  nomina  eorum  qui  occidendi  essent  con- 
tinebantur;  cumque  omnium  orta  esset  indignatiS,  postrldie 
plura  etiam  nomina  adjecit.     Ingens  caesorum  fuit  multitu-  zo 


16.  pecunia  multavit,  exacted  an  indemnity  from. 

22.  vel:  this  word  alone  means  even,  while  vel  .  .  .  vel  mean  either  .  .  .  or. 

in  eos  animadverti :  for  the  translation  consult  the  note  on  23,  56. 

25.  quisquis  voluit  occidit,  any  one  killed  who  wanted  to. 

26.  ut  essent  quibus  imperaret,  in  order  that  there  might  he  people  to 
rule;  an  idea  of  possibility  is  involved  in  the  subjunctive  imperaret,  whom 
he  could  rule. 

27.  tabulam  proscriptionis,  a  proscription  list. 

28.  qui  occidendi  essent:  subjunctive  in  implied  indirect  discourse; 
with  eorum,  such  as  were  to  he  killed,  App.  109. 


15.  qualiscumque,      qualecumque, 

indef.  pron.,  of  any  kind  whatever. 

16.  multo,    -are,    -avi,    -atum,    tr. 

[multa,  a  fine],  punish,  fine. 

17.  paternus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [pater], 
of  a  father,  paternal. 

19.  motus,  -us,  m.  [moveo],  move- 
ment; disturbance,  tumult. 

23.  inermis,    -e,    adj.    [in-+arma], 
unarmed,  defenseless. 

24.  e-numero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
reckon  up,  recount. 

25.  passim,  adv.  [pando],  scattered, 


here  and  there,   in  every   direc- 
tion. 

quisquis,  quicquid,  indef.  pron.,  who- 
ever, whatever,  everyone  who, 
everything  that. 

ad-moneo,  -monere,  -monui,  -mo- 
nitum,  //-.,  remind,  admonish. 

27.  in-auditus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  un- 
heard of,  unusual. 

tabula,  -ae,/.,  board,  plank;  tablet, 
hst,  record. 

proscriptio,  -onis,/.  [proscribe],  pro- 
scription, outlawry. 


214 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


do.  Nee  solum  in  eos  saevivit  qui  armis  contra  se  dlmica- 
verant,  sed  etiam  quietos  elves  propter  peeuniae  magnitu- 
dinem  proscrTptorum  numero  adjeeit.  Civis  quidam  in- 
noxius,  eui  fundus  in  agro  Albano  erat,  legens  proserlptorum 

35  nomina  se  quoque  vidit  adscrlptum.  '^Vae,"  inquit,  ''misero 
mihi!  me  fundus  Albanus  persequitur."  Neque  longe  pro- 
gressus  a  quodam  qui  eum  agnoverat  interfeetus  est. 

Sulla,  oppressis  inimicorum  partibus,  Felieem  se  edicto  ap- 
pellavit;   eumque   ejus   uxor  geminos   eodem  partu   edidisset, 

40  puerum  Faustum  puellamque  Faustam  nominari  voluit. 
Sed  paueis  post  annis  repente  eontra  omnium  expectationem 
dietattiram  deposuit.  Dimissis  lictoribus,  diti  in  foro  cum 
amicis  deambulavit.  Stupebat  populus  eum  privatum  videns, 
eujus  potestas  modo  tam  metuenda  fuerat.     Quamquam  jam 

45  privatus  erat,  non  solum  saltis,  sed  etiam  dignitas  manebat, 
qui  tot  cives  occiderat.  tJnus  adulescens  fuit  qui  auderet 
queri  et  Sullam  redeuntem  usque  ad  fores  domtis  execrari. 
Atque  ille,  eujus  iram  potentissimi  viri  maximaeque  eivitates 
nee  effugere  nee  placare  potuerant,  unius  aduleseentuli  eon- 

35.  Vae  misero  mihi,  woe  to  me,  unhappij  man!     Compare  vae  vicils, 
17,  47. 

46.  qui  auderet:  a  relative  clause  of  description. 


31.  saevio,  -ire,  -il,  -itum,  intr. 
[saevus,  savage],  be  furious,  rage. 

33.  pro-scribo,  -scribere,  -scripsi> 
-scrip tum,  ir.,  publish;  outlaw, 
proscribe. 

in-noxius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  harmless, 
innocent. 

34.  fundus,  -i,  m.,  farm,  estate. 

35.  ad-scribo,  -scribere,  -scripsi, 
-scriptum,  tr.,  write  in  addition, 
add. 

36.  per-sequor,  -sequi,  -secutus 
sum,  tr.y  follow  after,  pursue. 

38.  edictum,  -i,  n.  [p.  part.  ^  oj 
edico],  edict. 


39.  partus,  -iis,  m.  [pario],  a  bearing, 
birth. 

41.  expectatio,  -onis,  /.  [sxpecto], 
awaiting,  expectation. 

43.  de-ambulo,   -are,   -avi,  -atum, 

intr.,  walk,  stroll. 

45.  dignitas,  -atis,/.  [dignus],  worth ; 
authority,  prestige. 

47.  foris,  -is,/.,  door;  frequently  pi. 
{with  reference  to  the  two  leaves  of 
a  double  door). 

49.  placo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
soothe,  appease,  placate. 

adulescentulus,  -i,  m.  [dim.  of  adu- 
lescens], a  very  young  man. 

contumelia,  -ae, /.,  insult,  abuse. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  215 

tumelias  aequo  anim5  tulit,  id  tantum  in  limine  jam  dicens:  50 
'*Hic  adulescens  efficiet  ne  quis  posthac  tale  imperium  de- 
ponat." 

Sulla   in    villa   voluptatibus   deditus   reliquam   vltam   egit. 
Ibi  morbo  correptus  mortuus  est,  vir  ingentis  animi,  cupidus 
voluptatum,    sed    gloriae    cupidior;    litteris    Graecis    atque  55 
Latinis  eruditus  fuit  et  virorum  litteratorum  adeo  amans  ut 
diligentiam    etiam    mail    cujusdam    poetae    aliquo    praemio 
dignam    existimaret;    nam    cum    ille    epigramma    in    SuUam 
fecisset  eique  misisset,  Sulla  statim  praemium  ei  dari  jussit, 
sed  ea  lege,   ne  quid  postea  sciiberet.     Ante  victoriam  lau-  eo 
dandus   erat,    sed   in    ils    quae   secuta   sunt   numquam   satis 
reprehensus;  urbem  enim  et  Italiam  civilis  sanguinis  flumini- 
bus  inundavit.     Non  solum  in  vivos  saeviit,  sed  ne  mortuls 
quidem  pepercit.     Nam  Gail  Marii,  cujus  aliquando  quaestor 
fuerat,    erutos    cineres    in    flumen    projecit.     Qua    cmdelitate  6a 
factorum  egregiorum  gloriam  corrupit. 


60.  aequo  animo,  with  composure. 

tantum,  only;  literally,  so  much  (and  no  more). 

51.  efficiet  ne  quis  .  .  .  deponat:  literally,  will  cause  that  no  one,  etc.; 
better,  will  prevent  anyone  from  laying  down,  etc. 

56.  adeo,  to  such  a  degree;  a  synonym  for  ita. 

57.  praemio:  the  ablative  with  dignam,  as  in  23,  6. 

58.  in  Sullam,  in  Sidla's  honor. 

60.  ea  lege  J  on  this  condition;  explained  by  the  appositive  noun  clause, 
ne  quid  .  .  .  scrlberet. 

laudandus,  deserving  of  praise. 

63.  mortuis:  account  for  the  dative. 

64.  cujus:  with  quaestor. 

65.  erutos:  past  passive  participle  to  be  translated  by  a  coordinate 
verb,  unearthed  and  threw  into  the  river. 

50.  llmen,  -inis,  n.,  threshold,  door.  judge,  think. 

51.  post-hac,  adv.,  hereafter,  in  the       epigramma,  -atis,  n.,  epigram, 
future.  63.  in-undo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 

56.  litteratus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [littera],  overflow,  inundate. 

of  letters,  learned,  educated.  65.  e-ruo,  -mere,  -rui,  -rutum,  tr., 

58.  ex-istimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  dig  out,  cast  forth. 

[ex-t-aestimo,  estimate],  estimate;  cinis,  cineris,  m.,  ashes. 


216  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

25.   Gnaeus  Pompeius  Magnus 

Gnaeus  Pompeius  bello  civil!  annos  viginti  tres  natus 
partes  Sullae  secutus  est  brevique  tempore  se  ducem  perltum 
praebuit.  Imprimis  militibus  carus  erat,  quod  nullum  labo- 
rem  vltabat  atque  cum  omnibus  saltu,  cursu,  luctando  certabat. 
5  Coactis  reliquiis  ejus  exercittis  cui  pater  praefuerat  ad  Sullam 
ex  Asia  advenientem  contendit,  et  in  itinere  tres  hostium 
exercitus  aut  superavit  aut  sibi  adjunxit.  Sulla  imperatorem 
eum  salutavit  semperque  maximo  honore  habuit. 

Postea    Pompeius    Siciliam    reciperavit    atque    Carbonem, 

10  Sullae  inimicum,  qui  eam  insulam  occupaverat,  ad  sup- 
plicium  duci  jussit.  Multo  clementior  fuit  in  Sthenium, 
piincipem  civitatis  cujusdam  quae  sibi  adversata  erat.  Cum 
enim  de  omnibus  civibus  supplicium  sumere  constituisset, 
Sthenius  clamavit  iniquum  esse  ob  unius  culpam  in  omnes 

15  animadvert  ere.  InterrogantI  Pompeio  quis  ille  unus  esset, 
Sthenius  respondit:  ''Ego,  qui  civibus  ut  resisterent  per- 
suasl."  Hac  audaci  voce  motus  Pompeius  omnibus  et  Sthenio 
ipsi  pepercit. 

Paulo  post  cum  Numidiam  intra  dies  quadraginta  devlcis- 

20  set,  a  Sulla  jussus  est  exercitum  dimittere  atque  cum  una 
legione  successorem  expectare.     Quamquam  aegre  id  ferebat, 

2.  partes,  'party,  faction. 

8.  habuit,  held,  treated. 

9.  Carbonem:  like  Cinna,  23,  61,  a  political  leader  prominent  in  the 
troubled  period  of  Marius  and  Sulla, 

12.  sibi :  as  to  the  case  of  sibi,  observe  that  adverser  is  a  verb  of  resist- 
ing. 

13.  de  .  .  .  sumere:  as  if  punishment  were  something  ''taken  from" 
the  victim;  the  English  idiom  is  inflict  upon. 

15.  ille  unus,  that  one  person  of  whom  he  spoke. 


4.  saltus,  -us,  m.  [salio,  leap],  leap-  relinquo],    remains,    remnants, 
ing,  a  leap.  H.  clemens,  -entis,  adj.,  merciful. 

luctor,-ari,-atussum,w^r.,  wrestle,  12.  adverser,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  7n/r. 

contend,  struggle.  [adversus]    {takes   dative),   resist, 

5.  reliquiae,  -arum,  /.  pi.  [compare  oppose. 


A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


217 


paruit  tamen  et  Romam  rediit.  El  advenientl  incredibilis 
hominum  multitudo  obviam  iit;  Sulla  quoque  laetus  eum 
excepit  et  Magni  cognomine  salutavit.  Nihilo  minus  Pom- 
peio  triumphum  petentl  restitit;  neque  vero  Pompeius  ea  re  25 
a  proposito  deterritus  est  aususque  dicere  plures  adorare 
solem  orientem  quam  occidentem;  quae  vox  significabat 
Bullae  potentiam  minul,  Pompeii  crescere.  Ea  voce  audita 
Sulla  audacia  adulescentis  percussus  ''Triumphet!  Triumphet! 
Triumphet!"  clamavit.  30 

Dum  in  Hispania  militat  adversus  Sertorium,  qui  Sullae 
adversabatur,  in  proelio  quodam  maximum  perlculum  subiit; 
cum  enim  miles  ingenti  corporis  magnitudine  impetum  in 
eum  fecisset,  Pompeius  ejus  manum  abscTdit;  sed  multls  in 
eum  concurrentibus  vulnus  in  femore  accepit  et  a  suis  35 
fugientibus  desertus  in  hostium  potestate  erat.  At  praeter 
spem    evasit;    barbaii    enim    equum    ejus    auro    phalerlsque 

22.  Ei:  obviam  ire,  go  to  7neel,  takes  a  dative  somewhat  in  the  manner 
of  verbs  compounded  with  oh. 

24.  Magni:  an  explanatory  genitive  instead  of  an  appositive,  as  in 
11,  76. 

26.  proposito,  purpose;  a  past  participle  as  a  noun;  how  is  the  meaning 
"purpose"  developed  from  the  literal  meaning  of  the  verb  pro-pond? 

28.  Pompeii:  potentiam  is  understood;  we  may  say  that  of  Pompeius. 
Latin,  however,  does  not  use  a  demonstrative  pronoun  with  a  genitive 
in  dependence  upon  it. 

29.  Triumphet:  a  volitive  subjunctive,  App.  92. 

31.  Sertorium:  a  follower  of  Marius.  Afterwards  as  governor  of  Spain 
he  set  up  a  government  of  his  own  and  for  a  number  of  years  maintained 
his  independence  of  Rome. 


23.  ob-viam,  adv.,  in  the  way,  to 
meet. 

26.  propositum,  -i,  n.  [p.  part,  of 
proponol,  plan,  intention,  purpose. 

ad-oro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  wor- 
ship. 

27.  orior,  oriri,  ortus  sum,  intr., 
rise,  arise;  break  out;  oriens, 
-entis,  pres.  part,  as  adj.,  rising. 

occido,    -cidere,     -cidi,   intr.    [ob+ 


cado],  fall,  set  {referring  to  the 
sun);  occidens,  -entis,  pres.  part, 
as  adj.,  setting. 

significo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  fsig- 
num+facio],  point  out;  signify. 

31.  milito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr. 
[miles],  serve  as  a  soldier,  wage 
war. 

35.  femur,  femoris,  n.,  thigh. 

37.  phalerae,  -arum,  /.  pi.,  decora- 
tions of  metal  {for  the  breast). 


218  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

eximiis  instruct um  ceperant.     Dum  de  praeda  inter  se  cer- 
tant,  Pompeius  effugit. 

40  Paucis  post  annis  imperium  extraordinarium  Pompeio 
delatum  est,  ut  opprimeret  praedones,  qui  omnia  maria 
infesta  reddebant  et  quasdam  etiam  Italiae  urbes  diripuerant. 
Hoc  bellum  tanta  celeritate  confecit  ut  intra  quadraginta 
dies  omnes  praedones  aut  interficerentur  aut  se  dederent. 

45  Statim  in  Asiam  magno  exercitti  missus  est  contra  Mitli- 
ridatem,  Ponticum  regem,  quocum  RomanI  aliquot  annos 
contendebant.  Rex  diu  castrls  se  continuit  neque  pugnandi 
facultatem  dedit.  Cum  autem  frumentum  deficere  coepisset, 
fugere  conatus  est.     At  Pompeius  secutus  hostem  tertia  nocte 

50  in  saltu  quodam  intercepit  lunaque  adjuvante  fudit.  Nam 
cum  Roman!  lunam  a  tergo  haberent,  hostes  longis  umbris 
corporum  Romanorum  decepti  in  umbras  tela  conjecerunt. 
Victus  Mithridates  in  Pontum  profugit.  Postea  desperatis 
forttinls   veneno   vitam   finire   frustra   conatus   est;   ad  versus 

55  enim  venena  multls  antea  medicamentis  corpus  firmaverat. 
Impetravit  inde  a  mllite  Gallo  ut  se  gladio  interficeret. 

Cum  Tigranes,  rex  Armeniae,  celeriter  se  dedidisset  atquo 
ad    genua    victoris    procubuisset,     Pompeius     eum     benignis 

46.  aliquot  annos:  this  phrase,  lilie  jam  diu  and  jam  dudum,  is  used 
with  an  imperfect  where  we  employ  a  past  perfect;  with  contendebant, 
had  been  contending  for  some  years.     See  note  on  Per.  24. 

47.  castris,  in  camp;  with  contineo,  a  camp  is  regarded  merely  as  the 
means  of  confinement;  hence  no  preposition  is  used. 

50.  luna  adjuvante,  by  the  favoring  light  of  the  moon. 

51.  a  tergo,  at  their  back. 

56.  Impetravit  ...  a,  prevailed  upon;  the  verb  has  for  object  the  noun 
clause  ut  .  .  .  interficeret. 

38.  eximius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  unusual,  intercipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptum, 

distinguished.  tr.  [inter+capio],  intercept. 

40.  extra-ordinarius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  55.  medicamentum,  -i,  n.  [medeor, 
extraordinary,  uncommon.  heal],  drug,  antidote. 

41.  praedo,  -onis,  in.  [praeda],  pi-      58.  genu,  -us,  n.,  knee. 

rate.  procumbo,  -cumbere,   -cubui,  -cu- 

50.  saltus,  -us,  m.,  ravine,   moun-  bitum,  ?///r.  [pr6-+cumb6,  recline], 

tain  pass,  mountain  valle3\  fall  forwards,  fall  prostrate. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  219 

verbis    allocutus    est    et    diadema,    quod    abjecerat,    capiti 
reponere    jussit.     Inde    Romanorum    primus    Judaeos    vicit  eo 
Hierosolymaque,  caput  gentis,  cepit  sanctissimamque  partem 
templi  jure  victoris  ingressus  est. 

Regressus  in  Italiam  triumphum  ex  Asia  egit,  cum  antea 
ex  Africa  et  ex  Hispania  triumphavisset.     Triumphus  illus- 
trior   fuit   gratiorque   populo,    quod   Pompeius   non   armatus,  65 
sicut    Sulla,    ad    Romam    subigendam,    sed    dimisso    exercitu 
redisset. 

Postea,  orta  inter  Pompeium  et  Caesarem  gravi  dissensione, 
quod  hie  superiorem,  ille  parem  ferre  non  poterat,  bellum 
civile  exarsit.  Caesar  Infesto  exercitu  in  Italiam  venit.  to 
Pompeius,  relict  a  urbe  ac  deinde  Italia  ipsa,  Thessaliam 
petivit  et  cum  eo  consules  senatusque  magna  pars;  quem 
insecutus  Caesar  apud  Pharsalum  acie  fudit.  Victus  Pom- 
peius ad  Ptolemaeum,  Aegypti  regem,  cui  tutor  a  senatu 
datus  erat,  profugit;  ille  Pompeium  interfici  jussit.  Ita  7o 
Pompeius    sub    oculis    uxoris    et    liberorum    interfectus    est, 


63.  triumphum  egit  =triumphdvit.  ex,  over;  literally,  from.  The 
country  over  which  the  victory  is  won  is  thought  of  as  the  source  from 
which  the  triumph  is  derived. 

cum  .  .  .  triumphavisset:  a  descriptive  cum  clause  where  English 
would  employ  a  participle,  having  already  celebrated  a  triumph. 

68.  dissensione:  Pom])cius,  Caesar,  and  Marcus  Crassus  had  in  the 
year  60  B.C.  formed  a  political  combination  known  as  The  First  Trium- 
virate. Caesar  spent  the  years  58-50  b.c.  in  the  subjugation  of  Gaul. 
The  great  military  reputation  won  thereby,  coupled  with  the  widespread 
belief  that  he  was  planning  the  overthrow  of  the  home  government,  aroused 
Pompeius's  jealousy  and  distrust.  The  break  in  friendship  between  the 
two  men  was  rendered  easier  through  the  death  of  Crassus  and  of  Julia, 
Caesar's  daughter  and  the  wife  of  Pompeius. 


59.  diadema,  -atis,  n.,  diadem.  66.  sic-ut,  adv..  just  as,  as. 

63.  regredior,  -gredi,  -gressus  sum,       ^^^-       _.  _-  ,  .^^^um,  tr.  [sub 

intr.  [re-+gradior,  step],  go  back,  \:^   J^j^;  ^^^^^^^  ^^^         g^^. 


due. 


return 
64.  illustris,  -e,  adj.,  bright;  distin- 
guished, illustrious.  76.  oculus,  -i,  m.,  eye. 


220  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

caput  praecisum,  truncus  in  Nilum  conjectus.  Deinde  caputs 
ad  Caesarem  delatum  est,  qui  eo  vls5  lacrimas  non  continuit. 

Is  fuit  Pompeii  vitae  exitus  post  tres  consulatus  et  totidem 
80  triumphos. 

77.  praecisum,  conjectus:  est  is  to  be  supplied. 


77.  praecido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisum,  trunk,  body. 

tr.  [prae,  in  front,  +caedo],  cut       „«        .,         .  r       -i       ^ 

Qff  79.  exitus,  -us,  m.  [exeo],  outcome, 

GIIQ     cloSG 

tnincus,  -i,  m.,  trunk   {of  a  tree);  ' 


26.   Gaius  Julius  Caesar 

C.  Julius  Caesar,  nobilissima  Juliorum  familia  natus,  agens 
annum  sextum  et  decimum  patrem  amisit.  A  puero  videtur 
popularem  factionem  in  re  publica  secutus  esse,  eo  magis 
quod  Marius  Juliam,  Caesaris  amitam,  in  matrimonium  dux- 

5  isset.  Ipse  Corneliam  duxit  uxorem,  flliam  Cinnae,  qui  Sullae 
inimlcissimus  erat.  Cum  Sulla  victor  Caesarem,  sicut  multos 
alios,  jussisset  uxorem  repudiare,  ille  recusavit.  Bonis  deinde 
spoliatus  cum  etiam  ad  necem  quaereretur,  mutata  veste 
nocte  urbe  elapsus  est.     Quamquam  tum  quartanae  morbo 

10  laborabat,  prope  per  singulas  noctes  latebras  commutare 
cogebatur  et  denique  a  Sullae  liberto  comprehensus  est. 
El  vix,   data  pecunia,   persuasit  ut  se  dimitteret.     Postremo 

1.  agens  annum,  etc.,  in  his  sixteenth  year.    Caesar  was  born  100  B.C. 

3.  in  re  publica:  with  the  same  meaning  as  in  23,  34. 

4.  duxisset:  the  subjunctive  is  due  to  the  indirect  discourse  implied  in 
videtur. 

7.  alios:  i.e.,  men  of  the  "popular"  or  "radical"  faction. 

9.  morbo:  ablative  of  cause;  morho  is  explained  by  the  genitive  quartanae. 

12.  data  pecunia,  hy  a  bribe. 


1.  familia,  -ae,/.  [famulus,  servant],  occurring  every  fourth  day,  quart- 
household,  establishment,  slaves  an;su6s/.,  quartana, -ae,/.  (supj>/?/ 
in  a  household;  family.  febris,  fever),  quartan  ague. 

4.  amita, -ae,/.,  a  (paternal)  aunt.  lo.  latebrae,  -arum,  /.   pi.   [lateo], 

9.  quartanus,-a, -um,  atZ/.  [quartus],  hiding-place. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


221 


per    propinquos    et    affines    suos    veriiam    impetravit.      Satis 
tamen  constat  Sullam  monuisse  eos  qui  adulescenti  veniam 
petebant   eum   aliquando    nobilium    partibus   exitio   futurum  15 
esse;  nam  Caesarl  multos  Marios  inesse. 

Stipendia  prima  in  Asia  fecit,  ubi  in  expugnatione  Myti- 
lenarum  corona  civica  donatus  est.  Mortuo  Sulla,  Rhodum 
secedere  statuit,  ut  per  otium  Apollonio  Molonl,  tum  claris- 
simo  dicendi  magistro,  operam  daret.  Hue  dum  transit,  a  20 
praedonibus  captus  est  mansitque  apud  eos  prope  qua- 
draginta  dies.  Per  omne  autem  illud  spatium  it  a  se  gessit  ut 
praedonibus  pariter  terror!  venerationlque  esset.  Redemptus 
inde  ab  amlcis  classem  contraxit  captosque  praedones  cruce 
affecit,  quod  supplicium  saepe  inter  jocum  minatus  erat.         25 

Quaestorl  ulterior  Hispania  obvenit.  Dum  pauperem 
vicum    Alplnum    transit,    comites    per    jocum    inter    se    dis-^ 

13.  Satis  constat,  it  is  well  known. 

15.  exitio :  a  dative  of  purpose,  to  be  translated  as  if  a  predicate  nomi- 
native. 

16.  Caesari  .  .  .  inesse,  in  Caesar  there  was  many  a  Marius;  Caesarl 
is  a  dative  with  the  compound  inesse. 

18.  corona  civica:  the  civic  wreath  was  bestowed  upon  one  who  had 
saved  the  life  of  a  fellow-countryman  in  battle. 

20.  dicendi,  of  oratory. 

23.  terrori:  the  same  dative  as  exitio,  1.  15. 

26.  Quaestori  .  .  .  obvenit,  fell  to  his  lot  as  quaestor.  A  quaestor, 
whose  duties  were  connected  with  state  finances,  was  assigned  to  the  staff 
of  each  provincial  governor.  Spain  was  divided  into  two  provinces, 
Hispania  citerior  and  Hispania  ulterior. 


13.  propinquus,  -a,  -um,  adj_. 
[prope],  near;  subst.,  propinqui, 
-orum,  m.  pL,  relatives,  kinsmen. 

affinis,  -e,  adj.  [ad+finis],  related 
by  marriage;  subst.,  affinis, 
affinis,  -ium,  m.  andf.,  a  relative 
by  marriage. 

15.  exitium,  -i,  n.,  destruction,  ruin. 

17.  expugnatio,  -onis,  /.  [expugno], 
a  taking  by  storm,  capture. 

18.  corona,  -ae,/.,  garland,  wreath, 
crown. 


civicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [civis],  of  citi- 
zens; civic. 

19.  se-cedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -ces- 
sum,  intr.,  go  apart,  retire,  with- 
draw. 

23.  pariter,  adv.  [par],  equally,  in 
like  manner,  as  much. 

veneratio,  -onis,  /.  [veneror,  rever- 
ence], deep  respect,  reverence, 
veneration. 

24.  crux,  crucis,/.,  gallows,  cross. 

25.  jocus,  -i,  7n.,  jest,  joke. 


222 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


CAIUS  JULIUS  CAESAR 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


223 


putabant,  num  illlc  etiam  esset  ambitioni  locus;  turn  Caesar 
serio  dixit  se  malle  ibi  primum  esse  quam  Romae  secundum. 
Dominationis    cupidus    a    prima    aetate    fuisse    existimatur;  so 
dictus  autem  est  semper  hos  versus  Eurlpidis,  Graeci  poetae, 
in  ore  habuisse: 

''Nam  si  violandum  est  jus,   regnandi  gratia 

Violandum  est,   aliis  rebus  pietatem  colas." 

Aedilis  praeter  comitium  ac  forum  etiam  Capitolium  orna-  35 
vit  porticibus.     Venationes  autem  ludosque  apparatissimos  et 
cum  collega  M.  Bibulo  et  separatim  edidit.     His  rebus  patri- 
monium    effudit    tantumque    aes    alienum    conflavit    ut    ipse 
diceret  sil^i  opus  esse  millies  sestertium,   ut  haberet  nihil. 


30.  a  prima  aetate:  compare  a  pucru,  1.  2. 

33.  gratia :  has  the  same  meaning  as  causa,  for  the  sake  of,  and  is  accom- 
panied by  a  genitive,  which  ahvays  precedes. 

34.  aliis  rebus,  in  other  circumstances.  \ 
colas:  a  volitive  subjunctive  in  a  direct  commatid. 

35.  Aedilis,  as  aedile.  The  Roman  aediles  had  supervision  of  police 
regulations,  of  certain  public  games,  of  markets,  and  of  the  maintenance 
of  streets  and  public  buildings. 

39.  sibi  opus  esse  millies  sestertium,  that  he  needed  a  hundred  million 
sesterces;  with  opus  the  thing  needed  may  be  expressed  by  an  ablative,  or, 
as  here,  it  may  be  the  subject  of  est,  opus  then  being  used  in  the  predicate; 
in  either  case  the  dative  is  used  of  the  person  who  needs  the  thing  named . 

sestertium:  a  genitive  plural;  ccntena  milia  is  to  be  understood;  with 
millies  the  full  phrase  means  literally,  a  thousand  times  a  hundred  thousand 
sesterces. 


28.  ambitio,   -onis,    /.    [ambio,    go 
around],  ambition. 

29.  serio,  adv.  [serius,  serious],  seri- 
ously, in  earnest. 

30.  dominatio,  -onis,  /.  [dominor], 

rule,  supremacy. 

31.  versus,   -us,   m.    [verto],    line; 
verse. 

34.  pietas,  -atis,  /.  [plus,  pious],  de- 
votion, piety. 

36.  porticus,  -iis,  /.   [porta],  colon- 
nade, portico. 

apparatus,   -a,  -um,    adj.    [apparo, . 


prepare],  prepared,  splendid. 

37.  separatim,  adv.  [separatus,  sep- 
arate], separately,  severally. 

patrimonium,  -i,  n.  [pater],  paternal 
estate,  patrimony. 

38.  con-fio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
blow  together,  kindle;  aes  alie- 
num conflare,  to  contract  a  debt. 

39.  millies,  adv.  [mille],  a  thousand 
times. 

sestertius,  -i,  gen.  pi.,  sestertium, 

sesterce,  a  synall  silver  coin  worth 
four  and  one-tenth  cents. 


224  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

40  Postea  societatem  cum  Gnaeo  Pompeio  et  Marco  Crasso 
junxit,  ne  quid  ageretur  in  re  publica,  quod  displiceret  uUl 
ex  tribus.  Consul  deinde  creatus  cum  M.  Bibulo  primus 
omnium  consulum  instituit  ut  diurna  acta  et  senatus  et 
popull  perscriberentur    atque    ederentur.     Aliquot    leges   pro 

45  Pompeio  et  Crasso  socils  pertulit,  praecipueque  effecit  ut 
ipse  provinciam  Galliam  obtineret.  Bibulus,  cum  frustra 
legibus  obstitisset,  per  reliquum  anni  tempus  domo  abditus 
curia  abstinuit.  NonnullT  igitur,  cum  tabulas  signarent,  per 
jocum  addiderunt  non  Caesare  et  Bibulo,  sed  Julio  et  Caesare 

50  consulibus. 

Caesar,  consulatu  peracto,  novem  annis  Galliam  in  potes- 
tatem  populi  Roman!  redegit.  Germanos  quoque  aggressus 
est   atque   primus   imperatorum    Romanorum   in   Britanniam 

40.  societatem:  the  triumvirate,  described  in  the  note  on  25,  68. 

41.  ulli:  adjective  used  as  pronoun,  with  ex  tribus  dependent,  any  of  the 
three. 

43.  diurna:  from  this  word  the  Enghsh  word  "journal"  is  indirectly- 
derived. 

44.  ederentur,  he  published.  Despite  the  lack  of  printing,  copies  of  a 
document  were  multiplied  at  a  comparatively  small  cost,  owing  to  the 
use  of  slaves  as  copyists.  The  reference  here,  however,  is  merely  to  the 
act  of  posting  as  a  bulletin,  from  which  anyone  might  have  copies  made. 

47.  domo:  with  ahdo  the  ablative  with  or  without  in  may  be  used  of 
the  place  where. 

49.  Caesarr  et  Bibulo  consulibus,  in  the  consulshij)  of  Caesar  and  Bibu- 
lus; an  ablati  \/^e  absolute,  the  form  of  expression  regularly  employed  in 
designating  the  Roman  year.  Caesar  and  Bibulus  were  consuls  in  the 
year  59  b.c. 


41.  displiceo,  -ere,  -ul,  -itum,  intr.  48.  abstineo,  -tinere,  -tinul,  — ,  iritr. 

[dis-4-placeo],  displease.  [abs+teneo],     keep     or     remain 

43.  diumus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [compare  away. 

dies],  of  the  day,  daily.  .        .,,                               ,. 

'          ,       '^'       /      nil  non-nullus,   -a,   -um,    adj.,    some, 

actum,  -I,  n.  [p.  part,  of  agoj,  deed,  several. 

transaction. 

47.  ob-sisto,  -sistere,  -stiti,  -stitum,  signo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  fr.  [signum], 

i7itr.,  resist,  oppose.  '^^^  a,  seal  to,  seal. 

ab-do,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditimi,  tr.,  put  61.  per-ago,  -agere,  -egi,  -actum,  tr. 

away,  hide,  conceal.  •    (drive  through) ;  finish,  complete. 


A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


225 


transiit.     Ipse  commentarios  rerum  gestarum  confecit,  quibus 
alios  uti   in   scribenda   historia   voluit.      Sed,   ut   ait   Cicero,  55 
''sanos  quidem  homines  a  scribendo  deterruit;  nihil  est  enim 
in  historia  pura  et  illustrl  brevitate  dulcius." 

Cum  interea  Crassus  apud  Parthos  interfectus  esset,  et 
mortua  Julia,  Caesaris  filia,  quae  nupta  Pompeio  generl 
socerique  concordiam  tenebat,  statim  aemulatio  erupit.  Jam 
pridem  Pompeio  suspectae  Caesaris  opes  erant,  et  Caesari 
Pompeiana  dignitas  gravis.     Denique  Caesar,  ut  se  tueretur. 


60 


54.  quibus  alios  uti  .  .  .  voluit:  i.e.,  Caesar  did  not  regard  his  com- 
mentaries as  finished  history,  but  merely  as  material  from  which  historians 
might  draw. 

55.  ait:  for  the  forms  of  the  defective  verb  aid,  see  App.  37  (1). 

57.  pura  et  illustri  brevitate,  an  unembellished  and  luminous  brevity; 
ablative  of  comparison. 

58.  apud  Parthos :  Crassus,  who  was  envious  of-tire~-military  reputation 
of  Caesar  and  Pompeius,  conducted  an  expedition  against  the  Parthians, 
but  w^as  defeated  and  killed  by  them  in  53  b.c. 

59.  generi  socerique,  between  the  father-in-law  and  the  son-in-law.  What 
is  it  literally? 

60.  Jam  pridem  .  .  .  erant:  the  use  of  tenses  w^ith  jam  pridem  is  the 
same  as  with  jam  dudum,  explained  in  the  note  on  Per.  24. 

61.  Pompeio,  Caesari:  these  words  are  datives  of  reference  after 
suspectae  and  gravis. 


54.  commentarius,  -i,  m.,  note- 
book, memorandum  ;pL,  memoirs, 
records. 

55.  historia,  -ae,  /.,  narrative,  his- 
tory. 

aio,  defective  verb,  say,  affirm. 

56.  sanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  sound, 
healthy;  sane,  sensible. 

57.  purus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  clean,  pure; 
unadorned. 

brevitas,  -atis,  /.  [brevis],  shortness, 
brevity. 

dulcis,  -e,  adj.,  sweet,  agreeable. 
59.  nubo, -ere,  niipsi,  nuptum,  in^r., 


cover,  veil;  of  a  bride,  veil  one- 
self, marry,  be  married. 

gener,  -eri,  ?n.,  son-in-law. 

60.  socer,  -eri,  m.,  father-in-law. 

aemulatio,  -onis,  /.,  [aemulor,  to 
rival],  rivalry. 

e-rumpo,  -rumpere,  -rupi,  -ruptum, 
intr.,  break  out,  burst  forth. 

61.  pridem,  adv.,  long  ago. 

suspectus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
suspicio,  suspect] ,  mistrusted, 
suspected. 

62.  tueor,  -eri,  tiitus  sum,  tr.,  gaze 
upon;  watch  over,  protect. 


226  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

postulavit  ut  ex  lege  ante  lata  sibi  absent!  alterum  consula- 
tum   petere   liceret.      Hoc   inimici,    Pompeio   probante,   nega- 

65  verunt  atque  jusserunt  Caesarem  ante  certam  diem  exercitum 
provinciamque  tradere. 

Injuria  incensus  ad  Rubiconem  flumen,  qui  provinciae 
finis  erat,  cum  exercitu  processit.  Ibi  paulum  moratus,  ut 
fama  fert,  ''etiam  nunc,"  inquit,  ''regredi  possumus;  quod  si 

70  hoc  flumen  transierimus,  omnia  armis  agenda  erunt."  Pos- 
tremo  exclamavit:  *'Jacta  est  alea."  Turn,  exercitu  flumen 
traducto  belloque  civili  incepto,  Brundisium  profectus  est, 
quo  Pompeius  cum  magna  parte  senatus  profugerat.  Pompe- 
ium   transire   in    Epirum    prohibere    frtistra   conatus   iter   in 

75  Hispaniam  fecit,  ubi  validissimas  Pompeii  copias  vicit. 

Deinde  in  EpTrum  profectus  Pompeium  Pharsalico  proelio 
superavit  et  fugientem  ad  Aegyptum  persecutus  est.  Ptole- 
maeum  regem,  qui  Pompeium  interfici  jusserat  Insidiasque 
Caesarl   tendebat,    vicit   atque   regnum   Cleopatrae   fratrique 

so  minorl  permisit.     Pharnacem,  Mithridatis  f ilium,  qui  occasi- 

63.  ex  lege  ante  lata,  in  accordance  with  a  law  previously  enacted.  This 
was  a  law  of  the  year  52  b.c,  by  which  Caesar  was  to  be  allowed  to  be  a 
candidate  for  a  second  consulship  without  coming  to  Rome  or  surrendering 
his  provinces  and  army.  These  he  hoped  also  to  hold,  in  the  event  of  his 
election,  until  the  time  to  enter  upon  office.  In  this  way  he  would  step 
directly  from  a  provincial  office  to  office  in  Rome  and  so  avoid  a  period 
of  private  life,  in  which  his  opponents  might  prosecute  him  on  trumped-up 
charges  and  perhaps  send  him  into  exile.  Their  refusal  to  abide  by  this 
law  resulted  in  civil  war  and  the  overthrow  of  the  republic.  The  crossing 
of  the  Rubicon,  1.  67  ff.,  occurred  in  January,  49  b.c. 

70.  agenda  erunt,  will  have  to  be  decided. 

71.  flumen:  a  transitive  verb  compounded  with  trans  may  take  an 
accusative  governed  by  the  preposition  in  the  compound;  in  the  active, 
this  passage  would  read,  exercitum  jlUnien  trdduxit. 

73.  quo:  adverb. 

Pompeium  transire:  object  of  prohibere,  to  prevent  Pompeius  from 
crossing. 

80.  occasione  temporum,  the  favorable  opportunity. 

71.  alea,  -ae,/.,  a  game  with  dice;  ambuscade,  ambush;  plot. 

^  the.  79.  tendo,  -ere,  tetendi,  tentum,  tr., 

78.  insidiae,    -arum,  /.    pL,   snare;  stretch,  aim,  direct. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


227 


one  temporum  ad  rebellandum  utebatur,  tarn  cito  fudit  ut 
celeritatem  victoriae  postea  tribus  verbis  significaret,  'Venl, 
vidl,  vIcT."  Deinde  Scipionem  et  Jubam,  Numidiae  regem, 
qui  reliquias  Pompeianarum  partium  in  Africa  coegerat, 
devlcit.  Postremo  Pompeii  filios  in  Hispania  superavit;  quod  85 
proelium  tarn  acre  tamque  dubium  fuit  ut  Caesar  equo 
descenderet  consistensque  ante  suos  cedentes  fortunam  incre- 
paret,  quod  se  in  eum  exitum  servasset,  denuntiaretque 
mllitibus  vestlgio  se  non  recessurum.  Verecundia  magis 
quam  virtute  acies  restituta  est.  Romam  inde  rediit,  ubi  9o 
quater  triumphavit. 

Bellis  civllibus  confectis  conversus  jam  ad  administrandam 
rem    piiblicam    fastos    correxit    annumque    ad    cursum    solis 
accommodavit.     Senatum  supplevit,  comitilsque  cum  populo 
divlsis   sibi   sumpsit   jus   nominandae   dimidiae   partis   candi-  95 
datorum.     Eos   qui  lege   Pompeii   de  ambitu   daQinati  erant 


87.    suos  cedentes,  his  men  who  loere  giving  way. 

93.  fastos  correxit,  etc.:  the  Roman  year  prior  to  Caesar's  reform  of 
the  calendar  consisted  of  355  days.  The  discrepancy  between  this  number 
and  the  true  solar  year  was  made  up  by  inserting  extra  days  every  other 
year.  For  a  decade,  however,  this  intercalation,  as  it  was  called,  had  been 
almost  entirely  neglected.  Caesar  corrected  the  calendar, /as^s,  by  insert- 
ing three  extra  months  in  the  year  46  B.C.,  and  further  decreed  that  the 
3^ear  henceforth  should  count  365  days,  with  one  day  added  to  February 
every  fourth  year. 

96.  ambitu:  the  word  means  literally  a  going  around  (to  ask  for  votes); 
since  money  would  often  be  used,  the  word  came  to  mean  hrihcrij. 


81.    cito,  adv.  [citus,  swift],  quickly, 

speedily. 
87.  in-crep6,      -crepare,      -crepui, 

-crepitum,  tr.,  resound;  upbraid. 

89.   re-cedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -ces- 

sum,  intr.,  retire,  withdraw, 
verecundia,  -ae,/.  [compare  vereor], 

shame,  sense  of  shame. 
91.   quater,    adv.     [quattuor],    four 

times. 
93.   fasti,  -onim,  m.  pi.,  calendar, 
corrigo,  -rigere,  -rexi,  -rectiim,  tr. 

[com-+reg6],  correct,  reform. 


94.  accommodo, -are, -avi, -atum,  tr. 
[ad  +conimod6,  lend],  fit  to,  adapt. 

suppleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etum,  tr.  |sub  + 
pleo,  fill],  fill  up,  fill  out;  recruit. 

95.  dimidius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [dis--|- 
medius],  half. 

candidatus,  -i,  m.  [candidus,  white], 
candidate. 

96.  ambitus,  -us,  m.  [ambio,  go 
around],  canvassing  for  votes, 
bribery. 

damno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [dam- 
num, loss],  condemn,  convict. 


228 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


restituit  atque  admlsit  ad  honores  etiam  prosciiptorum 
llberos.  Sanxit  ne  ei  qui  pecuariam  facerent  minus  tertia 
parte  puberum  ingenuorum  inter  pastores  haberent.     Omnis 

100  medicinam  Romae  professos  et  llberalium  artium  doctores 
civitate  donavit.  Jus  laboriosissime  ac  severissime  dixit. 
De  repetundis  damnatos  etiam  e  senatu  movit.  Pere- 
grlnarum  mercium  portoria  instituit.  Legem  praecipue  sump- 
tuariam    exercuit,    dispositis    circa   macellum    custodibus    qui 

105  obsonia   vetita   retinerent. 

De  ornanda  mstruendaque  urbe  multa  cogitabat,  imprimis 
ingens  Martis  templum  extruere  theatrumque  summae  mag- 
nitudinis  sub  Tarpeio  monte.  Habebat  in  animo  etiam  haec: 
jus  civile  ad  certum  modum  redigere  atque  ex  ingenti  copia 

97.  honores,  political  offices. 

98.  pecuariam  facerent,  engaged  in  stock  raising. 

tertia  parte:  ablative  of  comparison  after  minus.  The  conversion  of 
farming  land  into  ranches  with  slaves  as  cattle-herders  had  long  been  a 
serious  evil,  inasmuch  as  slaves  displaced  the  free  farmers  of  old, 

102.  De  repetundis,  for  extortion;  with  especial  reference  to  provincial 
governors,  who  often  oppressed  their  subjects;  the  full  phrase  is  de  pecunils 
repetundis  and  means  literally  concernhig  the  recovery  of  money. 

103.  Legem  sumptuariam:  a  law  regulating  the  amount  that  might  be 
spent  upon  the  table. 


97.  ad-mitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -mis- 
sum,  tr.,  send  to,  let  go;  admit. 

98.  sancio,  -ire,  sanxi,  sanctum,  tr., 
make  sacred;  decree,  enact, 

pecuarius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [pecu, 
cattle],  of  cattle;  suhst.,  pecuaria, 
-ae,  /,  (res,  understood),  cattle- 
breeding, 

99.  pubes,  gen.  -eris,  adj.,  grown 
up,  adult;  suhst.,  puberes,  -um, 
m.  pi.,  adults,  men. 

ingenuus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  free-born. 

101.  laboriose,  adv.  [laboriosus,  toil- 
some], laboriously. 

severe,  adv.  fseverus,  serious],  seri- 
ously, severely,  strictly, 

102.  re-peto,  -petere,  -petivi,  -peti- 


tum,  tr.,  demand  back;  res  repe- 
tere,  to  demand  reparation. 

103.  merx,  mercis,  /.,  goods,  mer- 
chandise, 

portoritun,  -i,  ?i,  [portus],  tax,  duty, 
toll. 

sumptuarius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [sump- 
tus],  sumptuary, 

104.  dis-pono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -po- 
situm,  tr.,  place  here  and  there, 
distribute. 

macellum,  -i,  n.,  a  meat-market, 

105.  obsonium,  -i,  n.,  victuals, 
viands. 

106.  cogito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr, 
[com-+agito],  ponder;  plan. 

107.  theatrum,  -i,  n,,  theater. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


,229 


legum  optima  quaeque  in  paucissimos  libros  conferre;  bib-  no 
liothecas  Graecas  Latlnasque  quas  maximas  posset  Insti- 
tuere;  siccare  Pomptlnas  paltides;  emittere  Fticinum  lacum; 
viam  munire  a  mari  Supero  per  Appennlni  dorsum  ad  Ti- 
berim;  perfodere  Isthmiim  Corinthium;  Dacos,  qui  s'e  in 
Pontum  et  Thraciam  effuderant,  coercere;  mox  Partlils  In-  115 
ferre  bellum  per  Armeniam. 

Eum  talia  agentem  et  meditantem  mors  praevenit.  Dicta- 
tor enim  in  perpetuum  creatus  agere  insolentius  coepit: 
senatum  ad  se  venientem  sedens  excepit  et  quendam  ut 
assurgeret  monentem  irato  vultu  respexit.  Cum  Antonius,  120 
comes  Caesaris  in  omnibus  bellis  et  tum  consulatus  collega, 
capiti  ejus  in  sella  aurea  sedentis  pro  rostrls  diadema,  Insigne 
regium,  imposuisset,  id  ita  ab  eo  est  repulsum  ut  non  of- 
fensus   videretur.      Quare   amplius   sexagintj^^ri,    Cassio   et 


110.  optima  quaeque,  all  the  best  things;  when  masculine  or  feminine, 
quisque  with  a  superlative  is  usually  singular;  e.g.,  optimus  quisque,  all  the 
best  men. 

112.  Pomptinas  paludes:  a  marshy  region  on  the  western  coast  of 
Italy,  about  forty  miles  south  of  Rome. 

113.  mari  Supero:  the  upper  sea  was  the  Adriatic;  mare  inferum  was  the 
Etruscan  sea,  that  part  of  the  Mediterranean  to  the  west  of  Italy. 

119.  ut  assurgeret:  a  noun  clause,  object  of  monentem. 

124.  amplius  sexaginta  viri:  amplius,  minus,  and  plus  may  either  have 
an  ablative  of  comparison,  as  minus  in  1,  98,  or  may  be  used  as  equivalent 
to  amplius  quam,  minus  quam,  pliis  quam,  and  so  have  no  effect  on  the  case, 
as  here. 


110.  bibliotheca,  -ae, /.,  library. 

113.  dorsum,  -i,  n.,  back;  ridge. 

114.  perfodio,  -fodere,  -fodi,  -fos- 
sum,  tr.,  dig  through;  transfix. 

isthmus,  -i,  m.,  an  isthmus;  the 
Isthmus  of  Corinth. 

115.  coerceo,  -ercere,  -ercui,  -er- 
citum,  tr.  [com-+arce6,  enclose], 
restrain,  curb. 

117.  meditor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  i?itr. 
and  tr.,  reflect;  meditate,  plan. 


prae-venio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventum, 
intr.  and  tr.,  come  before,  pre- 
cede; anticipate. 

118.  insolenter,  adv.  [insolens,  in- 
solent], haughtily,  insolently. 

120.  assurgo,  -surgere,  -surrexi, 
-surrectum,  intr.  [ad+surgo,  rise], 
rise  up. 

124.  ample,  adr.  [amplus,  ample], 
abundantly,  liberally;  compar., 
amplius,  more. 

sexaginta,  indecl.  num.,  sixty. 


230 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


125  Brtito  ducibus,  in  eum  conjuraverunt  atque  constituerunt  eum 
Idibus  Martiis  in  senatu  interficere. 

Quamquam  prodigia  eum  deterrebant,  et  haruspex  Spurinna 
monebat  ut  caveret  perlculum,  quod  non  ultra  Martias  Idus 
proferretur,    statuit    tamen    eo    die    senatum    habere.      Dum 

130  curiam  intrat,  Spurinnam  irrisit,  quod  sine  ulla  sua  noxa 
Idus  Martiae  adessent.  ''Venerunt  quidem,"  inquit  Spu- 
rinna, ^'sed  non  praeterierunt,"  Caesarem  assidentem  con- 
jurati  specie  officii  circumsteterunt ;  unus  deinde  quasi  aliquid 
rogaturus  propius  accessit  et,  cum  Caesar  renueret,  ab  utroque 

135  humero  togam  apprehendit.  Dum  Caesar  clamat  ''ista  qui- 
dem  vis  est,"  Casca  eum  adversum  vulnerat  paulum  infra 
jugulum.  Caesar  Cascae  bracchium  arreptum  graphio  trajecit 
conatusque  prosilire  alio  vulnere  tardatus  est.  Deinde  ut 
animadvertit  undique  se  strictis  pugionibus  peti,  toga  caput 


126.  idibus:  the  Ides  were  the  15th  of  March,  May,  July,  October,  the 
13th  of  the  other  months. 

128.  quod:  a  relative  pronoun. 

129.  proferretur:  why  subjunctive?     Observe  that  its  clause  is  part  of 
the  warning. 

134.  rogaturus:  the  future  participle  expressing  intention, 

ab:  occasionally,  as  here,  to  be  translated  on  or  at. 

136.  adversum,  in  front,  an  adjective  in  agreement  with   {eiim)  cld- 
mantem. 


126.  idus,  iduum,  /.  pi.,  the  Ides, 
the  middle  of  the  month. 

127.  haruspex,  -icis,  m.,  soothsayer. 

130.  noxa,   -ae,  /.    [noceo],    harm, 
injury. 

132.  praetereo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  tr. 

and  intr.,  go  by,  go  past,  pass; 
praeteritus,  -a,  -um,  p.  part,  as 
adj.,  gone  by,  past. 

assido,  -sidere,  -sedi,  — ,  intr.  [ad+ 
sidd,  sit],  take  a  seat,  sit  down. 

134.  re-nuo,  -nuere,  -nui,  — ,  intr., 
shake  the  head,  refuse. 

136.  apprehendo,  -hendere,  -hendi, 


-hensum,  tr.  [ad+prehendo],  take 
hold  of,  seize. 

136.  infra,  prep,  with  ace,  below, 
underneath. 

137.  jugulum,  -1,  n.  [jugum],  throat, 
neck. 

graphium,  -i,  n.,  stylus,  pen. 

138.  prosilio,  -silire,  -silui,  — ,  intr. 
[pro+salio,  leap],  leap  forward, 
spring  up. 

tardo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [tardus, 
slow],  hinder,  retard. 

139.  pugio,  -onis,  m.,  dagger, 
poniard. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


231 


obvolvit    et    tribus    et    viginti    plagls    confossus    est.      Cum  i40 
Marcum  Brutum,   quern  fllii  loco  habebat,   in  se  irruentem 
vidisset,  dixisse  fertur:     ''Tu  quoque,  ml  fill!" 

Percussorum  autem  nemo  fere  triennio  amplius  supervlxit. 
Damnati  omnes  variis  casibus  perierunt,  pars  naufragio,  pars 
proelio;  nonnulll  semet  interfecerunt  eodem  illo  pugione,  quo  145 
Caesarem  confoderant. 

Quo  rarior  in  regibus  et  principibus  viris  moderatio,  hoc 
laudanda  magis  est.  Caesar  victoria  civlli  clementissime 
usus  est;  cum  enim  scrinia  deprehendisset  epistularum  ad 
Pompeium  missarum  ab  ils  qui  videbantur  aut  in  dlversls  iso 
aut  in  neutris  fuisse  partibus,  legere  noluit,  sed  combussit, 
ne  forte  in  multos  gravius  consulendl  locum  darent.  Cicero 
banc  laudem  eximiam  Caesari  tribuit,  quod  nihil  oblivlsci 
soleret  nisi  injurias. 

141.  fllii  loco,  as  a  son;  literally  in  the  place  of  a  son. 

143.  triennio:  for  the  case  with  amplius  see  the  note  on  1.  124. 

147.  Quo,  hoc :  ablatives  of  degree  of  difference  with  rarior  and  laudanda 
magis;  they  correspond  to  English  ''the  .  .  .  the"  with  comparatives,  the 
more  rare  .  .  .  the  more  deserving  of  praise. 

152.  gravius  consulendi  locum,  occasion  for  harsher  measures  (than  he 
desired) . 

153.  quod  .  .  .  soleret:  quod,  that  (conjunction),  sometimes  introduces  a 
substantive  clause,  here  explanatory  to  laudem.  Why  the  subjunctive 
soleret?    It  is  of  course  part  of  what  Cicero  said. 


140.  ob-volvo,  -volvere,  -volvi,  -vo- 
lutum,  ir.,  wrap  round,  enfold. 

plaga,  -ae,/.,  blow,  wound. 

confodio,  -fodere,  -fodi,  -fossum, 
/r.,  stab,  pierce. 

141.  irruo,  -mere,  -mi,  — ,  intr., 
rush  in,  rush  upon. 

143.  percussor,  -oris,  m.  [percutio], 
assassin. 

triennium,  -i,  n.  [tres+annus],  a 
period  of  three  years,  three  years' 
time. 

super- vivo,  -vivere,  -vixi,  — ,  inir., 
outlive,  survive. 

144.  naufragium,    -i,    n.    [compare 


navis  and  frango],  shipwreck. 

145.  -met,    an   enclitic  suffix,   self, 
own. 

147.  rarus,    -a,    -um,    adj.,    rare, 
■  scarce. 

moderatio,   -onis,  /.    [moderor,    to 
control],  moderation,  self-control. 

148.  clementer,   adv.   [clemens], 
mercifully. 

149.  scrinium,  -i,  n.,  book-box,  let- 
ter-case. 

de-prehendo,   -hendere,    -hendi, 
-hensimi,  tr.,  seize  upon;  discover. 

161.  comburo,-urere,-ussi,-ustiim, 
tr.  Icom-+ur6],  burn  up,  consume. 


232 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


155  Fuisse  traditur  excelsa  statura,  ore  paulo  leniore,  nigris 
vegetlsque  oculls,  capite  calvo;  quam  deformitatem,  quod 
saepe  obtrectatorum  jocis  obnoxia  erat,  aegre  ferebat.  Ideo 
ex  omnibus  honoribus  sibi  a  senatu  populoque  decretis  non 
alium   aut   regepit   aut   usurpavit   libentius   quam   jus   laure- 

160  ae  perpetuo  gestandae.  Vlnl  parcissimum  eum  fuisse  ne  ini- 
mlci  quidem  negaverunt.  Verbum  Catonis  est,  unum  ex  om- 
nibus Caesarem  ad  evert endam  rem  ptiblicam  sobrium  acces- 
sisse.  Armorum  et  equitandl  perltissimus,  laboris  ultra 
fidem  patiens;  in  agmine  nonnumquam  equo,  saepius  pedibus 

165  anteibat,   capite  detects,   seu  sol,   seu  imber  erat.     Longissi- 

155.  ore  paulo  leniore,  ivith  a  rather  kindly  expression. 

158.  decretis:  a  participle,  with  honoribus. 

159.  laureae:  the  victor's  laurel  crown  served  partly  to  hide  Caesar's 
baldness. 

164.  fidem,  belief. 

in  agmine,  on  the  march. 

equo,  on  horseback. 


155.  excelsus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part, 
of  excello],  lofty,  tall;  distin- 
guished. 

statura,  -ae,  /.  [status,  a  standing], 
height,  stature. 

lenis,  -e,  adj.,  mild,  gentle. 

156.  vegetus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  lively, 
animated. 

calvus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  bald. 

deformitas,  -atis,  /.  [deformis,  mis- 
shapen], deformity,  disfigurement, 
unsightliness. 

157.  obtrectator,  -oris,  m.  [obtrecto, 
disparage],  traducer,  disparager. 

ob-noxius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  liable, 
exposed. 

ideo,  adv.,  for  that  reason,  there- 
fore. 

158.  de-cemo,  ~  -cernere,  -  -crevi, 
-cretum,  tr.,  decide,  decree. 

159.  usurpo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
make  use  of,  use. 

laurea,  -ae,  /.,  laurel-tree;  laurel 
wreath . 


160.  perpetuo,  adv.  [perpetuus],  con- 
tinually. 

gesto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [freq.  of 
gero],  bear,  carry,  wear. 

parous,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [parco],  spar- 
ing, frugal. 

162.  e-verto,  -vertere,  -verti,  -ver- 
sum,  tr.,  overturn,  overthrow. 

sobrius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [se-+ebrius, 
drunk],  sober. 

163.  equito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr. 
[eques],  ride. 

164.  patiens,  -entis,  adj.  [pres.  part, 
of  patior],  enduring,  tolerant,  pa- 
tient. 

agmen,  -inis,  n.  [ago],  a  marching 

army,  a  column. 
non-numquam,  adv.,  sometimes,   a 

few  times. 

165.  ante-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  or  -ivi,  intr., 
go  before  or  ahead. 

detectus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
detego,  uncover],  uncovered, 
bare. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  233 

mas  vias  incredibili  celeritate  conficiebat,  ut  persaepe  nunti- 
os  de  se  praevenlret;  neque  eum  morabantur  flumina,  quae 
vel  nando  vel  innlxus  inflatis  utribus  translbat.  / 

168.  nando:  gerund,  ablative  of  means. 

166.  per-saepe,  adv.,  very  often.  in-flo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  //•.,   blow 

into,  inflate. 
168.  in-nltor,   -nitl,   -nixum,    intr.,      uter,   utris,   m.,   a   vessel   of   skin, 
lean  upon,  support  oneself  by.  leather  bottle. 


27.   Marcus  Tullius  Cicero 

Marcus  Tullius  Cicero,  equestrl  genere,  Arpini,  quod  est 
Volscorum  oppidum,  natus  est.  Nondum  adultus  a  patre 
Romam  missus  est,  ut  celeberrimorum  magistrorum  scholls 
interesset  atque  eas  artes  disceret,  quibus  aetas  puerllis  ad 
humanitatem  solet  mformari;  quod  magno  successu  magna-  5 
que  admlratione  et  praeceptorum  et  ceterorum  discipulorum 
fecit;  cum  enim  fama  de  Ciceronis  ingenio  et  doctrlna  ad  alios 
perlata  esset,  multi  reperti  esse  dicuntur  qui  ejus  videndi  et 
audiendl  gratia  scholas  adirent. 

Cum  nulla  re  magis  ad  summos  in  re  publica  honores  viam  lo 
munlrl   posse   intellegeret   quam   arte   dicendi   et   eloquentia, 
toto  animo  in  ejus  studium  incubuit;  in  quo  quidem  ita  ver- 

2.  natus  est:  in  106  b.c. 

5.  quod,  and  this;  referring  to  the  purpose  in  the  sentence  preceding. 

8.  qui  .  .  .  adirent:  a  relative  clause  of  description. 

9.  gratia:  what  case  do  gratia  and  causa  meaning /or  the  sake  of  take,  and 
what  is  their  position? 

11.  muniri:  munire  with  viam  as  object  means  construct;  this  passage 
may  be  translated  freely,  entrance  into  'public  life  ivas  made  possible. 

1.  equester,  -tris,  -tre,  adj.  [eques],  7.  doctrina,  -ae,  /.   [doceo],  teach- 

of  a  horseman,   equestrian,  cav-  ing,  learning,  erudition, 
airy  {as  adj.). 

5.  in-formo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  ^2.  mcumbo,     -cumbere,     -cubui 
shape,  mold;  instruct,  educate.  -cubitum,  mtr.le^n  upon;  bend 

-  ,         .  .  r  .  ...  to,  apply  oneself  to. 

6.  praeceptor,  -oris,  m.  [praecipioj, 

teacher,  instructor.  versor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  intr.   [dep. 

discipulus,   -i,   m.    [disco],  learner,  aiid  freq.  of  verto],  occupy  one- 

pupil,  self,  engage,  conduct  oneself. 


234 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


MARCUS    TULLIUS    CICERO 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


235 


satus   est   ut   non   solum   eos   qui   in   foro   et  jtidicils   causas 
dicerent    studiose    sectaretur,    sed    privatim    quoque    dlligen- 
tissime  se  exerceret.     Primuin  eloquentiam  et  llbertatem  ad-  15 
versus    Sullanos    ostendit.      Erat   enim   Roscius   quidam,   de 
parricldio  accusatus,  quern  ob  potentiam  ChrysogonI,  Bullae 
libertl,    qui   in   ejus   adversariis    erat,    nemo    alius   defendere 
audebat;  Cicero  tamen  tanta  eloquentiae  vl  eum  defendit  ut 
jam  tum  in  arte  dicendl  nemo  ei  par  esse  videretur.     Postea  20 
Athenas  studiorum  gratia  petiit,  ubi  Antiochum  philosophum 
studiose   audivit.      Inde   eloquentiae   causa   Rhodum  se   con- 
tulit,   ubi  Molonem,   Graecum   rhetorem    tum  disertissimum, 
magistrum   habuit.      Qui    cum   Ciceronem   dicentem   audivis- 
set,  flevisse  dicitur,  quod  per  hunc  Graecia  eloquentiae  laude  25 
privaretur. 

Romam  re  versus  quaestor  Sicilian!  habuit.  Ntillius  vero 
quaestura  aut  gratior  aut  clarior  fuit;  cum  enim  magna  tum 
esset  annonae  difficultas,  initio  molestus  erat  Siculls,  quos 
cogeret  frumenta  in  urbem  mittere;  postea  vero,  dlligentiam  30 

13.  in  foro:  i.e.,  in  political  discussions. 

14.  sectaretur:  attendance  upon  the  law  courts  and  upon  political 
debates  was  a  common  method  of  studying  law  and  the  art  of  public 
speaking  in  Cicero's  time. 

20.  jam  tum,  even  then;  Cicero  was  only  26  years  old. 

26.  privaretur:   account  for  the  subjunctive. 

27.  Siciliam  habuit:  i.e.,  as  a  province;  see  note  on  26,  26. 

29.  initio,  at  first. 

quos  cogeret,  siyice  he  forced  them;  a  relative  clause  of  reason  or 
cause,  as  explained  in  the  note  on  23,  54. 


14.  studiose,  adv.  [studiosus],  eag- 
erly, devotedly. 

sector,  -ari,  -atus  stmi,  tr.  [freq.  of 
sequor],  follow  after,  attend. 

privatim,  adv.  [privatus],  in  a  private 
capacity,  privately. 

17.  parricidium,  -i,  n.  [compare  pa- 
ter and  caedo],  parricide,  murder 
of  a  father. 

18.  adversarius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [ad- 
verser], opposed,   hostile;  subst., 


adversarius,  -i,  m.,  an  opponent, 
adversary. 

23.  rhetor,  -oris,  m.,  a  teacher  of 
oratory,  rhetorician. 

disertus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  \from  p.  part, 
of  dissero],  fluent,  eloquent. 

25.  fleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etum,  intr., 
weep,  cry. 

29.  annona,  -ae,  /.  [annus],  the 
year's  produce;  supphes,  provi- 
sions. 


236 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


et  justitiam  et  comitatem  ejus  experti,  honores  quaestor! 
suo  majores  quam  ulli  umquam  praetor!  detulerunt.  E 
Sicilia  reversus  Romam  in  causis  dicendls  ita  floruit  ut  inter 
omnes  causarum  patronos  et  esset  et  haberetur  prmceps. 

35  Consul  deinde  factus  L.  Sergii  Catillnae  conjurationem 
egregia  virtute,  constantia,  cura  compressit.  Catilina  rei 
familiaris,  quam  profuderat,  inopia  et  dominandl  cupiditate 
incensus  erat  indignatusque  quod  in  petltione  consulatus. 
repulsam    passus    esset;    conjuratione    igitur    facta    senatum 

40  interemere,  consules  trucidare,  urbem  incendere,  diripere 
aerarium  constituerat.  Cicero  autem  in  senatu,  praesen- 
te  Catilina,  vehementem  orationem  habuit  et  consilia  ejus 
patefecit;    turn   ille,    incendium  suum  ruina   se    restlncturum 


34.  haberetur,  was  regarded. 

35.  Catilinae:  Catiline  was  of  an  aristocratic  family,  but  of  a  depraved 
character.  He  was  ambitious  to  gain  political  power,  and  succeeded  in 
attaching  to  himself  the  discontented  and  unprincipled  of  all  classes. 
Cicero  through  a  sort  of  secret  service  of  friends  and  political  associates 
kept  informed  of  his  plans  and  finally  aroused  the  senate  to  the  adoption 
of  energetic  measures. 

42.  habuit,  delivered. 

43.  ruina:  an  allusion  to  the  practice  of  demolishing  houses  in  order 
to  prevent  the  spread  of  a  fire. 


31.  experior,  -periri,  -partus  sum, 
tr.,  prove,  test. 

33.  floreo,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  intr.  [fios], 
blossom;  flourish,  be  eminent. 

34.  patronus,  -i,  m.  [pater],  protec- 
tor, patron;  defender,  advocate. 

35.  conjuratio,  -onis,  /.  [conjuro], 
conspiracy. 

37.  familiaris,  -e,  adj.  [familia],  of 
a  household;  res  familiaris,  pri- 
vate property,  estate ;  s  u bst. 
familiaris,  -is,  m.,  a  friend,  an 
intimate  acquaintance. 

pro-fundo,  -fundere,  -fudi,  -fusum, 
tr.,  pour  out;  spend  freely,  squan- 
der. 


inopia,  -ae,  /.  [inops],  want,  lack; 
poverty. 

dominor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  intr.,  rule. 

38.  petitio,  -onis,  /.  [compare  peto], 
(a  seeking),  candidacy,  canvass. 

39.  repulsa,  -ae,  /.  [p.  part.  of.  re- 
pello],  repulse,  defeat. 

40.  interimo,  -imere,  -emi,  -emp- 
tum,  ir.  [inter+emo,  take  out], 
destroy,  slay,  kill. 

41.  praesens,  gen.  -entis,  adj.  [pr. 
part,  of  praesum],  at  hand,  pres- 
ent, in  person. 

43.  incendium,  -i,  n.  [incendo],  fire, 
conflagration. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  237 

esse  minitans,   Roma  profugit  et  ad  exercitum,   quern  para- 
verat,  profectus  est  signa  illaturus  urbi.     Sed  socii  ejus,  qui  45 
in  urbe  remanserant,  comprehensi  in  carcere  necati  sunt. 

Neque  eo  magis  ab  incepto  Catilina  destitit,  sed  infestis 
signis  Romam  petens  exercitu  Antonil,  Ciceronis  collegae, 
opprimitur.  Quam  atrociter  dimicatum  sit  exitus  docuit: 
nemo  hostium  bello  superfuit;  nam  quem  locum  quisque  in  50 
pugnando  ceperat,  eum  mortuus  tegebat.  Catilina  longe  a 
suls  inter  hostium  cadavera  repertus  est  —  pulcherrima  mors, 
si  pro  patria  sic  concidisset!  Senatus  populusque  Romanus 
Ciceronem   patrem   patriae   appellavit. 

Faucis    post    annis    Ciceroni    diem    dixit  Clodius,   tribunus  55 
plebis,  quod  elves  Romanes  indicta  causa  necavisset.     Sena- 
tus maestus,  tamquam  in  publico  luctu,  veste  mutata,  pro  eo 
deprecabatur.     Cicero,   cum  posset  armis  salutem  suam  de- 
fendere7  maluit  ex  urbe  ceclere  quam  sua  causa  caedem  fieri. 

44.  Roma:  ablative  of  the  place  from  which,  App.  65. 

45.  signa:  with  illaturus;  literally  intending  to  advance  the  standards, 
i.e.,  to  attack. 

46.  carcere:  the  prison  said  to  have  been  built  by  Ancus  Marcius;  com- 
pare 8,  7  and  note. 

47.  eo  magis,  the  more;  eo  is  an  ablative  of  degree  of  difference. 

49.  Quam  atrocitet*  dimicatum  sit,  how  desperate  the  decisive  battle  was; 
dimicatum  sit  is  an  impersonal  passive.     Why  the  subjunctive? 

50.  quem  .  .  .  locum,  eum:  in  English  order  this  should  be,  eum  locum 
quem. 

53.  si  .  .  .  concidisset:  but  he  did  not  so  fall;  what  sort  of  condition? 

55.  diem  dixit:  a  legal  expression,  literally,  appointed  a  day  (for  ap- 
pearance in  court),  equivalent  to  preferred  a  charge.  The  accomplices  of 
Catiline  who  were  strangled  in  prison  had  no  trial,  but  were  put  to  death 
by  the  order  of  the  consul  at  the  advice  of  the  senate. 

57.  veste  mutata,  having  put  on  m^ourning. 

59.  sua  causa :  the  genitive  with  causa,  for  the  sake  of,  may  be  replaced 
by  a  possessive  adjective. 

44.  minitor,    -ari,    -atus    sum,    tr.  dertaking. 

[freq.  of   minor,    threaten],  49.  atrociter,    adv.    [atrox,   savage], 

threaten,  menace.  fiercely. 

46.  re-maneo,     -manere,     -mansi,  53.  concido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  — ,  iJitr. 
-mansum,  ijitr.,  remain.  [com-+cado],  fall,  be  slain. 

47.  inceptum,    -i,    n.    [p.    part,   of      57.  luctus,  -us,  m.  [lugeo,  mourn], 
incipio],  beginning;  attempt,  un-  sorrow,  mourning,  affliction. 


238  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

60  Proficiscentem  omnes  boni  flentes  prosectiti  sunt.  Deinde 
Clodius  edictum  proposuit,  ut  Marco  Tullio  igni  et  aqua 
interdlceretur;  illius  domum  et  villas  incendit.  Sed  vis  ilia 
non  diuturna  fuit;  mox  enim  totus  fere  populus  Romanus 
ingenti  desiderio  Ciceronis  reditum  flagitare  coepit,  et  max- 

65  imo  omnium  ordinum  studio  Cicero  in  patriam  revocatus  est. 
Nihil  per  totam  vitam  Ciceroni  itinere,  quo  in  patriam  rediit, 
accidit  jucundius.  Obviam  ei  redeunti  universT  ierunt; 
domus  ejus  publica  pecunia  restituta  est. 

Gravissimae  inimicitiae  ilia   tempestate  inter  Caesarem  et 

70  Pompeium  ortae  sunt,  ut  res  nisi  bello  componi  non  posse 
videretur.  Cicero  quidem  summo  studio  enitebatur  ut  eos 
inter  se  reconciliaret  et  a  belli  civilis  calamitatibus  deterre- 
ret;  sed  cum  neutrum  ad  pacem  ineundam  movere  posset, 
Pompeium  secutus  est.     Tamen   a   Caesare  victore  veniam 

75  accepit.  Cum  Caesar  occlsus  esset,  Octaviano,  Caesaris 
heredi,  favit  Antonioque  adversatus  est,  atque  effecit  ut 
ille  a  senatu  hostis  judicaretur. 

61.  igni  et  aqua:  ablatives  of  separation  with  interdlceretur;  literally, 
should  be  interdicted  (the  use  of)  fire  and  water;  since  fire  and  water  are 
absolute  necessities  of  life,  the  phrase  is  equivalent  to  should  go  into  exile. 
The  name  of  the  person  so  interdicted  is  put  in  the  dative,  here  Marco 
Tullio;  interdlceretur  is  an  impersonal  passive. 

66.  itinere:  ablative  of  comparison  with  jticundius. 

67.  ei:  the  dative  with  obviam  ierunt,  as  in  25,  22,  explained  in  the  note 
there. 

75.  Octaviano:  Octavianus  was  a  grandnephew  of  Julius  Caesar.  He 
is  best  known  under  his  later  title  Augustus,  first  Roman  emperor. 

76.  Antonio  .  .  .  adversatus  est:  Marcus  Antonius  after  Caesar's  death 
endeavored  to  seize  the  power  which  Caesar  had  held.  Cicero  showed 
favor  to  Octavian,  in  the  hope,  however,  that  the  free  republic  might  be 
restored.  The  course  of  events  brought  him  into  sharp  conflict  with 
Antonius. 


62.  inter-dico,  -dicere,  -dixi,  -die-  70.  com-pono,       -ponere,      -posui, 
tum,  ir.,  forbid,  interdict.  -positum,  tr.,  place  together;  com- 

63.  diutumus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [diu],  Pose,  settle. 

lasting,  long.  71^  e-nitor,  -niti,  -nixus  or  -nisus 

69.  inimicitia,     -ae,    /.    [inimicus],  sum,   intr.,  struggle  out;   strug- 

enmity,  hostihty.  gle,  strive. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


239 


Sed   Ant5nius,   inita   cum   Octaviano   societate,    Ciceronem 
jam   diti   sibi   inimlcum   proscripsit.      Qua   re   audita,   Cicero 
transversis    itineribus    in    villam,    quae    a    marl    n5n    longe  so 
aberat,    fugit    indeque    navem    conscendit,    in    Macedoniam 
transiturus.      Cum    aliquotiens    in     altum    provectus    ventis 
adversis  relatus  esset,   neque  jactationem  maris  pati  posset, 
taedium  tandem  eum  et  fugae  et  vitae  cepit;  aliquando  re- 
gressus   ad   villam    "moriar,"    inquit,    ''in    patria   saepe   ser-  85 
vata."     Adventantibus  percussoribus,  servi  parati  ad  dlmican- 
dum  erant ;  sed  ipse  eos  deponere  lectlcam  et  quietos  pati  quod 
sors  iniqua  cogeret  jussit.     Prominent!  ex  lectica  et  imm5tam 
cervicem    praebenti    caput    praecisum    est.      Mantis    quoque 
praecisae    sunt;    caput    relatum    est    ad    Antonium    jussuque  oo 
ejus  inter  duas  manus  in  rostrls  positum. 

Quamditi   res   publica   libera   stabat,    Cicero   in   eam   curas 
cogitationesque   fere   omnes   suas   conferebat   et   plus   operae 
ponebat  in  agendo  quam  in  scrlbendo.     Cum  autem  omnia  • 
potestate  unius  C.  Julil  Caesaris  tenerentur,   non  se  angori-  95 


80.  villam:  this  was  situated  not  far  from  the  little  city  of  Formiae,  on 
the  Gulf  of  Gaeta.  Cicero  possessed  several  country  houses,  of  which 
this  was  probably  his  favorite. 

82.  transiturus:  the  participle  has  the  same  force  as  illdturus,  1.  45. 

87.  ipse  =  Cicero:  subject  of  ywssif. 

88.  Prominent!,  praebenti:  supply  el;  the  dative  of  reference  (App.  54) 
is  not  infrequently  employed  where  we  should  expect  a  possessive  genitive; 
here,  e.g.  {Ciceronis)  prominentis  .  .  .  et  cervicem  yraehentis  caput  praecisum 
est.    Translate  with  a  clause,  when  he  leaned  out  .  .  .  his  head  was  cut  off. 

93.  plus  operae  ponebat  in  agendo,  he  devoted  more  attention  to  action. 


80.  transversus,  -a,  -um,  adj.^  lying 
across,  cross  {as  an  adjective). 

82.  aliquotiens,  adv.  [aliquot],  sev- 
eral times. 

83.  jactatio, -onis, /.  [jacto],  tossing, 
motion, 

84.  taedium,  -i,  n.  [taedet,  it  wea- 
ries], weariness,  loathing. 

86.  advento,  -ventare,  — ,  — ,  intr. 
[intens.  of  advenio],  advance,  ap- 
proach. 


87.  lectica,  -ae,  /.  [lectus],  a  litter, 
sedan. 

88.  promineo,  -minere,  -minui,  intr., 
stand  out;  project,  lean  out. 

immotus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [in-+motus], 
unmoved,  unaffected. 

89.  cervix,  -icis,  /.,  neck,  throat. 

93.  cogitatio,  -onis,  /.  [coglto],  re- 
flection, meditation. 

95.  angor,  -oris,  m.,  anguish,   tor- 
ment; p^  melancholy. 


240 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


bus  dedidit  nee  indignis  homine  docto  voluptatibus.  Vltans 
conspectum  fori  urbisque  rura  peragrabat  abdebatque  se, 
quantum  lieebat,  et  solus  erat.  Cum  animus  autem  nihil 
agere  non  posset,  se  ad  philosophiam  referre  constituit  atque 

100  ita  honestissime  molestias  deponere.  Huic  studio  Cicer5 
adulescens  multum  temporis  tribuerat,  et  jam  senex  omnem 
curam  ad  scribendum  convertit.  Volebat  quoque  etiam 
otiosus  aliquid  civibus  prodesse  eosque  doctiores  et  sapien- 
tiores  facere.      Eo  modo  plura  brevi  tempore  eversa  re  publica 

105  scrlpsit,  quam  multis  annis  ea  stante  scripserat.  Sic  paruit 
virorum  sapientium  praecepto,  qui  docent  homines  non  solum 
ex  mails  eligere  minima  oportere,  sed  etiam  excerpere  ex 
his  ipsis,  si  quid  insit  boni. 

Multa  extant  facete  ab  eo  dicta.     Cum  Lentulum,  gene- 

110  rum  suum,  exiguae  staturae  hominem,  vidisset  longo  gladio 
accmctum,  ''quis/^  inquit,  "generum  meum  ad  gladium  alli- 
gavit?"  —  Matrona  quaedam  juniorem  se   quam  erat  simu- 

98.  nihil  agere  non  posset:  the  two  negatives  are  to  be  taken  closely 
with  the  two  verbs  (not  a  case  of  two  negatives  making  an  affirmative) , 
was  unable  to  be  idle.  , 

103.  aliquid  prodesse,  to  benefit,  to  be  of  some  use;  aliquid  is  an  accusa- 
tive of  extent. 

106.  homines  .  .  .  eligere:  an  infinitive  clause,  subject  of  oportere,  App. 
114. 

108.  si  quid  insit  boni,  whatever  good  there  is  in  them. 


96.  in-dignus,   -a,   -um,   adj.,    un- 
worthy, undeserving. 

97.  rus,  ruris,  n.,  the  country;  pL, 
the  fields,  the  country. 

peragro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [per+ 
ager],  wander  through,  traverse. 

99.  philosophia,  -ae, /.,  philosophy. 

100.  honeste,  adv.  [honestus],  hon- 
orably, properly. 

103.  otiosus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [otium], 
at  leisure,  unoccupied. 

106.  praeceptum,  -i,  n.  [p.  part,  of 
praecipiol,  maxim,  precept,  order. 

107.  eligo,  -ligere,  -legi,  -lectum,  tr. 


[e+lego],  choose,  select. 
excerpo,  -cerpere,  -cerpsi,  -cerptum, 
tr.  [carpo],  pick  out,  select. 

109.  facete,  adv.  [facetus,  witty], 
wittily,  humorously. 

110.  exiguus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  scanty, 
small. 

111.  accingo,  -cingere,  -cinxi 
-cinctum,  tr.  [ad+cingol,  gird  to, 
gird. 

112.  matrona,  -ae,  /.  [mater],  mar- 
ried woman,  wife,  matron. 

jiinior,  adj.  [compar.  of  juvenis], 
younger. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  241 

lans  dictitabat  se  triginta  tantum  annos  habere;  cui  Cicero 
*'verum  est,"  inquit,  "nam  hoc  vlginti  annos  audio."  — 
Caesar,  altero  consule  mortuo  die  Decembris  ultima,  Canini-  115 
um  consulem  hora  septima  in  rehquam  diei  partem  renun- 
tiaverat;  quem  cum  plerlque  Trent  salutatum  de  more, 
''festlnemus,"  inquit  Cicero,  '^priusquam  abeat  magistrate." 
De  eodem  Canlnio  scripsit  Cicero:  "Fuit  mira  vigilantia 
Caninius,  qui  toto  suo  consulatu  somnum  non  viderit."  120 

115.  altero  consule,  one  of  the  consuls;  the  consuls  went  out  of  office  the 
last  day  of  December. 

117.  salutatum:  the  accusative  of  the  supine  expressing  purpose,  App. 
130. 

118.  abeat:  what  name  is  given  to  the  subjunctive  with  words  meaning 
before,  until? 

120.  qui  .  .  .  viderit:  a  relative  clause  of  cause  or  reason;  another  oc- 
curred in  1,  29. 

113.  dictito,  -are,    -avi,    -atum,  ti-.  adj ,    a   very    great    part,    very 

and   intr.    [intens.    of   dicto,  die-  many,  the  greater  part  of,  most  of. 

tate],  say  often,  maintain.  us.  festino,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr. 

116.  Septimus, -a, -um,  ac?;.  [septem],  [festinus,  hasty],  hasten, 
seventh.  II9.  vigilantia,     -ae,    /.     [vigilans, 

117.  plerique,  pleraeque,  pleraque,  watchful],  watchfulness,  vigilance. 


GAIUS   JULIUS   CAESAR 

Gaius  Julius  Caesar,  the  conqueror  of  Gaul,  was  born  at 
Rome  in  the  year  100  (some  authorities  give  102),  b.c. 
He  held  the  office  of  quaestor  in  68,  aedile  in  65,  praetor 
in  62,  and  consul  in  59.  At  the  end  of  his  consulship 
he  was  made  governor  of  Gaul  for  a  period  of  five 
years,  his  term  of  office  being  afterward  extended  for  five 
years  longer. 

About  the  time  of  his  arrival  in  Gaul,  the  Helvetians,  a 
warlike  tribe  of  the  Gauls  occupjdng  a  region  roughly  cor- 
responding to  modern  Switzerland,  began  a  migration  from 
their  homes  with  the  intention  of  settling  in  a  more  desirable 
location.  As  a  result  of  their  attempt  to  cross  territory 
which  was  under  Roman  protection  Caesar  made  war  upon 
them  and  thoroughly  defeated  them.  Following  this  he 
came  into  conflict  with  the  German  king  Ariovistus,  who 
with  his  people  had  taken  possession  of  a  part  of  Gaul. 
He  inflicted  a  crushing  defeat  upon  the  Germans  and  drove 
them  back  across  the  Rhine.  This  was  the  beginning  of  a 
series  of  campaigns  which  lasted  through  the  greater  part 
of  nine  years,  and  which  resulted  in  the  whole  of  Gaul  being 
brought  under  Roman  control. 

During  Caesar's  absence  from  Rome  his  political  enemies 
succeeded  in  organizing  strongly  the  opposition  to  him,  and  his 
return  to  Rome  was  followed  by  civil  war,  in  which  his 
enemies  were  defeated.  Caesar  was  made  dictator  for  life, 
and  the  foundation  for  the  Roman  imperial  government  was 
laid.  But  a  conspiracy  was  formed  against  him  and  he  was 
assassinated  in  the  year  44  b.c. 

He  wrote  a  history  of  his  campaigns  in  Gaul  in  seven 
Books.  The  first,  which  is  here  given  (with  some  changes), 
describes  the  campaign  against  the  Helvetians  and  the  Ger- 
mans under   Ariovistus. 

242 


CAESAR'S  ARMY 

In  the  earlier  periods  of  Roman  history  a  Roman  army 
consisted  of  citizens  serving  without  pay.  They  were  there- 
fore not  professional  soldiers,  and  like  the  soldiers  who  made 
up  our  own  army  in  the  World  War,  they  went  back  to  their 
ordinary  occupations  when  relieved  of  their  military  duties. 

Late  in  the  second  century  b.  c.  the  well-to-do  citizens 
began  to  look  upon  service  in  the  army  as  something  to  be 
avoided.  As  a  result  the  army  came  to  be  recruited  from  the 
lower  classes,  although  only  citizens  were  enrolled  in  the  legions, 
and  a  professional  class  of  soldiers  developed.  In  Caesar's 
time  the  period  of  service  of  the  legionary  soldier  was  twenty 
years.  These  soldiers  might  be  enhsted  from  all  parts  of 
Italy.  Caesar's  troops,  however,  were  doubtless  composed 
of  inhabitants  of  the  valley  of  the  Po,  in  northern  Italy,  which 
was  one  of  the  provinces  he  was  given  to  govern  at  the  end  of 
his  consulship  in  58  b.  c.  The  military  age  was  from  seven- 
teen to  forty-five. 

1.  The  Legion:  The  most  important  division  of  the  army 
was  the  legion.  It  corresponded  more  nearly  to  the  regiment 
than  to  any  other  division  in  modern  armies,  but  legions  were 
not  grouped  into  larger  units  of  the  nature  of  brigades.  The 
exact  number  of  men  in  one  of  Caesar's  legions  is  not  known 
but  it  was  somewhere  between  3400  and  6000. 

A  legion  was  divided  into  ten  cohorts  (cohortes),  each  cohort 
was  divided  into  three  maniples  (manipuli),  and  each  maniple 
was  again  divided  into  two  centuries  (centuriae). 

2.  Auxiliaries:  Besides  the  legions,  which  as  we  have 
seen  were  made  up  of  Roman  citizens,  the  army  included  other 
forces  which  were  not  citizens.  These  included  both  infantry 
and  cavalry.  Caesar's  cavalry,  in  fact,  was  made  up  entirely 
of  these  non-citizen  troops.  Infantry  auxiliaries  were  supplied 
by  the  Roman  provinces  and  by  peoples  allied  with,  or  friendly 
to,  the  Roman  people.  They  were  Ught-armed  troops,  e.g., 
shngers  (fiinditores)  and  archers  (sagittarii) .    Caesar's  cavalry 

243 


244  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

was  of  Gallic,  Spanish,  and  German  origin,  and  numbered 
from  4000  to  5000  men. 

3.  Officers:  The  officers  of  the  army  were  the  commander- 
in-chief  (dux,  imperator),  Ueu tenants  (legati),  military  tribunes 
(tribuni  militum),  centurions  (centuriones) ,  and  prefects 
(praefecti).  Of  the  subordinate  officers,  the  lieutenants  were 
the  most  important.  They  commanded  divisions  of  the  army 
or  single  legions,  at  the  will  of  the  commander-in-chief.  Each 
legion  had  six  tribunes,  who  were  assigned  duties  of  various 
kinds  by  the  commander-in-chief,  and  commanded  smaller 
bodies  of  troops  than  a  legion.  The  officers  most  closely  in 
touch  with  the  rank  and  file  were  the  centurions,  who  had 
risen  from  the  ranks  themselves.  There  were  sixty  in  each 
legion.  Caesar  set  great  store  by  his  centurions  and  he  often 
mentions  their  faithful  and  important  services.  The  prefects 
commanded  auxiliary  troops. 

4.  Engineers  and  Musicians:  A  Roman  army  had  a  body 
of  engineers  (fabri),  commanded  by  a  prefect.  There  were 
also  musicians,  who  gave  signals  with  various  instruments, 
such  as  the  trumpet  (tuba),  the  horn  (comu),  and  the  clarion 
(lituus) . 

5.  The  Quaestor:  The  army  was  accompanied  by  an 
officer  known  as  quaestor,  who  attended  to  the  pay  of  the 
troops,  to  the  sale  of  booty  and  prisoners,  and  had  charge 
of  provisions. 

6.  Dress  and  Arms:  A  Roman  legionary  soldier  wore  a 
short-sleeved  woolen  tunic  (tunica),  something  like  a  long 
sweater,  fastened  at  the  waist  by  a  belt,  and  extending  to  a 
point  midway  between  the  hips  and  knees.  For  protection 
in  bad  weather  he  wore  in  addition  a  woolen  cloak  (sagum). 
His  shoes  (caligae)  were  of  thick  leather  soles,  hob-nailed, 
mth  uppers  of  open-work  leather  strips. 

The  soldier's  defensive  armor  comprised  a  metal  helmet 
(galea),  a  coat-of-mail  (lorica)  composed  of  metal  plates  on 
a  leather  backing,  and  a  concave  shield  (scutum)  consisting 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  245 

of  wooden  boards  covered  with  cloth  and  leather.    The  dimen- 
sions of  the  shield  were  about  two  feet  by  four. 

Offensive  weapons  were  a  heavy  javelin  (pflum)  and  a  sword 
(gladius).  The  former  was  approximately  six  and  one-half 
feet  long,  consisting  of  a  wooden  shaft  ending  in  an  iron 
head.  The  sword,  which  was  about  two  feet  long,  was  straight 
and  pointed,  Roman  tactics  calling  for  the  use  of  the  sword 
as  a  dagger  rather  than  for  slashing.  It  was  a  deadly  weapon 
in  the  hands  of  trained  legionaries. 

7.  The  Soldier's  Pack:  On  the  march  the  legionary  car- 
ried, in  addition  to  arms  and  armor,  a  certain  amount  of 
provisions,  a  cooking  utensil,  and  tools  for  entrenching.  All 
but  arms  and  armor  were  held  together  in  a  pack  (sarcinae) 
fastened  to  a  forked  pole,  which  was  carried  over  the  shoulder. 

8.  Cavalry  Equipment:  The  cavalryman  was  protected 
by  a  round  shield  (parma)  and  by  a  metal  helmet.  He  carried 
a  sword,  longer  than  that  of  the  legionary,  and  a  spear  (tragula) . 

9.  The  Baggage  Train:  Extra  arms,  clothing,  provisions, 
and  all  tents  were  carried  by  pack-animals  (jumenta)  and 
in  wagons.  The  baggage  train  was  appropriately  called 
impedimenta  (compare  impedire,  to  impede), 

10.  Artillery:  We  are  apt  to  think  of  artillery  as  depend- 
ing exclusively  on  the  use  of  explosives.  The  Romans  em- 
ployed instead  of  explosives  twisted  strands  of  rope  or  hair 
attached  to  a  frame-work  in  such  a  way  as  to  propel  stones 
of  considerable  size  or  large  arrows.  The  name  for  artillery, 
tormenta  (compare  torquere,  to  twist),  suggests  the  form  of 
the  propelling  power  used  in  these  machines.  The  names 
of  the  machines  were  ballista,  employed  in  hurling  stones, 
catapulta,  and  scorpio,  employed  to  shoot  arrows. 

11.  Standards:  The  large  flags  of  modern  times  w^ere  not 
in  use  in  Caesar's  time.  The  standard  of  the  Roman  legion 
was  a  silver  eagle  (aquila) ,  held  up  at  the  top  of  a  pole.  There 
were  also  standards  for  the  maniples,  consisting  of  streamers 
attached  to  a  cross-bar  on  a  pole,  with  silver  ornaments  of 


246  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

various  sorts  below.  A  small,  square,  banner-like  flag 
(vexillum)  served  as  a  standard  for  the  cavalry,  and  also 
as  a  signal  for  battle  when  raised  above  the  commanding 
general's  tent. 

12.  A  Roman  Camp:  When  in  an  enemy's  country,  a 
Roman  army  built  a  fortified  camp  (castra)  after  each  day's 
march,  a  work  in  which  the  Roman  legionary  was  an  adept. 
A  rampart  (vallum)  was  thrown  up  enclosing  a  square  space 
large  enough  to  quarter  the  whole  army.  The  excavation 
of  course  left  a  trench  (fossa)  outside,  which  afforded  addi- 
tional protection.  On  the  rampart,  in  addition,  was  planted 
a  row  of  heavj^  wooden  stakes.  On  each  of  the  four  sides 
of  the  camp  was  a  gateway  (porta)  through  an  elbow-shaped 
turn  in  the  rampart,  which  exposed  to  attack  the  right  side 
of  an  enemy  who  attempted  to  enter. 

13.  The  Army  on  the  March:  On  the  march  the  army  was 
divided  into  a  vanguard  (primum  agmen),  then  the  legions 
in  column,  followed  each  by  its  heavy  baggage,  and  a  rear 
guard  (novissimum  agmen).  In  case  there  was  danger  of 
an  attack,  all  the  heavy  baggage  might  be  placed  together 
in  the  center  of  the  column,  amply  protected  front  and  rear, 
and  sometimes  by  detachments  at  the  sides.  Occasionally 
it  was  necessary  to  have  the  troops  march  even  without  their 
packs,  ready  for  speedy  formation  in  battle  arraj^ 

14.  The  Battle  Line:  Caesar  placed  his  chief  reliance  in 
battle  on  the  legions.  To  the  auxiliaries  he  seems  to  have 
given  no  verj^  definite  part,  using  them  as  circumstances 
dictated.  The  legions  in  battle  array  were  formed  in  three 
lines  (triplex  acies)  usually,  the  third  line  constituting  a 
reserve.  Each  line  was  several,  perhaps  eight,  ranks  deep. 
Upon  charging  the  enemy,  javelin  volleys  were  first  delivered 
by  the  soldiers  in  the  first  line.  The  ranks  back  of  the  first 
two  lines  may  have  had  to  hurl  their  javelins  over  the  heads 
of  those  in  front.  Then  followed  the  hardest  and  most  effect- 
ive lighting,  that  with  the  deadly  short  swords.     The  battle 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  247 

from  that  point  on  consisted  of  individual  combats,  man  to 
man.  The  men  in  the  second  hne  mixed  in  the  fray  as  those 
in  the  first  line  fell  out  from  the  casualties  of  battle.  The 
third  line,  acting  as  reserves,  performed  whatever  duties 
became  necessary,  and  were  of  course  especially  entrusted 
with  repelUng  flanking  movements  of  the  enemy. 

15.  Attacks  on  Fortified  Places:  The  GalHc  towns  which 
Caesar  attacked  were  often  fairly  well  fortified  by  walls  and 
trenches.  The  army  was  sometimes  able,  however,  to  take 
a  town  by  quick  assault  (oppugnatio  repentina).  In  such 
cases  the  trench  would  be  filled  with  earth  and  other  ma- 
terials, after  which  the  wall  or  gates  would  be  broken  down, 
or  the  wall  scaled  with  the  help  of  ladders  (scalae).  Here 
the  light-armed  troops  came  into  play  in  driving  defenders 
from  the  wall  with  arrows  and  sling-shots. 

Towns  with  stronger  fortifications  were  taken  by  siege 
(oppugnatio)  or  by  blockade  (obsidi5).  In  siege  operations 
the  devices  employed  were:  the  battering-ram  (aries),  used 
to  demolish  a  wall;  movable  sheds  of  various  sorts,  which 
enabled  attacking  parties  to  come  close  to  the  wall  in  order 
to  breach  it;  wheeled  towers  filled  with  soldiers,  which  could 
be  pushed  close  to  the  wall,  thus  making  it  easier  to  strip  the 
wall  of  defenders;  and  finally,  where  the  ground  was  broken, 
the  siege-mound  (agger),  a  broad  causeway  run  up  to  the 
foot  of  the  wall  and  affording  a  smooth  road  on  which  to 
operate  the  various  devices  mentioned  above. 

The  blockade  was  employed  where  the  two  methods  of 
attack  already  described  were  impossible  or  inadvisable. 
Its  purpose  was  to  cut  off  the  defenders  from  suppHes  and 
thus  force  a  surrender.  Strong  lines  of  entrenchments 
(circumvallatio)  were  constructed  around  the  town,  with 
redoubts  (castella)  at  intervals.  In  one  case  Caesar  had  to 
construct  double  lines  of  entrenchments,  the  outer  one  to 
ward  off  outside  forces  of  the  enemy  who  sought  to  raise 
the  blockade. 


248  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

16.  The  World  War  and  Caesar:  The  World  War,  so 
recently  concluded,  was  fought,  along  its  western  front,  over 
ground  traversed  by  Caesar's  legions.  If  the  great  Roman 
general  could  have  come  to  life,  he  would  have  needed  no 
guide  to  find  his  way  over  the  terrain  which  he  had  so  often 
traveled.  He  would  have  been  surprised  by  the  novel  instru- 
ments of  destruction  devised  by  modern  ingenuity.  Yet  with 
his  versatility  and  adaptability  he  would  doubtless  have 
been  able  quickly  to  play  a  large  part  in  the  defense  of  the 
Gallic  land  which  he  won  for  Italy;  for  the  larger  elements  of 
strategy  remain  what  they  have  always  been. 

In  more  than  a  few  details  Caesar  would  have  found  re- 
semblances between  the  methods  of  war  of  his  own  time 
and  of  the  present.  He  would  have  found,  for  example,  the 
helmet  once  more  come  into  its  own.  The  highly  developed 
technique  of  bayonet  fighting  would  have  reminded  him 
of  the  skill  which  his  own  legionaries  displayed  with  the 
sword,  a  weapon  with  which  he  himself  was  very  proficient. 
Defenses  below  the  level  of  the  ground  would  not  have  con- 
fused him,  for  they  were  in  relation  to  modern  weapons  of 
offense  what  his  own  ramparts  were  to  the  short-range 
weapons  of  his  day. 

While  Caesar  would  not  have  been  able  to  understand 
the  languages  of  the  allied  armies  immediately,  a  great  mul- 
titude of  the  printed  words  would  have  looked  familiar,  since 
French  is  only  a  modernized  Latin,  while  our  English  vocabu- 
lary is  indebted  for  its  important  words  to  Latin  more  than 
to  any  other  language.  Doubtless  it  would  have  afforded 
him  no  little  satisfaction  to  find  preserved  in  the  name 
Rheims  a  reminiscence  of  the  Remi,  the  Gallic  tribe  that 
made  friends  with  him  at  an  opportune  moment  and  whom 
he  frequently  mentions;  while  Paris  would  have  recalled  to  him 
another  Gallic  tribe,  the  Parisii,  and  Soissons  the  Suessiones. 


PART  IV 

CAESAR'S   GALLIC   WAR 
BOOK   I 

Geography  and  Peoples  of  Gaul 

1.  Gallia  est  omnis  divisa  in  partes  tres;  unam  partem  in- 
colunt  Belgae,  aliam  Aqultani,  tertiam  qui  ipsorum  lingua 
Celtae,  nostra  Galll  appellantur.  Hi  omnes  lingua,  institutis, 
legibus  inter  se  clifferunt.  Gallos  ab  Aqultanis  Garunna 
flumen,  a  Belgis  Matrona  et  Sequana  dividit.  Horum 
omnium  fortissimi  sunt  Belgae,  propterea  quod  a  cultu  atque 
htimanitate  provinciae  longissime  absunt,  minimeque  ad  eos 
mercatores  saepe  commeant  atque  ea  quae  ad  effeminandos 
animos  pertinent  important,  proximlque  sunt  Germanis,  qui 

1.  est  divisa,  is  divided;  an  instance  of  the  perfect  participle  to  be 
taken  as  a  predicate  adjective  with  est. 

omnis,  as  a  whole;  including  the  three  parts  mentioned  immediately 
after. 

2.  qui  =  u  qui,  those  who.     ipsorum,  their  own. 
lingua:  ablative  of  means. 

3.  nostra:  supply  lingua,  lingua:  ablative  of  respect;  also  InstilHtis  and 
legibus. 

4.  inter  se,  from  one  another. 

Gallos:  object  of  dividit.  Latin  order  may  often  be  retained  by  trans- 
lating an  active  verb  by  a  passive;  the  object  then  becomes  subject. 

5.  dividit:  singular,  because  the  two  rivers  are  conceived  of  as  con- 
stituting one  boundary. 

7.  provinciae :  Rome's  province  of  Transalpine  Gaul  (in  southern  France) 
is  meant.  It  had  been  brought  under  Roman  authority  and  organized 
about  sixty  years  before  Caesar's  invasion  of  northern  Gaul. 

minime:  with  saepe. 

8.  effeminandos:  the  gerundive  in  a  prepositional  phrase;  translate 
ad  .  .  .  pertinent,  tend  to  break  down  character, 

9.  Germanis:  dative  with  proximi. 

249 


250  A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 

10  trans  Rhenum  incolunt,  quibuscum  continenter  bellum  gerunt. 
Qua  de  causa  Helvetil  quoque  reliquos  Gallos  virttite  prae- 
cedunt,  quod  fere  cotldianis  proelils  cum  GermanTs  conten- 
dunt,  cum  aut  suls  finibus  eos  prohibent,  aut  ipsi  in  eorum 
flnibus  bellum  gerunt.     Eorum  una  pars,  quam  Galll  obtinent, 

15  initium  capit  a  flumine  Rhodano;  continetur  Garunna  flu- 
mine,  Oceano,  finibus  Belgarum;  attingit  etiam  ab  SequanTs 
et  Helvetiis  flumen  Rhenum;  vergit  ad  septentriones.  Belgae 
ab  extremis  Galliae  finibus  oriuntur;  pertinent  ad  inferiorem 
partem  fluminis  RhenI;  spectant  in  septentriones  et  orientem 

20  solem.  Aqultania  a  Garunna  flumine  ad  Pyrenaeos  montes 
et  eam  partem  Ocean!  quae  est  ad  Hispaniam  pertinet; 
spectat  inter  occasum  solis  et  septentriones. 

The  Conspiracy  of  Orgetorix 

2.  Apud  Helvetios  longe  nobilissimus  fuit  et  ditissimus  Or- 
getorix. Is,  M.  Messala  M.  Pisone  consulibus,  regni  cupidi- 
tate  inductus  conjurationem  nobilitatis  fecit  et  civibus 
persuasit  ut  de  finibus  suls  cum  omnibus  copiis  exirent:  ''Per- 
5  facile  est,"  inquit,  cum  virtute  omnibus  praestemus,  totlufe 
Galliae  imperio  potlrl."     Id  hoc  facilius  ils  persuasit,   quod 

13.  suis  finibus;  ablative  of  separation,    eorum  =  Germdndrum. 

14.  Eorum:  we  should  expect  the  name  of  the  country,  Galliae,  rather 
than  a  pronoun  referring  to  the  people. 

Galli:  those  who  in  the  Gallic  language  were  called  Celts;  see  1.  3. 

16.  ab,  on  the  side  of. 

18.  Galliae:    central,  or  Celtic,  Gaul  is  meant,  as  described  in  11.  14-17. 

21.  est  ad,  is  next  to. 

2.  M.  Messala  M.  Pisone  consulihnSj  in  the  consulship  of ,  etc.;  ablative 
absolute.     The  year  was  61  b.c. 

4.  ut  .  .  .  exirent:  a  noun  clause,  object  of  persuasit,  to  be  translated 
by  an  infinitive. 

5.  est:  the  subject  of  this  verb  is  the  infinitive  potlri. 

6.  Id  iis  persuasit,  he  persuaded  them  to  this.  Here  the  object  of  per- 
suasit is  the  pronoun  Id;  in  1.  4  it  was  a  clause. 

hoc  facilius,  the  more  easily;  hoc  is  ablative  of  degree  of  difference,  and 
at  the  same  time  ablative  of  cause  in  anticipation  of  the  causal  clause, 
qiiod  .  .  .  continentur. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER  251 

undique  loci  natura  Helvetil  continentur:  una  ex  parte  flu- 
mine  Rheno  latissimo  atque  altissimo,  qui  agrum  Helvetium 
a  Germanis  dividit,  altera  ex  parte  monte  Jura  altissimo,  qui 
est  inter  Sequanos  et  Helvetios,  tertia  ex  parte  lacu  Lemanno  lo 
et  flumine  Rhodano,  qui  provinciam  nostram  ab  Helvetils 
dividit.  Itaque  et  minus  late  vagabantur  et  minus  facile 
finitimis  bellum  Inferre  poterant;  qua  de  causa  homines  bel- 
landi  cupidi  magno  dolore  afficiebantur.  Pro  multitudine 
autem  hominum  et  pro  gloria  belli  atque  fortittidinis  angus-  1.5 
tos  se  fines  habere  arbitrabantur,  qui  in  longitudinem  milia 
passuum  ccxl,  in  latitudinem  clxxx  patebant. 

The  Helvetians  Prepare  to  Migrate 

3.  His  rebus  adducti  et  auctoritate  Orgetorlgis  permoti 
constituerunt  ea  quae  ad  proficlscendum  pertinerent  comparare, 
jumentorum  et  carrorum  quam  maximum  numerum  coemere, 
sementes  quam  maximas  facere,  ut  in  itinere  copia  frumenti 
suppeteret,  cum  proximis  civitatibus  pacem  et  amicitiam  5 
confirmare.  Ad  eas  res  conficiendas  biennium  sibi  satis 
esse  duxerunt;  in  tertium  annum  profectionem  lege  confir- 
mant.  Orgetorix  dux  deligitur.  Is  legationem  ad  civitates 
suscipit.  In  eo  itinere  persuadet  Castico,  Sequano,  ut  reg- 
num  in  civitate  sua  occuparet;  pater  enim  ejus  regnum  in  10 
Sequanis  multos  annos  obtinuerat  et  a  senatu  popull  Roman! 
amicus  appellatus  erat;   itemque  Dumnorlgl  Haeduo,  qui  eo 

7.  una  ex  parte,  on  one  side. 

13.  finitimis,  on  their  neighbors;  dative  with  the  compound  verb  inferre, 
which  as  a  transitive  verb  takes  also  the  direct  object  bellum;  contrast  the 
intransitive  praestemiis,  1.  5,  which  has  only  the  dative  omnibus. 

14.  Pro,  iyi  proportion  to. 

2.  ea,  those  things,  explained  in  the  following  lines,  jumentorum  .  .  .  con' 
firmdre. 

3.  quam  maximum  numerum,  the  greatest  number  possible. 

6.  Ad  eas  res  conficiendas,  for  the  accomplishment  of  these  things;  the 
gerundive  in  a  prepositional  phrase  expressing  purpose. 

7.  duxerunt:  here  in  the  sense  of  regarded,  thought. 


252  A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 

tempore  principatum  in  civitate  obtinebat  ac  maxime  plebi 
acceptus  erat,  ut  idem  conaretur  persuadet,  elque  filiam  suam 

15  in  matrimonium  dat.  ^'Perfacile  factti  est,"  inquit,  ''conata 
perficere,  propterea  quod  ipse  meae  civitatis  imperium  obten- 
turus  sum;  non  est  dubium  quin  totius  Galliae  plurimum 
Helvetii  possint;  mels  copiis  meoque  exercitu  vobis  regna 
conciliabo."     Hac    oratione    adducti    inter    se    fidem    et    jus 

20  jurandum  dant  et,  regno  occupato,  per  tres  potentissimos  ac 
firmissimos  populos  totius   Galliae   sese  potiri   posse  sperant. 

The  Death  of  Orgetorix 

4.  Ea  res  est  Helvetils  per  indicium  enuntiata.  Moribus 
suls  Orgetorlgem  ex  vinculls  causam  dicere  coegerunt;  si  dam- 
naretur,  igni  eum  crematuii  erant.  Die  constittita  causae  dic- 
tionis  Orgetorix  ad  judicium  omnem  suam  familiam,  ad  ho- 
5  minum  milia  decem,  undique  coegit  et  omnes  clientes  obaera- 
tosque  suos,  quorum  magnum  numerum  habebat,  eodem  con- 
ducit;  per  eos,  ne  causam  dlceret,  se  eripuit.  Cum  civitas 
ob  eam  rem  incitata  armis  jus  suum  exequi  conaretur  multi- 

13.  plebi:  dative  with  acceptus,  acceptable. 

15.  factu,  to  do;  the  supine,  ablative  of  respect. 

17.  quin,  that,  with  the  subjunctive,  is  regularly  employed  after  expres- 
sions of  doubt,  when  these  are  accompanied  by  a  negative. 

plurimum  possint,  are. the  strongest  (people). 

19.  inter  se  dant,  they  exchange;  the  phrase  inter  se  denotes  mutual  or 
reciprocal  action,  as  in  1,  4. 

21.  Galliae:  with  potiri,  which  sometimes  governs  the  genitive  instead 
of  the  ablative. 

1.  indicium:  translate  as  if  indices,  informers. 

2.  ex  vinculis,  in  chains;  how,  literally? 
si  damnaretur,  if  he  shoidd  he  convicted. 

3.  causae:  objective  genitive  after  didioriis. 

4.  ad  (hominum) :  used  adverbially,  aboid. 

5.  coegit:   here  and  in  1.  9  with  the  meaning  collected,  while  in  1.  2  it 
meant  compelled.  , 

7.  per  eos,  through  their  help. 

se  eripuit,  he  escaped. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  253 

tudinemque   hominum   ex   agrls   magistratus   cogerent,    Orge- 
torix   mortuus   est;   Helvetil   arbitrantur   ipsum   sibi   mortem  lo 
consclvisse. 

The  Helvetians  Complete  Their  Preparations 

5.  Post  ejus  mortem  nihilo  minus  Helvetil  e  finibus  suis 
exire  conantur.  Ubi  jam  se  ad  eam  rem  paratos  esse  arbitrati 
sunt,  oppida  sua  omnia  numero  ad  duodecim,  vicos  ad  quad- 
ringentos,  reliqua  privata  aedificia  incendunt,  frumentum 
omne,  praeter  quod  secum  portattiri  erant,  comburunt;  haec  5 
fecerunt,  ut,  domum  reditionis  spe  sublata,  paratiores  ad 
omnia  pericula  subeunda  essent;  trium  mensum  molita  cibaria 
sibi  quemque  domo  efferre  jubent.  Persuadent  Rauracis  et 
Tulingis  et  Latobrlgis,  finitimis,  ut,  oppidis  suls  vicisque 
exustis,  una  cum  ils  proficlscantur ;  Boios,  qui  trans  Rhenum  lo 
incoluerant  et  in  agrum  Noricum  transierant  Noreiamque 
oppugnabant,  ad  se  socios  recipiunt. 

Two  Routes  Open  to  the  Helvetians 

6.  Erant  omnino  itinera  duo,  quibus  itineribus  domo  exire 
possent;  unum  per  Sequanos,  angustum  et  difficile,  inter 
montem  Juram  et  flumen  Rhodanum,   vix  qua  singull  carri 

2.  Ubi  jam,  when  at  last. 

3.  numero:  ablative  of  respect,     ad:  see  the  note  on  ad,  4,  4. 

4.  privata  aedificia:  scattered  dwellings  not  in  towns  and  villages. 

6.  spe  sublata,  by  destroijing  the  hope;  ablative  absolute,  expressing 
means, 

ad  .  .  .  subeunda,  to  undergo  all  dangers. 

7.  triimi  mensum,  for  three  months;  genitive  of  measure. 

10.  Boios:  the  word  Boii  survives  in  the  modern  name  Bohemia. 

12.  ad  se  socios  recipiunt,  theij  admit  to  their  numbers  as  allies. 

1.  quibus  .  .  .  possent:  a  relative  clause  of  description,  hence  the  sub- 
junctive. 

itineribus:  the  antecedent  in  Latin  is  occasionally  repeated  in  the  rela- 
tive clause;  it  may  be  omitted  in  translation. 


2'A  A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 

ducerentur;  mons  autem  altissimus  impendebat,  ut  facile  per- 

5  pauci   prohibere   possent;   alterum   per   provinciam   nostram, 

multo   facilius  atque  expedltius,   propterea   quod   inter   fines 

Helvetiorum  et  Allobrogum  Rhodanus  fluit,  isque  non  ntillls 

locis   vado    transJtur.     Extremum    oppidum    Allobrogum    est 

proximumque   Helvetiorum   finibus    Genava.     Ex   eo    oppido 

10  pons  ad  Helvetios  pertinet.     Consilium  erat  Helvetiorum  vel 

persuadere  Allobrogibus,  qui  nuper  pacati  erant  et   nondum 

bono  animo  in  populum  Romanum  videbantur,  vel  vi  cogere 

ut  per  suos  fines  iter  darent.     Omnibus  rebus  ad  profectionem 

comparatis,  diem  dicunt,  qua  die  ad  ripam  Rhodani  omnes 

15  conveniant.     Is  dies  erat  a.   d.  v.   Kal.   Apr.,   L.   Pisone,  A. 

Gabinio  consulibus. 

Caesar  Determines  to  Stop  the  Helvetians 

7.  Caesari  cum  id  nimtiatum  esset,  eos  per  provinciam  nos- 
tram iter  facere  conari,  maturat  ab  urbe  proficisci  et  quam 
maximis  potest  itineribus  in  Galliam  ulteriorem  contendit  et 

4.  ducerentur,  could  be  dm  am;  the  clause  vix  qua  .  .  .  ducerentur  is 
somewhat  different  from  the  one  in  11.  1-2,  in  that  the  idea  of  possibility 
enters  into  the  subjunctive  itself. 

altissimus,  very  high. 

ut .  .  .  possent:  a  clause  of  result. 

5.  prohibere:  supply  eos  as  object. 

8.  vado  transitur,  is  crossed  by  fording. 

9.  finibus:  dative  with  proximum. 

12.  bono  animo,  kindly  disposed;  ablative  of  description  in  the  predicate 
after  videbantur. 

13.  ut  .  .  .  darent:  a  noun  clause,  object  of  persuadere  and  cogere. 

14.  qua  die  .  .  .  conveniant,  on  which  {day)  they  are  to  assemble;  a  rela- 
tive clause  of  purpose;  die  may  be  omitted  in  translation,  as  itineribus,  1.  1. 

15.  a.  d.  V.  Kal.  k^T.y=ante  diem  qulntum  Kalendds  Apriles,  five  days 
before  the  Kalends  of  April,  i.e..  Mar.  28th. 

1.  id,  it,  explained  by  the  indirect  discourse  following,  eos  .  .  .  condrl. 

2.  quam  maximis  potest  itineribus,  by  the  longest  journeys  possible;  the 
plural  itineribus  is  employed  with  reference  to  the  daily  distance;  potest 
might  have  been  omitted,  since  quam  and  a  superlative  alone  express  the 
highest  degree  possible,  as  in  3,  3. 

3.  Galliam  ulteriorem:  the  Roman  province  north  of  the  Alps. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


255 


MAP  SHOWING  FORTIFICATIONS  OX  THE   RHONE 

ad  Genavam  pervenit.  A  provincia  tota  quam  maximum 
potest  mllitum  numerum  postulat  (erat  omnino  in  Gallia  5 
ulteriore  legio  una),  pontem  qui  erat  ad  Genavam  jubet 
rescindl.  Ubi  de  ejus  adventu  Helvetii  certiores  facti  sunt, 
legates  ad  eum  mittunt  nobilissimos  civitatis.  Hi  dixerunt 
Helvetios  habere  in  animo  sine  ullo  maleficio  iter  per  pro- 
vinciam  facere,  propterea  quod  aliud  iter  haberent  nullum;  lo 
rogaverunt  ut  ejus  voluntate  id  sibi  facere  liceret.  Caesar 
memoria  tenebat  L.  Cassium  consulem  occisum  exercitumque 
ejus  ab  Helvetiis  pulsum  et  sub  jugum  missum;  concedendum 

4.  ad,  into  the  neighborhood  of.  No  preposition  would  be  employed  if 
the  meaning  were  "to  Geneva." 

6.  ad,  near,  at.  / 

10.  haberent:  subjunctive  in  a  subordinate  clause  in  indirect  discourse. 

11.  ejus  voluntate,  with  his  approval. 

12.  L.  Cassium  .  .  .  occisum:  in  107  b.c. 

13.  concedendum  (esse),  the  privilege  should  be  granted;  the  verb  is 
used  impersonally,  i.e.,  its  subject  is  the  fundamental  idea  in  the  verb 
itself,  to  be  represented  in  English  by  a  noun;  in  like  manner  pugndtum 
est  means  a  battle  was  fought. 


256  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

igitur  non  putabat;  neque  homines  inimico  animo  tempera- 
15  turos  ab  injuria  et  maleficio  existimabat.  Tamen,  quod 
mllites  quos  imperaverat  nondum  convenerant,  legatls  re- 
spondit  diem  se  ad  deliberandum  sumpttirum;  si  quid  vellent, 
ad  Id.  Apr.  reverterentur. 

Caesar  Denies  the  Helvetians  Right  of  Way 
Through  the  Roman  Province 

8.  Interea  a  lacu  Lemanno  ad  montem  Juram  milia  pas- 
suum  xviiii  murum  secundum  flumen  in  altitudinem  pedum 
sedecim  fossamque  perducit.  Eo  opere  perfecto,  praesidia 
disponit,  castella  communit,  quo  facilius,  si  se  invito  transire 

5  conarentur,  prohibere  posset.  Ubi  legati  ad  eum  die  con- 
stittito  reverterunt,  negat  se  more  et  exemplo  populi  Roman! 
posse  iter  uUi  per  provinciam  dare  et,  si  vim  facere  conentur, 
prohibiturum  ostendit.  Helvetii  ea  spe  dejecti  non  numquam 
interdiu,  saepius  noctu,  perrumpere  conati  sunt.     Eorum  alii 

10  naves  junxerant  ratesque  complures  fecerant;  alii  vadis 
Rhodani,  qua  minima  altitudo  fluminis  erat,  transire  co- 
nabantur.  Sed  operis  munitione  et  militum  concursu  et  tells 
repulsi  hoc  conatu  destiterunt. 


17.  diem,  time. 

18.  ad,  by. 

reverterentur,  let  them  return;  a  subjunctive  of  indirect  discourse,  repre- 
senting an  imperative  of  the  direct. 

2.  murum:  not  a  stone  wall,  but  an  earthwork  made  in  greater  part 
by  cutting  down  the  banks  of  the  river  steeply.  The  trench  is  shown  in 
the  sectional  view  on  the  accompanying  map  (p.  249). 

4.  quo:  this  word,  it  is  to  be  remembered,  is  employed  to  introduce  a 
clause  of  purpose  in  connection  with  a  comparative;  it  is  in  reality  an 
ablative  of  degree  of  difference. 

6.  negat:  the  usual  Latin  for  "say  not,"  as  has  before  been  pointed 
out;  in  translating  take  the  negative  with  posse. 

8.  prohibiturum:  the  full  expression  would  be  se  eos  'prohibiturum  esse. 

ea  spe  dejecti,  disappointed  in  that  hope;  spe  is  ablative  of  separation, 
as  also  conatu,  1.  13. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  257 

The  Helvetians  Arrange  to  March  Through 
THE  Country  of  the  Sequani 

9.  Relinquebatur  una  per  Sequanos  via,  qua  Sequanis 
invitis  propter  angustias  Ire  non  poterant.  His  cum  sua 
sponte  persuadere  non  possent,  legates  ad  Dumnorlgem  Hae- 
duum  mittunt,  ut  eo  deprecatore  a  Sequanis  impetrarent. 
Dumnorix  gratia  ct  largltione  apud  Sequanos  plurimum  .5 
poterat  et  Helvetils  erat  amicus,  quod  ex  ea  civitate  Orge- 
torlgis  flliam  in  matrimonium  duxerat,  et  cupiditate  regni 
adductus  novis  re})us  studebat  et  quam  plurimas  civitates 
suo  beneficio  habere  obstrictas  volel^at.     Itaque  rem  suscipit 

et  a  Sequanis  impetrat  ut  per  fines  suos  Helvetios  ire  patian-  10 
tur,    obsidesque    uti    inter    sese    dent    perficit:    Sequani,    ne 
itinere   Helvetios   prohibeant;   Helvetii,    ut   sine   maleficio   et 
injuria  transeant. 

Caesar  Secures  Reinforcements  and 
Pursues  the  Helvetians 

10.  Caesarl  nuntiatur  Helvetios  habere  in  animo  per  agrum 
Sequanorum  et  Haeduorum  iter  in  Santonum  fines  facere; 
hi  non  longe  a  Tolosatium  flnibus  absunt,  quae  civitas  est  in 

1.  Relinquebatur,  there  was  left. 
una  via,  only  the  road. 

Sequanis  invitis,  against  the  wish  of  the  Sequani,  an  ablative  absolute. 

2.  angustias :  the  narrow  passage  along  the  bank  of  the  Rhone  described 
in  6,  2-5. 

cum,  since. 

5.  plurimum  poterat,  had  the  greatest  influence;  the  adverb  plurimum  is 
in  reality  the  accusative  neuter  of  plUrinius  expressing  degree. 

8.  novis  rebus,  revolution;  dative  with  studebat. 

9.  habere  obstrictas,  to  have  bound  (to  him). 

10.  a  Sequanis  impetrat  ut  .  .  .  patiantur,  prevails  upon  the  Sequani  to 
allow;  ut  .  .  .  patiantur  is  a  noun  clause,  object  of  impetrat. 

11-13.  ne  .  .  .  prohibeant,  ut  .  .  .  transeant:  these  clauses  contain  the 
purpose  of  the  exchange  of  hostages;  translate  freely,  the  Sequani  agree  not 
to  prevent  etc.,  the  Helvetii  agree  to  pass  through,  etc. 


258  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

provincia.  Id  si  fieret,  homines  bellicosT,  popull  Romani 
5  inimlcl,  parti  provinciae  patenti  maximeque  frumentariae 
finitimi  futtirl  erant.  Ob  eas  causas  ei  munltioni  quam 
fecerat  T.  Labienum  legatum  praeficit;  ipse  in  Italiam  magnis 
itineribus  contendit  duasque  ibi  legiones  conscnbit  et  tres, 
quae  circum  Aquileiam  hiemabant,  ex  hlbernis  educit  et  prox- 

10  imo  itinere  in  ulteriorem  Galliam  per  Alpes  cum  his  quinque 
legionibus  ire  contendit.  Ibi  Ceutrones  et  Graioceli  et  Ca- 
turiges,  locis  superioribus  occupatis,  itinere  exercitum  pro- 
hibere  conantur.  Compluribus  his  proehis  pulsis,  ab  Ocelo, 
quod   est   oppidum   citerioris   provinciae   extremum,   in   fines 

15  Vocontiorum  ulterioris  provinciae  die  septimo  pervenit;  inde 
in  Allobrogum  fines,  ab  AUobrogibus  in  Segusiavos  exercitum 
ducit.     Hi  sunt  extra  provinciam  trans  Rhodanum  primi. 

Several  Gallic  Tribes  Appeal  to  Caesar 

FOR  Protection 

11.  Helvetii  jam  per  angustias  et  fines  Sequanorum  suas 
copias  traduxerant  et  in  Haeduorum  fines  pervenerant  eorum- 
que  agros  populabantur.  Haedui,  cum  se  suaque  ab  iis  de- 
fendere  non  possent,   legates  ad  Caesarem  mittunt  rogatum 

5  auxihum:  ''Ita  nos,"  inquiunt,  ''omni  tempore  de  populo 
Romano  meriti  sumus,  ut  paene  in  conspectti  exercittis  vestri 
agri   vastari,   liberi   in   servitutem   abduci,   oppida   expu^^nari 

4.  Id  si  fieret,  if  this  should  he  done. 

6.  ei  munitioni:  dative  with  the  compound  verb  praeficit,  with  Labie- 
num as  direct  object. 

12.  itinere:  ablative  of  separation,  with  prohihere. 

13.  Compluribus:  with  proeliis,  while  his  and  pulsis  go  together  and 
form  an  ablative  absokite. 

14.  citerioris  provinciae:  the  Roman  province  in  northern  Italy,  also 
called  Gallia  Cisalpina. 

4.  rogatum,  to  beg;  the  accusative  of  the  supine  expressing  purpose; 
it  governs  the  object,  auxilium. 

5.  Ita  nos  .  .  .  meriti  sumus,  ive  have  always  so  deserved  of  the  Roman 
people. 

6.  ut .  .  .  non  debuerint:  a  negative  clause  of  result. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  259 

non  debuerint."  Eodem  tempore  Ambarrl,  necessaril  et  con- 
sanguine! Haeduorum,  Caesarem  oertiorem  faciunt  sese,  de- 
populatls  agrls,  non  facile  ab  oppidis  vim  hostium  prohibere.  lo 
Item  Allobroges,  qui  trans  Rhodanum  vicos  possessionesque 
habebant,  fuga  se  ad  Caesarem  recipiunt  et  demonstrant  se 
praeter  agri  solum  nihil  habere  reliciuum.  Quibus  rebus 
adductus  Caesar  non  expectare  statuit  dum,  omnibus  fortunls 
sociorum  consumptis,  in  Santonos  Helvetii  pervenlrent.  i5 

Caesar  Defeats  a  Portion  of  the  Helvetians 

12.  Flumen  est  Arar,  quod  per  fines  Haeduorum  et  Sequa- 
norum  in  Rhodanum  influit,  incredibili  lenitate,  ita  ut  oculls  in 
utram  partem  fluat  judicari  non  possit.  Id  Helvetii  ratibus 
ac  lintribus  junctis  translbant,  tresque  jam  partes  copiarum 
traduxerant.  Caesar  de  tertia  vigilia  cum  legionibus  tribus  e  5 
castrls  profectus  ad  eam  partem  pervenit  quae  nondum  flu- 
men  transierat.  Eos  impedltos  et  inopinantes  aggressus  mag- 
nam  partem  eorum  concldit;  reliquT  sese  fugae  mandarunt 
atque  in  proximas  silvas  abdiderunt.  Is  pagus  appellal)atur 
Tigurmus;  nam  omnis  civitas  Helvetia  in  quattuor  pagos  10 
divlsa  est.  Hie  pagus  unus,  cum  domo  exisset  patrum  nos- 
trorum   memoria,    L.    Cassium   consulem   interfecerat   et    ejus 

9.  depopulatis :  although  deponent  verbs  are  regularly  active  in  mean- 
ing, the  perfect  participles  are  sometimes  used  as  passives. 

15.  pervenirent,  should  come;  an  anticipatory  subjunctive  with  dum, 
until. 

2.  lenitate:  ablative  of  description. 

in  utram  partem  fluat:  an  indirect  question. 

5.  de  tertia  vigilia,  in  the  third  watch;  literally,  de  would  mean  out  of. 

7.  aggressus:  the  perfect  participle  of  a  deponent  verb  is  regularly 
active;  it  can  therefore  be  used  in  agreement  with  the  subject  to  denote 
an  act  of  the  subject.  With  the  perfect  participle  of  a  non-deponent 
verb,  the  ablative  absolute  is  the  construction  necessary  to  denote  an 
act  of  the  subject. 

8.  mandarunt:  a  form  contracted  from  manddverunt. 

9.  abdiderunt  (sese),  hid  in;  the  accusative  silvas  with  in  is  used  in- 
stead of  the  ablative  owing  to  the  motion  implied  in  abdiderunt. 

12.  memoria:  ablative  denoting  the  time  when. 


260  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

exercitum  sub  jugum  miserat.  Ita  sive  casu  sive  consilio 
deorum  immortalium,  quae  pars  cTvitatis  Helvetiae  insignem 
15  calamitatem  populo  Romano  intulerat,  ea  princeps  poenas 
persolvit.  Qua  in  re  Caesar  non  solum  publicas,  sed  etiam 
privatas  injurias  ultus  est;  nam  Tigurlni  interfecerant  L. 
Pisonem  legatum,  avum  L.  Pisonis,  socerl  Caesaris,  eodem 
proelio  quo  Cassium. 

Negotiations  Between  Caesar  and  the  Helvetians 

13.  Hoc  proelio  facto,  reliquas  copias  Helvetiorum  ut  con- 
sequi  posset,  pontem  in  Ararl  faciendum  curat  atque  ita 
exercitum  traducit.  Helve  til  repentino  ejus  adventu  com- 
moti  sunt;  ille  enim  uno  die  flumen  transierat,  id  quod  ipsi 

5  diebus  xx  aegerrime  confecerant.  Legates  igitur  ad  eum 
mittunt,  cujus  legationis  Divico  princeps  fuit,  qui  bello  Cas- 
siano  dux  Helvetiorum  fuerat.  Is  ita  cum  Caesare  egit:  "Si 
pacem  populus  Romanus  cum  Helvetiis  faciet,  in  earn  partem 
ibunt  Helvetii  atque  ibi  erunt  ubi  eos  constitueris  atque  esse 

10  volueris;  sin  bello  persequi  perseverabis,  reminiscere  et  vete- 

14.  quae  pars  .  .  .  ea:  translate  as  if  ea  pars  quae. 

15.  intulerat:  with  helium  as  object  this  verb  ineans  make  (war)  on; 
with  such  a  word  as  calamitds  or  injuria  as  object  it  means  inflict  .  .  .  on. 
Why  the  dative  populo? 

princeps,  ^rsf,  {was  the)  first. 

1.  ut:  introducing  a  clause  of  purpose,  and  to  be  translated  before 
copias. 

2.  pontem  faciendum  curat,  he  causes  a  bridge  to  be  built;  the  gerundive 
in  agreement  with  an  object  noun  is  employed  after  do,  cHro,  and  similar 
verbs,  to  express  purpose. 

in  Atari:  observe  that  "over"  a  river,  with  reference  to  a  bridge,  is 
expressed  by  in  and  the  ablative;  "across"  and  "over,"  in  the  sense  of 
"to,"  or  "on,  the  other  side  of,"  are  expressed  by  trans  and  the  accusative. 

Arari :  several  i-stem  nouns  of  the  third  declension  have  an  ablative  end- 
ing in  -I  and  an  accusative  in  -im.    Tiberim  has  previously  occurred,  R.  3,  4. 

6.  bello  Cassiano:  the  campaign  of  107  b.c,  in  which  Cassius  was 
defeated  by  the  Tigurini.  It  is  plain  that  Divico  was  an  old  man  when 
he  met  Caesar. 

7.  cum  Caesare  egit,  he  addressed  Caesar;  literally,  egit  would  mean 
treated,  dealt. 

10.  reminiscere:   imperative. 


A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER  261 

ris  incommodi  populi  Roman!  et  piistinae  virtutis  Helveti- 
orum.  Quod  improvlso  unum  pagum  adortus  es,  cum  il  qui 
flumen  transierant  suls  auxilium  ferre  non  possent,  noli  ob 
earn  rem  aut  tuae  magnopere  virtuti  tribuere  aut  nos 
despicere.  Nos  ita  a  patribus  majoribusque  nostrls  didicimus,  is 
ut  magis  virtute  contendamus  quam  dolo  aut  insidiJs  nitamur. 
Quare  noli  committere  ut  is  locus  ubi  constiterimus  ex  calami- 
tate  populi  Romanl  et  internecione  exercittis  nomen  capiat 
aut  memoriam  prodat. 

The  Helvetians  Refuse  Caesar's  Terms 

14.  His  Caesar  ita  respondit:  ''E5  mihi  minus  dubitationis 
datur,  quod  eas  res  quas  commemoravistis  memoria  tene5, 
atque  eo  gravius  fero  quo  minus  merito  populi  Romanl  acci- 
derunt;  qui  si  alicujus  injuriae  sibi  conscius  fuisset,  non  fuit 
difficile  cavere;  sed  eo  deceptus  est,  quod  se  causam  timendi  5 
habere  non  intellegebat.     Quod  si  veteris  contumeliae  obli- 

11.  incommodi:  the  genitive,  depending  upon  a  verb  of  remembering. 

12.  Quod,  as  to  the  fact  that. 

13.  noli  .  .  .  tribuere,  do  not  on  that  acco)int  attribute  much  to  your  own 
valor.  Noll,  imperative  of  nolo,^  with  an  infinitive,  is  the  common  and 
poHte  form  of  expressing  a  negative  command  in' Latin. 

16.  virtute:  ablative  of  means.  ^ 

dolo,  insidiis:  nitor  takes  an  ablative  of  the  thing  relied  upon. 

17.  ut  is  locus  .  .  .  prodat:  a  noun  clause,  object  of  committere,  bring 
about,  cause. 

1.  Eo  minus,  the  less;  eo  is  a  combination  of  ablative  of  degree  of  dif- 
ference and  ablative  of  cause. 

3.  eo  gravius,  quo  minus,  the  more  seriously,  the  less;  eo  and  quo  are 
ablatives  of  degree  of  difference. 

merito :  ablative  of  accordance. 

4.  si  fuisset,  if  they  had  been;  a  condition  contrary  to  fact. 
sibi:  with  conscius,  but  to  be  omitted  in  translation. 

5.  eo,  quod,  by  the  fact  that;  quod  here  introduces  a  noun  clause  of  fact. 

6.  Quod  si  vellem,  but  if  I  were  willing;  another  condition  contrary  to 
fact. 

contumeliae:  for  the  genitive  with  verbs  of  remembering  and  forgetting, 
compare  incommodi,  13,  11. 


262  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

viscl  vellem,  num  etiam  recentium  injuriarum,  quod  me 
invito  iter  per  provinciam  per  vim  temptavistis,  quod  Hae- 
duos,  quod  Ambarros,  quod  Allobrogas  vexavistis,  memoriam 

10  deponere  possum?  Quod  vestra  victoria  tam  Insolenter 
gloriamini  quodque  tam  diu  vos  impune  injurias  tulisse  ad- 
miraminl  eodem  pertinent.  Consueverunt  enim  del  immor- 
tales,  quo  gravius  scelerati  homines  ex  commtitatione  rerum 
doleant,    his   secundiores   interdum   res   et   diuturniorem   im- 

15  punitatem  concedere.  Cum  ea  ita  sint,  tamen,  si  obsides 
mihi  dabitis,  et  si  Haeduls  socilsque  eorum,  item  si  Allobro-- 
gibus,  de  injurils  satisfacietis,  voblscum  pacem  faciam." 
Divico  respondit:  "Ita  Helvetii  a  majoribus  suis  Instituti 
sunt    ut    obsides    accipere,    non     dare,    consuerint;    ejus    rel 

20  populus  Romanus  est  testis."     Hoc  responso  dato  discessit. 

Defeat  of  Caesar's  Cavalry 

15.  Postero  die  castra  ex  eo  loco  movent.  Idem  facit  Cae- 
sar equitatumque  omnem  ad  numerum  quattuor  mihum, 
quern  ex  omnI  provincia  et  Haeduls  atque  eorum  sociis  coac- 


7.  quod  .  .  .  temptavistis,  that  you  attempted;  this  and  the  following 
quod  clauses  are  noun  clauses  of  fact  in  apposition  with  injuridrum;  the 
latter  word  depends  on  memoriam.  The  quod  clauses  in  11.  10-12  are  also 
noun  clauses,  subjects  of  'pertinent. 

9.  Allobrogas:  the  ending  -as  is  a  Greek  accusative  plural  ending  some- 
times found  in  nouns  of  the  third  declension,  particularly  in  names  of 
peoples. 

11.  vos  .  .  .  tulisse  admiramini,  are  surprised  to  have  inflicted. 

13.  quo,  in  order  that;  see  the  note  on  8,  4. 

14.  secundiores  res,  extraordinary  prosperity. 

15.  concedere:  depending  on  consueverunt. 

19.  consuerint:  contracted  from  consueverint,  perfect  subjunctive. 

3.  coactum  habebat,  had  collected;  the  participle  codctum  agrees  with 
quern;  the  combination  of  the  participle  with  the  imperfect  habebat  is  to 
be  translated  in  the  same  way  as  coeqcrat,  past  perfect  of  cocjo;  it  makes 
of  habebat,  however,  almost  an  auxiliary  corresponding  to  English  "had" 
as  an  auxiliary.  The  present  of  habeo  can  be  used  with  a  participle  in 
the  same  way  as  the  imperfect. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  263 

turn  habebat,  praemittit,  qui  videant  quas  in  partes  hostes  iter 
faciant.  Qui  cupidius  novissimum  agmen  insecutl  alieno  loco  5 
cum  equitatu  Helvetiorum  proelium  committunt;  et  pauci  de 
nostrls  cadunt.  Quo  proelio  sublati  Helvetii,  quod  quTngen- 
tls  equitibus  tantam  multitudinem  equitum  propulerant,  au- 
dacius  subsistere  non  numquam  et  novissimo  agmine  proelio 
nostros  lacessere  coeperunt.  Caesar  suos  a  proelio  continebat  10 
ac  satis  habebat  in  praesentia  hostem  rapTnls  populationi- 
busque  prohibere.  Ita  dies  circiter  xv  iter  fecerunt,  ut 
inter  novissimum  hostium  agmen  et  nostrum  primum  non 
amplius  quinis  aut  senis  mllibus  passuum  int cresset. 

Caesar  Censures  the  Haeduans  for  Failing  to 

Furnish  Supplies 

16.  Interim  cotldie  Caesar  frumentum  quod  Haedui  essent 
publice  polliciti  flagitabat.  Nam  propter  frigora,  quod  Gallia 
sub  septentrionibus  posita  est,  non  modo  frumenta  in  agris 
matiira  non  erant,  sed  ne  pabuli  quidem  satis  magna  copia 
suppetebat;  eo  autem  frumento  quod  flumine  Ararl  navibus  5 
subvexerat,  propterea  uti  minus  poterat,  quod  iter  ab  Arari 
Helvetii  averterant,  a  quibus  discedere  nolebat.  Diem  ex  die 
dticunt  Haedui;  conferii,   comportarl,  adesse  dicunt.     Ubi  se 

4.  qui  videant:  relative  claiisp  of  purpose, 
quas  in  partes,  etc.:  indirect  question. 

9.  novissimo  agmine,  from  their  rear  line;  agmine  is  ablative  of  means. 

11.  satis  habebat  prohibere,  regarded  it  as  sufficient  to  prevent. 

13.  primum:  supply  agmen. 

non  amplius  .  .  .  interesset,  there  was  a  distance  of  not  more  than  five 
or  six  miles  (a  day). 

1.  essent   polliciti:   subjunctive   of   informal   indirect   discourse. 

3.  posita,  situated;  see  the  note  on  dlvisa,  I,  1. 

5.  frumento:  object  of  Utl,  1.  G. 

flumine  Arari:  ablative  of  tlie  way  or  route. 

6.  propterea:  take  with  quod,  for  the  reason  that. 

7.  Diem  ex  die,  day  after  day. 

8.  ducunt,  put  off;  eum  is  to  be  understood  as  object, 
conf  erri,  comportari,  adesse :  supply  frumentum  as  subject. 


264  A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 

dititius  duci  intellexit  et  diem  instare,  quo  die  frumentum 
10  militibus  metirl  oporteret,  convocavit  eorum  principes,  quo- 
rum magnam  copiam  in  castris  habebat.  In  his  erant  Divi- 
ciacus  et  Liscus,  qui  summo  magistratui  praeerat,  quem  ver- 
gobretum  appellant  Haedui,  qui  creatur  annuus  et  vitae 
necisque  in  suos  habet  potestatem.  Turn  Caesar  graviter  eos 
15  accusat,  quod,  cum  frumentum  neque  emi  neque  ex  agris 
sum!  possit,  hostibus  tam  propinquis,  ab  iis  non  sublevetur, 
praesertim  cum  magna  ex  parte  eorum  precibus  adductus 
bellum  susceperit. 

Two  Factions  Among  the  Haeduans    Pro-Roman 

AND  Anti-Roman 

17.  Tum  demum  Liscus  oratione  Caesaris  adductus  quod 
antea  tacuerat  proponit:  ''Sunt  non  nulli,  quorum  auctoritas 
apud  plebem  plurimum  valeat,  qui  privatim  plus  possint 
quam  ipsi  magistratus.     Propter  horum  seditiosam  at  que  im- 

5  probam  orationem  multitudo  frumentum  non  conferunt  quod 
debent:  'Praestat/  inquiunt,  'si  jam  principatum  Galliae 
obtinere  non  possumus,  Gallorum  quam  Romanorum  imperia 
perferre;  si  Helvetios  superaverint  Romani,  iina  cum  reliqua 
Gallia   Haeduis   libertatem   sine   dubio    eripient.'     Ab   isdem 

TO  tua  consilia  quaeque  in  castris  geruntur  hostibus  enuntiantur; 

9.  diutius,  too  long. 

12.  magistratui:  dative  with  the  compound  verb  praeerat. 

14.  in  suos,  over  his  felloiv-citizens. 

16.  quod  .  .  .  non  sublevetur:  the  same  explanation  applies  to  the  sub- 
junctive here  as  in  1.  1. 

16.  hostibus  tam  propinquis,  with  the  enemij  so  near. 

17.  magna  ex  parte,  to  a  great  extent. 
1.  quod:  for  id  quod. 

3.  plus  possint,  have  more  influence. 

6.  Praestat:  the  subject  is  the  infinitive  perferre,  1.  8. 

inquiunt:  the  subject  is  "they,"  referring  to  the  trouble-makers  of  the^ 
preceding  lines. 

9.  Haeduis, /rom  the  Haedui;  dative  of  separation  with  eripient. 


A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER  265 

4 

hos  coercere  non  possum.  Quln  etiam  intellego  quanto  cum 
periculo  hanc  necessariam  rem  tibi  enuntiaverim,  et  ob  earn 
causam  quam  diu  potui  tacui." 

DUMNORIX   THE    LeADER   OF   THE    AnTI-RoMAN    FACTION 

18.  Caesar  hac  oratione  LiscI  Dumnorigem,  Diviciaci  fra- 
trem,  designari  sentiebat,  sed  quod  pluribus  praesentibus  eas 
res  jactari  nolebat,  celeriter  concilium  dimittit,  Liscum  retinet. 
Quaerit  ex  solo  ea  quae  in  conventu  dixerat.  Dicit  llberius 
atque  audacius.  Eadem  secreto  ab  aliis  quaerit,  qui  ita  5 
responderunt :  '^Ipse  est  Dumnorix,  summa  audacia,  magna 
apud  plebem  propter  liberalitatem  gratia,  cupidus  rerum 
no  varum.  Complures  annos  portoria  reliquaque  omnia  Hae- 
duorum  vectlgalia  parvo  pretio  redempta  habet,  propterea 
quod,  illo  licente,  contra  liceri  audet  nemo.  His  rebus  et  lo 
suam  rem  familiarem  auxit  et  facultates  ad  largiendum  mag- 
nas  comparavit;  magnum  numerum  equitattis  suo  sumptu 
semper  alit  et  circum  se  habet,  neque  solum  domi,  sed  etiam 
apud  fmitimas  civitates  largiter  potest,  atque  hujus  potentiae 
causa  matrem  in  Biturigibus  homini  illlc  nobilissimo  ac  po-  is 
tentissimo  coUocavit;  ipse  ex  Helvetiis  uxorem  habet,  sororem 
ex  matre  et  propinquas  suas  nuptum  in  alias  civitates  col- 
locavit.     Favet   et   cupit   Helvetiis   propter  eam  afflnitatem; 

11.  Quin  etiam,  nay  more,  more  than  that;  this  phrase  has  a  corrective 
force. 

13.  quam  diu  potui,  as  long  as  I  could. 

2.  pluribus  praesentibus,  in  the  presence  of  too  many,  ablative  absolute. 

4.  solo:  supply  eo,  referring  to  Liscus. 

Dicit:  supply  Liscus  as  subject. 

6.  magna:  with  gratia. 

9.  redempta  habet,  has  bought  in;  see  the  note  on  codctum  habebat,  15,  3. 
Allusion  is  made  here  to  the  ancient  practice  of  letting  out  on  contract  to 
private  individuals  the  collection  of  taxes.  Dumnorix's  prestige  in  his 
state  was  so  great  that  none  dared  compete  with  him  even  though  he 
offered  low  bids  to  the  state  officials. 

14.  largiter  potest,  is  very  influential. 

16.  uxorem:  the  daughter  of  Orgetorix,  as  told  in  3,  14. 


266  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

odit  etiam  suo  nomine  Caesarem  et  RomanoSj  quod  eorum 
20  adventu  potentia  ejus  deminuta  et  Diviciacus  f rater  in  anti- 
quum locum  gratiae  atque  honoris  sit  restitutus.  Si  quid 
accidat  Romanis,  summam  spem  per  Helvetios  regnl  obtinendl 
habet;  imperio  popull  Roman!  non  modo  de  regno,  sed  etiam 
de  ea  quam  habet  gratia  desperat."  Initium  fugae  equitatus 
25  paucis  ante  diebus,  ut  Caesar  in  quaerendo  repperit,  factum 
erat  a  Dumnorige  atque  ejus  equitibus  (nam  equitatui  quem 
auxiUo  Caesari  Haedui  miserant  Dumnorix  praeerat);  eorum 
fuga  rehquus  erat  equitatus  perterritus. 

Caesar  Plans  to  Punish  Dumnorix 

19.  Ad  has  susplciones  certissimae  res  accedebant,  quod 
per  fines  Sequanorum  Helvetios  traduxerat,  quod  obsides  in- 
ter eos  dandos  curaverat,  quod  ea  omnia  non  modo  injussu 
Caesaris  et  civitatis,  sed  etiam  Inscientibus  ipsis  fecerat,  quod 
5  a  magistratu  Haeduorum  accusabatur.  Statuit  igitur  Caesar 
in  eum  aut  ipse  animadvertere  aut  civitatem  animadvertere 
jubere.      His   omnibus   rebus   unum   repugnabat,    quod   Dlvi- 


19.  su5  nomine,  on  his  own  accoujit;  a  book-keeping  term. 

quod,  etc.:  this  clause  contains  a  reason  attributed  to  Dumnorix  by 
the  speaker,  and  so  on  the  principle  of  informal  indirect  discourse  has  its 
verbs,  deminuta  sit  and  restituta  sit,  in  the  subjunctive. 

22.  accidat,  should  befall. 

23.  imperio,  under  the  sovereignty;  ablative  of  attendant  circumstance. 

24.  ea:  with  gratia. 

25.  in  quaerendo,  upon  investigation. 

27.  auxilio  Caesari,  to  the  aid  of  Caesar;  auxilio  is  dative  of  purpose, 
Caesari  dative  of  reference. 

1.  quod  traduxerat,  that,  etc.;  a  noun  clause  in  apposition  with  res,  as 
in  14,  7. 

2.  obsides  dandos  curaverat:  the  use  of  the  gerundive  with  euro  is 
explained  in  the  note  on  13,  2. 

4.  inscientibus  ipsis,  without  their  knowledge;  ablative  absolute. 

6.  in  eum  animadvertere,  inflict  'punishment  upon;  literally,  turn  the 
attention  to. 

7.  rebus:  dative  with  repugndbat,  which  as  a  verb  of  opposing  belongs 
to  the  hst  of  special  verbs  governing  the  dative. 


A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER  267 

ciaci  fratris  summum  in  populum  Romanum  studium,  sum- 
mam  in  se  voluntatem,  egregiam  fidem,  justitiam,  temp^an- 
tiam  cognoverat;  nam  ne  ejus  supplicio  Dlviciaci  animum  lo 
offenderet  verebatur.  Itaque  priusquam  quicquam  conaretur, 
Dlviciacum  ad  se  vocari  jubet  et,  cotidianis  interpretibus 
remotis,  per  C.  Valerium  Troucillum,  prlncipem  Galliae  pro- 
vinciae,  familiarem  suum,  cui  summam  omnium  rerum  fidem 
habebat,  cum  eo  colloquitur;  simul  commonefacit  quae  ipso  15 
praesente  in  concilio  de  Dumnorlge  sint  dicta,  et  ostendit 
quae  separatim  quisque  de  eo  apud  se  dixerit.  Petit  atque 
hortatur  ut  sine  ejus  offensione  animi  vel  ipse  de  eo,  causa 
cognita,  statuat,  vel  civitatem  statuere  jubeat. 

Caesar  Yields  to  the  Pleas  of  Diviciacus,  Brother 

of  dumnorix 

20.  Diviciacus  multis  cum  lacrimls  Caesarem  complexus  ob- 
secrare  coepit  ne  quid  gravius  in  f  rat  rem  statueret:  ''Scio/' 
inquit,  ''ilia  esse  vera,  neque  quisquam  ex  eo  plus  quam 
ego  doloris  capit,  propterea  quod,  cum  ipse  gratia  plurimum 
possem  domi  atque  in  reliqua  Gallia,  ille  minimum  propter  5 
adulescentiam  posset,  per  me  crevit;  quibus  opibus  ac  nervis 
non  solum  ad  minuendam  gratiam,  sed  paene  ad  perniciem 
meam  utitur.     Commoveor  tamen  et  amore  fraterno  et  ex- 

9.  in,  towards. 

10.  ne,  that;  how  is  ut  to  be  translated  after  a  verb  of  fearing? 

11.  conaretur,  should  attempt;  the  anticipatory  subjunctive  with  prius- 
quam. 

14.  cui,  in  whom;  dative  with  fidem  habebat. 

15.  ipso  praesente,  in  his  own  presence;  ipso  refers  to  Diviciacus. 

18.  ipse:  refers  to  Caesar;  translate,  that  either  he  himself  {be  allowed  to) 
decide,  or  to  order  the  state  to  decide. 

2.  ne,  not  to;  the  clause  is  a  noun  clause,  object  of  obsecrdre. 

gravius,  too  severe. 

4.  doloris:  genitive  of  the  whole  after  plus. 

plurimum  possem,  /  was  very  influential. 

6.  qsuibus:  to  be  translated  not  by  a  relative,  but  by  a  demonstrative. 


268  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

istimatione  vulgi.     Quod  si  quid  el  a  te  gravius  accidet,  cum 

10  ipse  eum  locum  amicitiae  apud  te  teneo,  nemo  existimabit 

non  mea  voluntate  factum;  qua  ex  re  totius  Galliae  animi  a 

me  avertentur."     Haec  cum  pluribus  verbis  flens  a  Caesare 

peteret,  Caesar  ejus  dextram  prendit;  consolatus  rogat  flnem 

orandi  faciat;  tanti  ejus  apud  se  gratiam  esse  ostendit  ut  et 

15  rei    publicae   injuriam   et   suum    dolorem   ejus    voluntati    ac 

precibus  condonet.     Dumnoiigem  ad  se  vocat,   fratrem  ad- 

hibet;  quae  in  e5  reprehendat  ostendit;  quae  ipse  intellegat, 

quae  civitas  queratur  proponit;  monet  ut  in  reliquum  tempus 

omnes  susplciones  vltet;   praeterita  se   Diviciaco  fratri  con- 

20  donare    dicit.      Dumnorigi    custodes    ponit,    ut    quae    agat, 

quibuscum  loquatur  scire  possit. 

Caesar  Plans  to  Surprise  the  Helvetians 

21.  Eodem  die  ab  exploratoribus  certior  factus  hostes  sub 
monte  consedisse  milia  passuum  ab  ipsTus  castris  octo,  qualis 
esset  natura  montis  et  qualis  in  circuitu  ascensus  qui  cog- 
noscerent  misit.     Renuntiatum  est  facilem  esse.     De  tertia 

9.  Quod  si  quid,  hut  if  anything. 
a  te,  from  you,  at  your  hands. 

13.  rogat  .  .  .  faciat:  translate  as  if  rogat  ut  faciat;  ut  is  sometimes  miss- 
ing in  noun  clauses  after  verbs  of  requesting  and  commanding. 

14.  tanti:  of  so  much  value,  worth  so  much;  the  genitive  of  this  word  (in 
the  neuter)  as  well  as  parvi,  magnl,  quantl,  pliiris,  is  employed  to  express 
indefinite  value. 

15.  voluntati  ac  precibus,  to  meet  his  wish  and  prayers;  the  datives  are 
dependent  upon  condonet.     Explain  the  mood  of  this  last  word. 

18.  in  reliquum  tempus,  for  the  future. 

19.  fratri,  for  the  sake  of  his  brother. 

20-21.  agat,  loquatur:  subjunctives  in  indirect  questions,  while  possit  is 
subjunctive  in  a  clause  of  purpose. 

1.  certior  factus:  remember  that  this  phrase  takes  the  construction  of 
indirect  discourse,  hostes  consedisse. 

3.  in  circuitu,  on  all  sides. 

qui  cognoscerent:  relative  clause  of  purpose;  supply  explordtores  as 
antecedent  of  qui;  the  verb  has  for  object  the  indirect  question  qualis  esset 
natura. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  269 

vigilia  T.  Labienum,  legatum  pro  praetore,  cum  dtiabus  5 
legionibus  et  ils  ducibus  qui  iter  cognoverant  suramum  jugum 
mentis  ascendere  jubet;  quid  sui  consilil  sit  ostendit.  Ipse  de 
quarta  vigilia  eodem  itinere  quo  hostes  ierant,  ad  eos  con- 
tendit  equitatumque  omnem  ante  se  mittit.  P.  Considius, 
qui  rel  militaris  peritissimus  habebatur  et  in  exercitu  L.  lo 
SuUae  et  postea  in  M.  Crassi  fuerat,  cum  explorixtoribus  prae- 
mittitur. 

The  Surprise  Fails,  Owing  to  the  Mistake 

OF  AN  Officer 

22.  Prima  luce  summus  mons  a  Labieno  tenebatur;  ipse  ab 
hostium  castiis  non  longius  mllle  et  quingentis  passibus 
aberat,  neque,  ut  postea  ex  captivis  comperit,  aut  ipsius 
adventus  aut  LabienI  cognitus  erat;  sed  Considius  equo  ad- 
misso  ad  eum  accurrit,  dicit  montem  quem  a  Labieno  5 
occupari  voluerit  ab  hostibus  teneii;  id  se  a  Gallicis  armis 
atque  insignibus  cognovisse.  Caesar  suas  copias  in  proxi- 
mum  collem  subducit,  aciem  instruit.  Labienus  monte  occu- 
pato  nostros  expectabat  proelioque  abstinebat.     Caesar  enim 

5.  pro  praetore,  with  praetorian  rank.  Labienus  was  Caesar's  most 
trusted  lieutenant.  He  had  been  assigned  to  Caesar's  staff  with  the 
honorary  designation  pro  praetore,  as  if  he  had  held  the  office  of  praetor 
in  Rome. 

6.  iis  ducibus,  those  men  as  guides. 

7.  quid  sui  consilii  sit,  what  his  plan  is;  consilil  is  genitive  of  the  whole 
with  quid. 

10.  rei  militaris,  in  military  affairs;  the  genitive  is  dependent  on  the 
adjective  peritissimus. 

11.  M.  Crassi:  supply  exercitu. 

1.  summus  mons,  the  top  of  the  mountain;  "the  highest  mountain" 
would  be  7ndns  altissimus. 

3.  neque:  take  with  aut  .  .  .  aut,  and  neither  .  .  .  nor. 
ut,  as. 

4.  equo  admisso,  with  his  horse  at  a  gallop. 

5.  accurrit:  connect  this  verb  with  dlcit  by  supplying  et.  Look  for 
another  instance  below  of  an  omitted  conjunction. 

6.  id,  this  fact;  object  of  cognovisse. 
9.  proelio:  what  kind  of  ablative? 


270  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

10  eum  adventum  suum  expectare  jusserat,  ut  undique  uno 
tempore  in  hostes  impetus  fieret.  Multo  denique  die  per  ex- 
ploratores  Caesar  cognovit  et  montem  a  suis  teneri  et  Hel- 
vetios  castra  movisse  et  Considium  timore  perterritum  quod 
non  vidisset  pro  viso  sibi  renuntiasse.     Eo  die  quo  consuerat 

15  intervallo  hostes  sequitur  et  milia  passuum  tria  ab  eorum 
castris  castra  ponit. 

Caesar  Turns  Aside  Toward  Bibracte,  Pursued 

BY  THE  Helvetians 

23.  Postrldie  ejus  diei,  quod  omnino  bidui  frumentum  su- 
pererat,  rel  frumentariae  prospiciendum  existimans,  iter  ab 
Helvetils  avertit  ac  Bibracte,  oppidum  Haeduorum,  Ire  con- 
tendit.    Nam  hoc  oppidum  longe  maximum  et  copiosissimum 

5  erat  atque  non  ampHus  mllibus  passuum  xviii  aberat.  Ea 
res  per  fugitives  L.  AemiUi,  decurionis  equitum  Gallorum, 
hostibus  nuntiatur.  Helvetil,  commutato  consiho  atque 
itinere  converso,  nostros  a  novissimo  agmine  insequt  ac 
lacessere  coeperunt. 

Both  Sides  Prepare  for  Battle 

24.  Postquam  id  animum  advertit,  copias  suas  Caesar  in 
proximum  collem  subduxit  equitatumque  qui  sustineret  hos- 

11.  Multo  die,  well  on  in  the  day;  this  need  not  imply  anything  more 
than  "well  on  into  the  morning." 

13.  quod :  for  id  quod. 

14.  pro  vis5,  as  seen. 

qu5  consuerat  intervallo,  at  the  customary  interval. 

1.  ejus  diei :  this  phrase  may  be  omitted  in  translation, 
bidui  friimentum,  a  two  days^  supply  of  grain. 

2.  rei  friimentariae :  dative  with  prospiciendum  (esse),  must  look  out  for; 
the  verb  is  used  impersonally. 

8.  a  novissimo  agmine,  on  the  rear  line;  the  positions  were  now  reversed, 
with  the  Helvetians  following  the  Roman  army. 

1.  animum  advertit :  this  phrase  is  equivalent  to  animadvertit  and  takes 
id  as  a  direct  object. 

2.  qui  sustineret:  relative  clause  of  purpose. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER  271 

tium  impetum  misit.  Ipse  interim  in  colle  medio  triplicem 
aciem  instrtixit  legionum  quattuor  veteranarum;  in  summo 
jugo  duas  legiones  quas  in  Gallia  citeriore  proxime  conscrip-  5 
serat  et  omnia  auxilia  collocavit;  impedimenta  sarcinasque  in 
tinum  locum  conferri,  et  eum  ab  his  qui  in  superiore  acie 
constiterant  munlrl  jussit.  Helvetii  cum  omnibus  suls  carrls 
secuti  impedimenta  in  unum  locum  contulerunt;  ipsi  confer- 
tissima  acie,  rejecto  nostro  equitatu,  phalange  facta,  sub  10 
primam  nostram  aciem  successerunt. 

The  Battle  Begins 

25.  Caesar  primum  suum,  deinde  omnium  ex  conspectu  re- 
movit  equos,  ut  aequato  omnium  perlculo  spem  fugae  tolleret; 
cohortatus  inde  suos  proelium  commisit.  Milites,  e  loco 
superiore  pills  missis,  facile  hostium  phalangem  perfregerunt. 
Ea  disjecta,  gladils  destrictis,  in  eos  impetum  fecerunt.  Gal-  5 
lis  magno  ad  pugnam  erat  impedlmento  quod  plura  eorum 
scuta  tino  ictu  pilorum  transflxa  et  colligata  erant;  nam  cum 

3.  in  colle  medio,  half  way  up  the  hill;  medius,  like  summus,  is  one  of 
the  adjectives  denoting  a  part. 

triplicem  aciem:  these  lines  were  arranged  one  behind  another;  each 
line  consisted  of  about  eight  ranks. 

7.  eum:  supply  locum. 

9.  confertissima  acie,  in  closest  array. 

10.  phalange:  a  close  formation,  in  which  the  mass  was  protected  by 
the  shields  of  the  front  rank  held  out  before  them  and  by  the  shields  of 
the  ranks  behind  held  overhead. 

1.  suum:  supply  equum. 
omnium:  the  officers  only  are  meant. 

2.  aequato  .  .  .  periculo,  hy  making  the  danger  of  all  equal. 

5.  gladiis:  the  most  effective  part  of  a  Roman  attack  was  with  the 
sword,  which  was  short  and  necessitated  close  fighting. 

Gallls  .  .  .  erat  impedimento,  it  tvas  a  great  hindrance  to  the  Gauls  in 
the  battle;  impedlmento  is  a  dative  of  purpose  or  end;  the  subject  of  erat 
is  the  noun  clause  following,  quod  .  .  .  colligata  erant,  that,  etc. 

6.  plura,  in  many  cases;  the  word  limits  scilta.  In  the  phalanx  forma- 
tion the  shiel  Is  overlapped,  thus  making  it  possible  for  a  javelin  to  pierce 
two  shields  at  one  time. 


272  A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 

ferrum  se  inflexisset,  neque  id  evellere  neque  sinistra  impedlta 
satis  commode  pugnare   poterant;   multi   igitur,    diu   jactato 

10  bracchio,  praeoptaverunt  scutum  manu  emittere  et  nudo  cor- 
pore  pugnare.  Tandem  vulneribus  defessi  et  pedem  referre 
et,  quod  mons  suberat  circiter  mllle  passuum  spatio,  eo  se 
recipere  coeperunt.  Capto  monte  et  succedentibus  nostris, 
Boi    et    Tulingi,    qui    hominum    milibus    circiter    xv    agmen 

15  hostium  claudebant  et  novissimis  praesidio  erant,  ex  itinere 
nostros  ab  latere  aperto  aggress!  circumveniebant;  id  con- 
spicati  HelvetiT,  qui  in  montem  sese  receperant,  rtirsus 
instare  et  proelium  redintegrare  coeperunt.  Roman!  signa 
bipertlto  intulerunt;  prima  et  secunda  acies,  ut  victis  ac  sum- 

20  motls  resisteret^  tertia,  ut  venientes  sustineret. 

Defeat  and  Flight  of  the  Helvetians  — 
Caesar  Pursues 

26.   Ita  ancipit!   proelio   diu   atque   acriter   pugnatum   est. 
Diutius  cum  sustinere  nostrorum  impetus  non  possent,  alter! 

8.  ferrum:  this  refers  to  the  iron  head  of  the  javeUn,  the  neck  of  which 
was  of  softer  metal  than  the  tip. 

sinistra  impedita,  with  the  left  hand  ejicumbered,  ablative  absolute;  the 
shield  was  carried  on  the  left  arm, 

9.  jactato  bracchio,  after  tossing  their  arms  about;  ablative  absolute. 

10.  nudo  corpore,  with  unprotected  bodies. 

12.  eo:  an  adverb. 

13.  Capto :  the  verb  is  here  used  in  the  sense  of  reach,  gain. 

14.  agmen  claudebant,  brought  up  the  rear. 

15.  novissimis  praesidio  erant,  served  as  a  rear  guard;  two  datives,  one 
of  reference,  the  other  of  purpose. 

ex  itinere,  forthwith,  at  once;  literally,  from  their  march,  i.e.,  without 
waiting  to  effect  the  usual  battle  formation. 

16.  ab,  on. 

18.  signa  bipertito  intulerunt,  advanced  in  two  divisions;  how  is  it  lit- 
erally? 

19.  victis   ac   summotis:   referring  to  the  Helvetians,   while  venientes 
refers  to  the  Boii  and  Tulingi. 

1.  pugnatum  est:  translate  as  if  pugndverunt,  they  fought;   or  combine 
with  proelio  and  translate,  a  long  and  stubborn  double  battle  was  waged. 

2.  alter!  .  .  .  alteri,  the  one  party  .  .  .  the  other,  referring  respectively  to 
the  Helvetians  and  to  the  Boii  and  Tulingi. 


A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER  273 

se,  ut  coeperant,  in  montem  receperunt,  alter!  ad  impedi- 
menta et  carros  suos  se  contulerunt.  Nam  hoc  toto  proelio, 
cum  ab  hora  septima  ad  vesperum  pugnatum  sit,  aversum  5 
hostem  videre  nemo  potuit.  Ad  multam  noctem  etiam  ad 
impedimenta  pugnatum  est,  propterea  quod  pro  vallo  carros 
objecerant  et  e  loco  superiore  in  nostros  venientes  tela 
conjiciebant,  et  non  null!  inter  carros  raedasque  mataras  ac 
tragulas  subjiciebant  nostrosque  vulnerabant.  Diu  cum  esset  lo 
pugnatum,  impedlmentis  cast  risque  nostri  potltl  sunt.  Ibi 
Orgetorlgis  filia  atque  unus  e  fllils  captus  est.  Ex  eo  proelio 
circiter  hominum  milia  cxxx  superfuerunt  eaque  tota  nocte 
continenter  ierunt;  in  fines  Lingonum  die  quarto  pervenerunt, 
cum  et  propter  vulnera  mllitum  et  propter  sepulttiram  oc-  15 
cisorum  nostri  eos  sequi  non  potuissent.  Caesar  ad  Lingonas 
litteras  nuntiosque  misit,  ne  eos  frumento  neve  alia  re 
juvarent;  aliter  se  eos  eodem  loco  quo  Helvetios  habittirum. 
Ipse,  trlduo  intermisso,  cum  omnibus  copils  eos  sequI  coepit. 

Surrender  of  the  Helvetians 

27.   Helvetil    omnium    rerum    inopia    adducti    legates    de 
deditione   ad   eum   miserunt.      Qui   cum   eum  in   itinere   con- 

5.  cum,  although. 

aversum  hostem,  an  enemy  in  flight,  the  hack  of  an  enemy. 

6.  Ad  multam  noctem,  till  the  night  was  well  advanced. 
ad  impedimenta,  at  the  baggage. 

7.  pro  vallo,  as  a  rampart. 

15.  occisorum,  of  the  slain;  perfect  participle  as  a  noun. 

17.  ne  .  .  .  juvarent,  not  to  assist;  a  noun  clause  depending  on  the  idea 
of  command  in  litteras  nUntiosque  mlsit. 

neve:  the  regular  word  for  anr;?  no^  between  subjunctives  in  clauses  of 
purpose,  noun  clauses  of  will,  or  indirect  commands. 

18.  se  .  .  .  habiturum  (esse) :  indirect  discourse  depending  on  the  idea 
of  saying  suggested  by  litteras  .  .  .  mlsit. 

eodem  loco  quo,  in  the  same  position  as. 

2.  Qui  cum:  translate  as  if  cum  il. 

convenissent :  usually  an  intransitive  verb,  but  transitive  here  with 
ew7i  as  direct  object. 


274  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

venissent,  se  ad  pedes  projecerunt  suppliciterque  loctitl  flentes 
pacem  petierunt.    Caesar  eos  in  eo  loco  quo  turn  essent  suum 

5  adventum  expect  are  jussit.  Eo  postquam  pervenit,  obsides, 
arma,  servos,  qui  ad  eos  perfugissent,  poposcit.  Dum  ea 
conqulruntur  et  conferuntur,  circiter  hominum  milia  vi  ejus 
pagi  qui  Verbigenus  appellatur  prima  nocte  e  castris  Hel- 
vetiorum   egressi  ad  Rhenum  finesque  Germanorum  conten- 

10  derunt. 

Terms  Granted  the  Helvetians 

28.  Quod  ubi  Caesar  resciit,  quorum  per  fines  ierant,  his 
ut  conquirerent  et  reducerent,  si  sibi  purgati  esse  vellent, 
imperavit;  reductos  in  hostium  numero  habuit;  reliquos 
omnes,  obsidibus  armis  perfugis  traditis,  in  deditionem  ac- 
5  cepit.  Helvetios,  Tulingos,  Latobrigos  in  fines  suos,  unde 
erant  profecti,  reverti  jussit  et,  quod  omnibus  frugibus  amissis 
domi  nihil  erat  quo  famem  tolerarent,  Allobrogibus  impera- 
vit ut  iis   frumenti   copiam   facerent;   ipsos   oppida   vicosque 

3.  flentes,  with  tears. 

5.  Eo:  an  adverb. 

6.  Dum  ea  conquiruntur,  while  these  were  being  hunted  up;  remember 
that  dum  denoting  a  situation  takes  the  present  indicative,  whatever  the 
tense  of  the  principal  verb. 

ea:  neuter,  because  its  antecedents  are  of  mixed  gender,  one  of  them, 
arma,  being  neuter. 

8.  prima  nocte,  at  nightfall. 

1.  Quod,  this,  referring  to  the  fact  related  at  the  end  of  the  preceding 
chapter. 

quorum  .  .  .  his:  translate  in  the  order  his  per  fines  quorum. 

2.  conquirerent,  reducerent:  supply  as  object  eos. 

si  .  .  .  vellent,  if  they  wished  to  he  free  from  guilt  before  him;  sibi  is  dative 
of  reference. 

3.  reductos:  agreeing  with  eos  to  be  supplied. 

in  hostium  numero  habuit,  treated  them  as  enemies;  i.e.,  he  either  put 
them  to  death  or  sold  them  as  slaves. 

6.  omnibus  frugibus  amissis:  they  had  burned  all  the  grain  except 
what  they  were  going  to  take  with  them,  5,  5. 

7.  quo  famem  tolerarent,  with  which  they  could  prevent  starvation;  the 
clause  is  descriptive,  with  an  added  idea  of  possibility. 

8.  facerent, /urnis/i. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  275 

quos  incenderant  restituere  jussit.  Id  ea  maxime  ratione 
fecit,  quod  noluit  eum  locum  unde  Helvetii  discesserant  lo 
vacare,  ne  propter  bonitatem  agrorum  GermanI,  qui  trans 
Rhenum  incolunt,  ex  suls  finibus  in  Helvetiorum  fines  trans- 
irent  et  finitimi  Galliae  provinciae  Allobrogibusque  essent. 
Boios  in  finibus  Haeduorum  collocavit;  id  enim  petebant 
Haedul,  qui  Boios  egregia  virtute  cognoverant;  postea  eos  in  15 
parem  juris  llbertatisque  condicionem  atque  ipsi  erant 
receperunt. 

The  Numbers  of  the  Helvetians  and  Allies 

29.  In  castrls  Helvetiorum  tabulae  repertae  sunt  litteris 
Graecis  confectae  et  ad  Caesarem  relatae,  quibus  in  tabulls 
nominatim  ratio  confecta  erat,  qui  numerus  domo  exisset 
eorum  qui  arma  ferre  possent,  et  item  separatim  quot  pueri, 
senes,  mulieresque.  Quarum  omnium  rationum  summa  erat  5 
capitum  Helvetiorum  milium  cclxiii,  Tulingorum  milium 
XXXVI,  Latobrlgorum  xiiii,  Rauracorum  xxiii,  Boiorum 
XXXII ;  ex  his,  qui  arma  ferre  possent,  ad  milia  nonaginta  duo. 

9.  ea  ratione,  Jor  this  reason;  explained  by  the  noun  clause  quod  noluit, 
that  he  did  not  wish,  etc. 

11.  ne^  for  fear  that;  introducing  a  clause  of  purpose. 

13.  Galliae  provinciae :  the  two  words  are  in  apposition. 

15.  egregia  virtute:  ablative  of  description,  in  the  predicate  after  coQ' 
noverant. 

16.  parem  atque,  the  same  as;  atque  and  ac  after  words  of  likeness  may 
be  employed  to  mean  as. 

1.  litteris  Graecis,  in  the  Greek  alphabet;  the  Gauls  had  devised  no 
alphabet  of  their  own.  The  language  of  the  records  was  of  course  Gallic. 
Familiarity  with  the  Greek  alphabet  was  due  to  intercourse  with  traders 
and  with  the  city  of  Massilia,  modern  Marseilles,  a  Greek  settlement  in 
origin. 

3.  ratio,  list,  record. 

qui  numerus  exisset:  an  indirect  question  depending  on  ratio. 

4.  possent:  subjunctive  in  a  relative  descriptive  clause. 

6.  capitum,  of  persons;  but  the  word  may  be  omitted  in  translation. 
Compare  our  use  of  "head"  in  speaking  of  cattle. 

8.  ad,  about;  used  adverbially  here  and  in  9. 


276  A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 

Summa   omnium    fuerunt    ad    milia    ccclxviii.      Eorum    qui 
10  domum  redierunt  censu  habito,  ut  Caesar  imperaverat,  reper- 
tus  est  numerus  milium  c  et  x. 

Envoys  from  Gallic  States  Congratulate  Caesar 

30.  Bello  Helvetiorum  confecto,  totlus  fere  Galliae  legati, 
principes  civitatum,  ad  Caesarem  gratulatum  convenerunt  et 
ita  locuti  sunt:  "Tametsi  pr5  veteribus  Helvetiorum  injurils 
populus  Romanus  ab  his  poenas  bello  repetiit,  tamen  ea  res 
6  non  minus  ex  usu  Galliae  quam  populi  Romani  accidit;  eo 
enim  consilio  florentissimis  rebus  domos  suas  Helvetii  re- 
liquerunt,  ut  toti  Galliae  bellum  inferrent  imperioque  potl- 
rentur  locumque  domicilio  opportunissimum  ac  fructuosissi- 
mum  deligerent  reliquasque   civitates  stipendiarias  haberent. 

10  Petimus  ut  tua  voluntate  nobis  concilium  totius  Galliae  in 
diem  certam  indicere  liceat:  habemus  quasdam  res,  quas  ex 
communi  consensu  a  te  petere  volumus."  Ea  re  permissa, 
diem  concilio  constituerunt  et  jure  jtirando,  ne  quis  enun- 
tiaret,   nisi   quibus   communi   consilio  mandatum  esset,   inter 

15  se  sanxerunt. 


10.  censu  habito,  when  a  count  was  made. 

2.  gratulatum:  supine,  expressing  purpose.  What  limitations  are  there 
with  regard  to  the  use  of  this  construction?     See  app.  130. 

3.  prOf  in  retaliation  for. 

5.  ex  usu,  to  the  advantage. 

eo  consilio,  with  the  purpose;  cdnsilio  is  explained  by  the  clause,  ut  .  .  . 
haberent. 

6.  florentissimis  rebus:  ablative  absolute,  which  may  be  translated  by 
a  concessive  clause,  although,  etc. 

8.  domicilio,  for  a  home,  dative  of  purpose. 

10.  ut  nobis  liceat,  that  it  be  permitted  us;  a  noun  clause,  object  of  petimus. 
The  subject  of  liceat  is  the  infinitive  indicere. 

11.  ex,  by;  ex  mesms  from,  (starting)  from,  and  so  easily  comes  to  mean 
in  accordance  with,  or  as  here,  by;  compare  ex  UsU,  1.  5. 

13.  jure  jurando  .  .  .  inter  se  sanxerunt,  bouna  each  other  by  an  oath; 
the  substance  of  the  oath  is  given  in  the  clauses  ne  quis  enuntidret,  nisi 
quibus  .  .  .  mandatum  esset,  that  none  should  announce  their  conclusions  but 
those  commissioned  to  do  so  by  common  consent. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  277 

Gallic  Envoys  Appeal  to  Caesar  for  Aid 
Against  the  Germans 

31.  Eo  concilio  dimisso,  idem  principes  civitatum  qui  ante 
fuerant  ad  Caesarem  reverterunt  colloquiumque  secretum 
petierunt.  Ea  re  impetrata,  sese  omnes  flentes  Caesari  ad 
pedes  projecerunt:  "Non  minus  volumus,"  inquiunt,  ''ea 
quae  dixerimus  celare  quam  ea  quae  petimus  impetrare,  5 
propterea  quod,  si  enuntiatum  erit,  summum  in  cruciatum 
veniemus."  Loctitus  est  pro  his  Diviciacus  Haeduus:  ''Gal- 
liae  totius  factiones  sunt  duae;  harum  alterlus  piincipatum 
tenent  Haedul,  alterius  Arvernl.  Hi  cum  tantopere  de  po- 
tentatu  inter  se  multos  annos  contenderent,  ab  Arvernis  lo 
Sequanlsque  GermanI  mercede  arcesslti  sunt.  Horum  primo 
circiter  milia  xv  Rhenum  transierunt;  posteaquam  agros  et 
cultum  et  copias  Gallorum  homines  ferl  ac  barbaii  adama- 
verunt,  traducti  plures;  nunc  est  in  GaUia  ad  c  et  xx  mlHum 
numerus.  Cum  his  Haedui  eorumque  cHentes  semel  atque  lo 
iterum  armis  contenderunt;  magnam  calamitatem  puis!  acce- 
perunt;  omnem  enim  nobihtatem,  omnem  senatum,  omnem 
equitatum  amiserunt.  Quibus  proehls  calamitatibusque  fracti, 
qui  et  sua  virtute  et  populi  RomanI  hospitio  atque  amicitia 
plurimum  ante  in  Galha  potuerant,  coacti  sunt  Sequanis  20 
obsides  dare  nobiUssimos  civitatis;  jure  jurando  autem  clvita- 
tem  obstrlnxerunt  sese  neque  obsides  repetlturos  neque  auxiUum 

3.  Caesari  ad  pedes,  at  Caesars  feet;  Caesari  is  a  dative  of  reference, 
where  we  should  expect  a  possessive  genitive. 

6.  si  enuntiatum  erit,  if  {what  we  say)  is  reported. 

10.  contenderent,  had  contended;  multos  annos  has  the  same  value  as 
jam  fridem  and  jam  dm  in  giving  the  present  and  the  imperfect  tenses 
the  meanings  of  perfects  and  past  perfects. 

11.  mercede,  for  hire. 
14.  ad,  about;  an  adverb. 

19.  virtute,  hospitio,  amicitia :  ablatives  of  cause. 

20.  ante,  before;  an  adverb. 

21.  obsides,  as  hostages. 

22.  sese,  etc. :  the  substance  of  the  oath  is  given  in  indirect  discourse, 
that  they  would  not  ask  back  their  hostages,  etc 


278  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

a  populo  Romano  implorattiros,  sed  perpetuo  sub  illorum  di- 
cione  atque  imperio  futuros  esse.     tJnus  ego  sum  ex  omni 
25  cTvitate   Haeduorum   qui   addtici   non   potuerim,    ut   jurarem 
aut   liberos  meos   obsides   darem.     Ob   earn  rem   ex  civitate 
profugi   et   Romam   ad   senatum   veni   auxilium   postulatum, 
quod  solus  neque  jure  jtirando  neque  obsidibus  tenel^ar.     Sed 
pejus  victoribus  Sequanis  quam  Haeduis  victis  accidit,  prop- 
so  terea   quod   Ariovistus,    i^x   Germanorum,    in   eorum  finibus 
consedit   tertiamque   partem   agri   Sequani,    qui   est   optimus 
totius  Galliae,  occupavit,  et  nunc  de  altera  parte  tertia  Se- 
quanos  decedere  jubet,  propterea  quod  panels  mensibus  ante 
Harudum   milia   hominum    xxiiii  ad    eum  venerunt,   quibus 
35  locus    ac    eedes    parantur.      Futtirum    est    panels    annis    ut 
omnes  Galli  e  finibus  pellantur  atque  omnes  German!  Rhe- 
num    transeant;    neque    enim   conferendus    est  Gallicus   cum 
Germanorum   agro,    neque   haec   consuetudo   victus   cum   ilia 
comparanda.      Ariovistus   autem,    ut   semel   Gallorum   copias 
40  proelio  vicit,  superbe  et  crudeliter  imperat,  obsides  nobilissimi 
cuj  usque  liberos  poscit  et  in  eos  omnia  exempla  cruciatusque 

23.  illorum  =  Sequanorum. 

25.  qui  adduci  non  potuerim:  a  relative  descriptive  clause. 

ut  jurarem,  to  take  oath;  dependent  on  adduci. 

27.  auxilium  postulatum:  for  the  supine  with  a  direct  object  see  the 
note  on  11,  4. 

29.  pejus,  a  worse  fortune;  an  adjective  used  as  a  noun. 

31.  tertiam  partem  agri  Sequani :  this  was  a  part  of  Alsace. 

35.  Futiirum  est,  the  result  will  be;  the  subject  is  the  noun  clause  ut 

.  .  .  transeant. 

37    conferendus:  with  the  same  meaning  as  comparanda,  1,  39. 

38.  haec  ^Gallica. 

39.  ut  semel  vicit,  having  once  defeated;  this  was  probably  in  60  B.C. 

Gallorum:  it  is  possible  that  this  word  is  intended  to  include  the  Sequani. 
If  so,  it  would  mean  that  the  Sequani  had  regretted  their  alliance  with 
Ariovistus  and  had  combined  with  the  Haedui  in  an  attempt  to  drive 
him  back  across  the  Rhine. 

41.  in  eos  edit,  inflicts  upon  them. 

omnia  exempla  cruciatusque,  cruelties  of  every  kind;  literally,  all  ex- 
amples and  cruelties. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  279 

edit,  si  qua  res  non  ad  nutum  aut  ad  voluntatem  ejus  facta 
est.  Homo  est  barbarus,  iracundus,  temerarius;  non  possunt 
ejus  imperia  diutius  sustineii.  Nisi  quid  in  te  populoque 
Romano  erit  auxilii,  omnes  Galll  ^ogentur,  ut  Helvetii  ante,  4.5 
domo  emigrare,  aliud  domicilium,  alias  sedes,  remotas  a  Ger- 
manis,  petere  fortunamque,  quaecumque  accidet,  experlri.  Haec 
SI  enuntiata  Ariovisto  emnt,  non  dubito  quln  de  omnibus 
obsidibus  qui  apud  eum  sunt  gravissimum  supplicium  sumat. 
Tu  vel  auctoritate  tua  atque  exercitus  vel  recent!  victoria  vel  50 
nomine  populi  Roman!  ceteros  Germanos  Gallia  prohibere 
potes  Gallosque  omnes  ab  Ariovist!  injuria  defendere.'' 

The  Sad  Plight  of  the  Sequani 

32.  Hac  oratione  ab  Diviciaco  habita,  omnes  qui  aderant 
magno  fletu  auxilium  a  Caesare  petere  coeperunt.  Animad- 
vertit  Caesar  iinos  ex  omnibus  Sequanos  nihil  earum  rerum 
facere  quas  ceter!  facerent,  sed  tristes,  capite  demisso,  terram 
intuer!.  Ejus  re!  quae  causa  esset  miratus  ex  ipsis  quaesiit.  5 
Nihil  Sequani  responderunt  sed  in  eadem  tristitia  tacit!  per- 
manserunt.      Cum    ab    his    saepius    quaereret    neque    ullam 

42.  ad  nutum  aut  ad  voluntatem,  at  his  nod  or  in  accordance  with  his 
luish. 

45.  auxilii:  genitive  of  the  whole;  with  quid,  some  assistance. 

48.  quin,  that;  this  is  the  regular  meaning  after  a  word  of  doubting 
with  a  negative. 

de,  on;  with  supplicium  sUmat;  what  is  the  literal  translation? 

50.  recent!  victoria:  the  victory  over  the  Helvetians. 

51.  Gallia:  ablative  of  separation,  with  prohibere. 

1.  habita,  having  been  delivered. 

2.  animadvertit:  like  some  other  verbs  meaning  "see,"  ''notice,"  this 
verb  may  take  indirect  discourse,  Unos  Sequanos  facere. 

3.  unos,  alone. 

4.  capite  demisso :  ablative  absolute. 

5.  quae  causa  esset:  indirect  question,  depending  on  mirdtus.  Remem- 
ber that  the  perfect  participles  of  several  deponent  verbs  are  to  be  trans- 
lated as  present;  so  mirdtus,  wondering. 

7.  saepius,  again  and  again. 


280  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

omnino  vocem  exprimere  posset,  idem  Diviciacus  Haeduus 
respondit:    ''Hoc  est  miserior  et  gravior  forttina  Sequanorum 

10  quam  reliquorum,  quod  soli  ne  in  occulto  quidem  queri  neque 
auxilium  implorare  audent  absentisque  Ariovisti  crudelitatem 
sicut  praesentis  horrent;  reliqms  enim  Gallis  fugae  facultas 
datur,  Sequanis  vero,  qui  intra  fines  suos  Ariovistum  rece- 
perunt,   quorum  oppida  omnia  in  potestate  ejus  sunt,   omnes 

15  cruciatus   sunt   perferendi.' 


Ir   )f 


Caesar  Resolves  to  Stop  German  Encroachments 

UPON  Gaul 

33.  His  rebus  cognitis,  Caesar  Gallorum  animos  verbis 
confirmavit  pollicitusque  est  sibi  eam  rem  curae  futuram: 
magnam  se  habere  spem  et  beneficid  suo  et  auctoritate  adduc- 
tum    Ariovistum    finem    injuriis    facturum.      Hac    oratione 

5  habita,  concihum  dimisit.  Secundum  ea  multae  res  eum 
hortabantur  ad  eam  rem  cogitandam  et  suscipiendam :  im- 
primis, quod  Haedui,  fratres  consanguineique  saepenumero 
a  senatu  appellati,  in  servitute  atque  in  dicione  Germanorum 
tenebantur,  eorumque  obsides  apud  Ariovistum  ac  Sequanos 

10  erant;  quod  in  tanto  imperio  populi  Roman!  turpissimum  sibi 

8.  idem,  again;  literally,  the  same  (person). 

9.  Hoc :  for  the  case  see  the  note  on  hoc,  2,  6. 

10.  reliquorum,  that  of  the  remainder. 

12.  sicut  praesentis,  as  if  {he  were)  present. 

13.  Sequanis  omnes  cruciatus  sunt  perferendi,  the  Sequani  have  to  sub- 
mit to  all  cruelties.  Sequanis  is  a  dative  of  agent,  the  regular  construction 
used  to  express  agency  with  the  second  periphrastic  conjugation. 

2.  sibi  eam  rem  curae  futuram  (esse),  that  he  would  give  attention  to 
their  case;  sibi  and  cilrae  are  datives  of  reference  anc?  purpose  respectively. 

3.  se  habere :  indirect  discourse,  depending  on  a  verb  of  saying  implied 
in  pollicitus  est. 

5.  Secimdum  ea,  in  addition  to  these  things,  i.e.,  the  facts  alleged  by 
Diviciacus. 

7.  quod,  the  fa^t  that. 

10.  quod,  a  thing  which;  relative  pronoun,  neuter  because  referring  to 
the  fact  contained  in  the  preceding  sentence. 


A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER  281 

et  rel  publicae  esse  arbitrabatur.  Paulatim  autem  Germanos 
consuescere  Rhenum  transire  et  in  Galliam  magnam  eorum 
multitudinem  venire  populo  Romano  perlculosum  videbat; 
existimabat  autem  homines  feros  ac  barbaros,  omni  Gallia 
occupat^,  ut  ante  Cimbri  Teutonlque  fecissent,  in  provinciam  15 
atque  inde  in  Italiam  exituros  esse,  praesertim  cum  Sequanos 
a  provincia  nostra  Rhodanus  divideret;  quibus  rebus  quam 
maturrime  occurrendum  putabat.  Ipse  autem  Ariovistus 
tantos  sibi  splritus,  tantam  arrogantiam  sumpserat  ut  feren- 
dus  non  videretur.  20 

Caesar  Is  Refused   a  Conference   with   the   German 

King  Ariovistus 

34.  Quam  ob  rem,  legatis  ad  Ariovistum  missis,  ab  eo 
postulavit  ut  aliquem  locum  medium  utriusque  colloquio 
deligeret:  velle  sese  de  re  publica  et  summis  utriusque  rebus 
cum  eo  agere.     El  legationl  Ariovistus  respondit:    "Si  quid 

11.  Germanos  transire:  elsewhere  in  his  commentaries  Caesar  says 
that  at  an  earher  time  the  Gauls  had  made  war  on  the  Germans  and  had 
taken  possession  of  territory  on  the  German  side  of  the  Rhine. 

13.  periculosum:  predicate  adjective  after  esse  (to  be  supplied);  the 
subject  of  esse  is  the  infinitives  with  subject  accusative  preceding,  Germanos 
consuescere  et  imdtiludinem  venire;  translate,  he  saw  that  it  was  dangerous 
to  the  Roman  people  for  the  Germans  gradually  to  form  the  habit  of  crossing 
the  Rhine  and  for  a  large  number  of  them  to  come  into  Gaid. 

15.  ut,  as;  fecissent  is  subjunctive  in  a  subordinate  clause  in  indirect 
discourse. 

Cimbri  Teutonique:  these  were  the  German  tribes  that  Marius  con- 
quered.    See  his  life,  page  208,  1.  15  ff. 

17.  Rhodanus,  the  Rhone  {alone). 

quibus  rebus  quam  maturrime  occurrendum  putabat,  this  state  of  affairs 
he  thought  must  be  met  as  soon  as  possible;  rebus  is  dative  with  the  compound 
verb  occurrendum  (esse),  which  is  itself  used  impersonally. 

20.  non:  take  with  ferendus  and  translate,  unbearable. 

2.  medium  utriusque,  midway  between  them. 

3.  velle  sese,  he  wished  {he  said). 
re  publica,  affairs  of  state. 

simimis  utriusque  rebus,  questions  of  the  greatest  interest  to  both. 


282  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

5  mihi  a  Caesare  opus  esset,  ad  eum  venissem;  si  quid  ille 
me  vult,  ilium  ad  me  venire  oportet.  Praeterea  neque  sine 
exercitu  in  eas  partes  Galliae  venire  audeo  quas  Caesar  pos- 
sidet,  neque  exercitum  sine  magno  commeatti  atque  moll- 
mento  in  unum  locum  contrahere  possum.     Mihi  autem  ml- 

10  rum  videtur  quid  in  mea  Gallia,  quam  bello  vici,  aut  Caesari 
aut  omnlno  populo  Romano  negotii  sit." 


Caesar  Sends  Envoys  to  Ariovistus  with  Demands 

35.  His  responsis  ad  Caesarem  relatis,  iterum  ad  eum 
Caesar  legates  cum  his  mandatis  mittit:  ''Quoniam  in  con- 
sulate Caesaris  rex  atque  amicus  a  senatu  appellatus  nunc  in 
colloquium   venire  invltatus  gravaris    atque   de  communi   re 

5  dicere  et  cognoscere  non  vis,  haec  sunt  quae  a  te  postulat: 
primum,  ne  quam  multitudinem  hominum  amplius  trans 
Rhenum  in  Galliam  traducas;  deinde  ut  obsides  quos  habes 
ab  Haeduis  reddas  Sequanlsque  permittas  ut  idem  faciant; 
neve  Haeduos  injuria  lacessas  neve  his  socilsque  eorum  bel- 

10  lum  Inferas.  Si  id  it  a  feceris  Caesari  populoque  Romano 
perpetua  gratia  atque  amicitia  tecum  erit ;  si  Caesar  non 
impetraverit,    Haeduorum    injurias    non    negleget.     Nam    ex 

5.  esset:  quid  is  the  subject,  opus  is  predicate  nominative;  translate,  if 
I  needed  anything  of  Caesar,  I  should  have  come  to  him. 

si  quid  ille  me  vult,  if  he  wishes  am/thing  of  me;  void,  like  some  verbs 
of  asking,  may  take  two  accusatives,  one  of  the  person,  the  other  of  the 
thing,  provided  the  latter  is  the  accusative  of  a  neuter  pronoun  or  adjective. 

10.  quid  Caesari  .  .  .  negotii  sit,  what  business  Caesar  has;  the  clause  is 
an  indirect  question  dependino:;  on  miruni;  Caesari  is  dative  of  possession, 
and  negotii  a  genitive  of  the  whole  with  quid. 

3.  rex  atque  amicus  appellatus,  after  receiving  the  title  of  king  and  friend. 

4.  invitatus,  when  invited. 

6.  ne  .  .  .  traducas,  that  you  shall  not  lead,  etc.;  this  and  the  clauses 
following  are  noun  clauses  defining  haec. 

10.  Caesari,  populo:  datives  of  possession. 

12.  impetraverit:  impetrdre  is  often  used  without  an  object,  gain  one's 

request. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  283 

senatus  consulto,  quod  paucis  ante  annis  factum  est,  quicum- 
que  Galliam  provinciam  obtinet  Haeduos  ceterosquc  amicos 
populi  Roman!  defendere  debet."  15 

Ariovistus'  Defiant  Reply 

36.   Ad  haec  Ariovistus  respondit:  ''Jus  est  belli  ut  victores 
victis  quem  ad  modum   velint  imperent.     Item  populus  Ro- 
manus    victis    non    ad    alterius    praescrlptum,    sed    ad    suum ' 
arbitrium  imperare  consuevit.     Si  ego  populum  Romanum  in        - 
ejus  jure  non  impedio,  non  oportet  me  a  populo  Romano  in  5 
meo  jure  impedirl.     Haedul,  belli  fortuna  temptata,  superati 
sunt  mihique  stipendiarii  sunt  facti.     Magnam  Caesar  inju- 
riam   facit,   qui  suo  adventu  vectigalia  mihi   deteriora  facit. 
Haeduls  obsides  non  reddam,   neque  ils  neque  eorum  sociis 
injuria   bellum   Inferam,    si   in   eo   manebunt   quod    convenit  10 
stipendiumque  quotannis  pendent;  si  id  non  fecerint,  longe  ils 
fraternum  nomen  populi  Roman!  aberit.     Quod  mihi  Caesar 
denuntiat    se    Haeduorum    injurias    non    neglecturum,     nemo 
mecum  sine  sua  pernicie  contendit.     Cum  volet,  congrecliatur;      J 
intelleget  quid  invicti  German!,  exercitatissim!  in  armis,  qui  15 
inter  annos  xiiii  tectum  non  subierint,  virtute  possint.  " 

2.  quem  ad  modum,  in  what  manner. 

velint:  subjunctive  by  attraction,  since  its  clause  depends  upon  another 
clause  in  the  subjunctive. 

3.  ad,  according  to. 

8.  qui  deteriora  facit,  in  decreasing;  how,  Kterally? 

10.  injuria,  without  reason,  unjustly;  the  ablative  of  some  nouns  may 
be  used  without  a  preposition  to  express  manner;  cdsil,  by  accident,  is 
another. 

si  in  60  manebunt  quod  convenit,  if  they  abide  by  our  compact. 

11.  longe  lis  fraternum  nomen  populi  Romani  aberit,  the  title  of  brothers 

of  the  Roman  people  will  be  of  little  value  to  them;  literally,  will  be  far  away         ! 
for  them;  fraternum  =frdtrum.  1 

12.  Quod,  as  to  the  fact  that;  with  denuntiat,  as  for  Caesar's  threat  thatj 
etc. 

14.  congrediatur,  let  him  come  on,  volitive  subjunctive.  ; 

15.  quid  virtute  possint,  how  strong  they  are  in  valor.  ' 


284  A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 

Complaints  by  the  Haeduans  and  the  Treveri 
OF  German  Aggressions 

37.  Haec  eodem  tempore  Caesarl  mandata  referebantur,  et 
legati  ab  Haeduis  et  a  Treverls  veniebant;  Haedui  quere- 
bantur,  quod  Harudes,  qui  nuper  in  Galliam  transport ati 
essent,  fines  eorum  popularentur :  sese  ne  obsidibus  quidem 

5  datis  pacem  Ariovisti  redimere  potuisse;  Treveri  autem  dice- 
bant  pagos  centum  Sueborum  ad  rlpas  Rheni  consedisse,  qui 
Rhenum  transire  conarentur;  his  praeesse  Nasuam  et  Cim- 
berium  fratres.  Quibus  rebus  Caesar  vehementer  commotus 
maturandum  sibi  existimavit,   ne,  si  nova  manus  Sueborum 

10  cum  veteribus  copils  Ariovisti  sese  conjunxisset,  minus  facile 
resist!  posset.  Itaque  re  frumentaria  quam  celerrime  potuit 
comparata,  magnis  itineribus  ad  Ariovistum  contendit. 

Caesar  Seizes  the  Stronghold  of  Vesontio 

38.  Cum  tridui  viam  processisset,  nuntiatum  est  ei  Ario- 
vistum cum  suls  omnibus  copiis  ad  occupandum  Vesontio- 
nem,  quod  est  oppidum  maximum  Sequanorum,  contendere. 
Id  magnopere  sibi  praecavendum  Caesar  existimabat.     Nam- 

5  que  omnium  rerum  quae  ad  bellum  usui  erant  summa  erat  in 
eo  oppido  facultas,  idemque  natura  loci  sic  muniebatur,  ut 
magnam   ad   ducendum   bellum   daret   facultatem,    propterea 

4.  sese  .  .  .  potuisse:  indirect  discourse  depending  on  a  verb  of  saying 
implied  in  querebantur. 

obsidibus  datis,  by  giving  hostages;  ablative  absolute. 

9.  maturandum  (esse)  sibi,  that  he  must  make  haste;  for  the  dative  of 
agent  compare  32,  13,  and  note. 

10.  minus  facile  resist!  posset,  resistance  could  be  made  less  easily; 
resisti  is  an  impersonal  use  of  the  passive. 

1.  viam;  accusative  of  extent,  further  defined  by  the  genitive  of  measure, 
tndul. 

4.  praecavendum  (esse),  must  be  forestalled. 

5.  usui,  of  use;  dative  of  purpose. 

7.  ducendum:  the  verb  ducere  is  sometimes  used  with  the  meaning 
'prolong. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  285 

quod  flumen  Dubis,  ut  circino  circumductum,  paene  totum 
oppidum  cingit;  reliquum  spatium,  quod  est  non  amplius 
pedum  DC,  qua  flumen  intermittit,  mons  continet  magna  lo 
altitudine,  ita  ut  radices  montis  ex  utraque  parte  ripae  flu- 
minis  contingant.  Hunc  murus  circumdatus  arcem  efficit  et 
cum  oppido  conjungit.  Hue  Caesar  magnls  nocturnis  diurnls- 
que  itineribus  contendit  occupatoque  oppido  ibi  praesidium 
coUocat.  15 

Caesar's  Army  Panic-Stricken  from  Stories 
,  OF  German  Prowess 

39.  Dum  paucos  dies  ad  Vesontionem  rei  frumentariae 
commeatusque  causa  moratur,  nostri  Gallos  ac  mercatores  de 
Germanis  interrogant;  ill!  ingenti  magnitudine  corporum 
Germanos,  incredibill  virtute  atque  exercitatione  in  armis  esse 
praedicabant  (saepenumero  sese  cum  his  congresses  ne  vul-  5 
turn  quidem  atque  aciem  oculorum  dicebant  ferre  potuisse); 
quibus  ex  vocibus  tantus  subito  timor  omnem  exercitum  oc- 
cupavit  ut  non  mediocriter  omnium  mentes  animosque  per- 
turbaret.     Hie  primum  ortus  est  a  tribunis  mllitum,  praefec- 

8.  ut,  as  if. 

9.  spatium:  object  of  conlinet. 

10.  pedum  DC:  genitive  of  measure  in  the  predicate;  it  is  to  be  noted 
that  the  comparative  amplius  is  here  used  as  an  adverb  and  so  without 
the  ablative  of  comparison. 

12.  murus  circumdatus,  an  encircling  wall.  A  modern  French  fort  is 
located  at  about  this  point. 

1.  ad,  in  the  vicinity  of. 

3.  magnitudine,  virtute,  exercitatione:  abjatives  of  description,  in  the 
predicate. 

6.  aciem,  flash. 

9.  tribunis  militimi:  the  military  tribunes  were  officers  in  the  army  . 
alone,  and  not  to  be  confused  with  the  tribunes  of  the  people.     They 
were  men  of  less  experience  than  the  legdtl. 

praefectis:  the  prefects  were  officers  of  auxiliary  forces,  some  of  them 
Romans,  some  of  the  same  nationaUty  as  their  troops.  The  Roman  pre- 
fects are  meant  in  this  instance. 


286  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

10  tis,  reliquisque  qui  ex  urbe  amicitiae  causa  Caesarem  sectiti 
non  magnum  in  re  mllitari  usum  habebant;  hi,  varils  causis 
domum  proficlscendl  illatis,  petebant  ut  ejus  voluntate  dis- 
cedere  liceret;  nonnulll  pudore  adducti,  ut  timoris  suspi- 
cionem     vitarent,     remanebant.     Hi     neque     vultum     fingere 

15  neque  interdum  lacrimas  tenere  poterant;  abditi  in  taber- 
naculis  aut  suum  fatum  querebantur  aut  cum  familiaribus 
suls  commune  periculum  miserabantur.  Vulgo  totis  castris 
testamenta  obsignabantur.  Horum  vocibus  ac  timore  paula- 
tim  etiam  ii  qui  magnum  in  castris  usum  habebant,  mihtes 

20  centurionesque  quique  equitatui  praeerant,  perturbabantur. 
Qui  se  ex  his  minus  timidos  existimari  volebant,  dicebant: 
*'Non  hostem  veremur,  sed  angustias  itineris  et  magnittidi- 
nem  silvarum  quae  intercedunt  inter  nos  atque  Ariovistum; 
timemus  etiam  ut  res  frumentaria  satis  commode  supportari 

25  possit."  Nonnulll  etiam  Caesari  nuntiabant  milites  propter 
timorem  neque  castra  moturos  neque  signa  laturos. 

Caesar  Holds  a  Council  of  Officers  and 
Allays  Their  Fears 

40.  Haec  cum  animadvertisset,  convocato  consilio  omni- 
umque  ordinum  ad  id  consilium  adhibit  is  centurionibus,  vehe- 

10.  reliquis:  sons  of  good  families  who  accompanied  Caesar  without 
performing  miUtary  service. 

12.  illatis,  alleging. 

13.  ut  .  .  .  vitarent,  a  clause  of  purpose. 

17.  totis  castris,  all  through  the  cani'p;  some  words  in  very  common  use 
may  be  employed  as  locative  ablatives  without  a  preposition  to  express 
the  place  where. 

20.  centuriones:  the  centurions  were  seasoned  veterans  who  had  been 
promoted  from  the  ranks. 

quique:  for  et  n  qui. 

21.  Qui  ex  his,  such  of  them  an. 

24.  ut  res  frumentaria  .  .  .  possit,  that  grain  supplies  can  not  be  brought 
up  to  sufficiently  good  advantage;  what  is  the  meaning  of  ne  after  verbs  of 
fearing? 

1.  omnium  ordinum:  it  is  evident  that  grades  were  recognized  among 
the  centurions;  what  the  basis  of  distinction  was  is  not  known. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  287 

menter  eos  incusavit:  "Vestrum  non  est,"  inquit,  ''aut  quam 
in  partem  aut  quo  consilio  ducamini  quaerere  aut  cogitare. 
Ariovistus  me  consule  cupidissime  populi  RomanI  amicitiam  5 
appetiit;   cur   hunc   tam   temere   quisquam   ab   officio   disces- 
surum   judicat?     Equidem   existimo,    cognitis   mels   postulatis 
atque    aequitate    condicionum    perspecta,    eum    neque    meam 
neque  populi  RomanI  gratiam  repudiaturum.     Quod  si  furore 
atque  amentia  impulsus  bellum  intulerit,  quid  tandem  vere-  10 
mini  aut  cur  de  vest r a  virtute  aut  de  mea  diligent i a  despe- 
ratis?     Factum  est  ejus  hostis  perlculum  patrum  nostrorum 
memoria,    Cimbrls   et   Teutonis   a   C.    Mario   pulsis;   factum 
etiam  nuper  in  Italia  servlll  tumultu,  qui  tamen  aliquid  usus 
ac   discipllnae   a   nobis   acceperant.     Ex   quo   judicarl   potest  15 
quantum  habeat  in  se    boni   constantia,  propterea    quod  qui 
aliquamdiu  inermes  sine  causa  timebantur,   hi  postea  armati 
ac  victores  a  militibus   Romanis  superati  sunt.     Denique  hi 
sunt  eldem  quos  saepenumero  Helvetil  non  solum  in  suis  seel 
etiam  in  illorum  finibus  superaverunt ;  qui  tamen  pares  esse  20 
nostro    exercitui    non    potuerunt.     Nemo   ad  verso    proelio    et 
fuga  Gallorum  commoveatur.     Ariovistus  enim  multos  men- 

3.  Vestrum  non  est,  it  is  not  for  you;  literally,  it  is  not  yours.  The 
subject  of  est  is  quaerere  and  cogildre. 

7.  Equidem,  for  my  part. 

12.  periculum,  trial;  with  ejus  hostis  as  dependent  objective  genitive. 

13.  Cimbris  .  .  .  pulsis,  in  the  defeat  of  the  Cimbri  and  Teutons  by  Marius; 
the  ablative  absolute  defines  the  occasion. 

factum:  supply  est  perlculum. 

14.  servili  tumultu,  in  the  uprising  of  slaves.  This  was  a  war  in  73-71 
carried  on  by  an  army  of  runaway  slaves  led  by  the  gladiator  Spartacus. 
The  slaves  in  many  cases  were  German  prisoners  of  war  or  their  descendants. 

qui:  the  antecedent  is  servorum,  implied  in  servlll. 

usus,  disciplinae:  genitives  of  the  whole,  depending  on  aliquid. 

16.  quantum  boni,  how  much  good;  bonl  is  genitive  of  the  whole. 

qui  ...  hi :  translate  in  the  order  hi,  qui. 

20.  qui :  the  Helvetii ;  the  sentence  is  a  reference  to  the  recent  successful 
campaign  against  the  Helvetii. 

21.  Nemo  commoveatur,  let  no  one  be  disturbed. 


288  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

ses  castris  se  ac  paludibus  tenuerat  neque  sul  potestatem 
fecerat;  deinde  cum  Galll  desperarent  jam  de  pugna  et  dis- 

25  persl  essent,  subito  eos  adortus  magis  ratione  et  consilio 
quam  virtute  vicit.  Hac  ratione  ne  ipse  quidem  sperat  nos- 
tros  exercitus  cap!  posse.  Qui  suum  timorem  in  rel  frumen- 
tariae  simulationem  angustiasque  itineris  conferunt  faciunt 
arroganter,    cum    aut    de   officio   imperatoris   desperare   vide- 

30  antur  aut  praescribere  audeant.  Haec  mihi  sunt  curae;  fru- 
mentum  Sequani,  LeucI,  Lingones  subministrant,  jamque 
sunt  in  agris  frumenta  matura;  de  itinere  ipsi  brevi  tempore 
judicabitis.  Quod  vos  signa  non  laturos  dicitur,  nihil  ea  re  com- 
moveor;  quibuscumque  enim  exercitus  non  paruit,  aut  male 

35  re  gesta  fortuna  defuit  aut  aliquo  facinore  comperto  avaritia 
est  convicta;  mea  innocentia  perpetua  vita,  felicitas  Helve- 
tiorum  bello  est  perspecta.  Itaque  quod  in  longiorem  diem 
collaturus  ful  repraesentabo,  et  proxima  nocte  de  quarta 
vigilia  castra  movebo,   ut   quam   primum   intellegere   possim 

40  utrum  apud  vos  pudor  atque  officium  an  timor  plus  valeat. 
Quod  si  praeterea  nemo  sequetur,  tamen  cum  sola  decima 
legione  Tbo,  de  qua  non  dubito,  mihique  ea  praetoria  cohors 
erit."  Huic  legioni  Caesar  et  indulserat  praecipue  et  propter 
virtu tem  confldebat  maxime. 

23.  sui  potestatem,  a  chance  at  him. 

27.  Qui:  for  n  qui. 

in  rei  frumentariae  simulationem,  to  a  pretended  concern  ahout  the  sup- 
ply of  grain. 

29.  cum,  since,  in  that. 

33.  Quod,  as  to  the  fact  that. 

nihil,  not  ai  all.  * 

36.  dgfuit:  supply  its,  dative,  has  failed  them. 

aliquo  facinore  comperto  avaritia  est  convicta,  through  the  disclosure  of 
some  misdeed  avarice  hcLS  been  proved  {against  them). 

36.  felicit&s:  a  Roman  general  set  great  store  by  his  "good  fortune." 

37.  in  longiorem  diem  collaturus  fui,  what  I  was  going  to  postpone. 

43.  legidni:  dative  with  indulserat  and  confldebat,  both  belonging  to  the 
class  of  special  verbs  that  govern  the  dative. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  289 

The  Confidence  of  the  Army  Is  Restored  — 
Caesar  Marches  Against  Ariovistus 

41.  Hac  oratione  habita,  mirum  in  modum  conversae  sunt 
omnium  mentes  summaque  alacritas  et  cupiditas  belli  gerendl 
innata  est,  princepsque  decima  legio  per  tribunes  mllitum  ei 
gratias  egit,  quod  de  se  optimum  judicium  fecisset,  seque  esse 
ad  bellum  gerendum  paratissimam  confirmavit.  Deinde  re-  5 
liquae  legiones  cum  tribunis  mllitum  et  primorum  ordinum 
centurionibus  egerunt,  ut  Caesari  satisf acerent :  se  neque  um- 
quam  dubitasse  neque  timuisse  neque  de  summa  belli  suum 
judicium,  sed  imperatoris  esse  existimavisse.  Caesar,  eorum 
satisfactione  accepta  et  itinere  exquislto  per  Diviciacum,  quod  10 
ex  Gallis  ei  maximam  fidem  habebat,  de  quarta  vigilia,  ut 
dixerat,  profectus  est.  Septimo  die,  cum  iter  non  intermit- 
teret,  ab  exploratoribus  certior  factus  est  Ariovisti  copias  a 
nostrls  mllibus  passuum  iiii  et  xx  abesse. 

Arrangements  for  an  Interview  Between  Caesar 

AND  Ariovistus 

42.  Cognito  Caesaris  ad  vent  u,  Ariovistus  per  legates  ei 
nuntiavit  se  jam  in  colloquium  venire  velle;  quoniam  Caesar 
propius  accessisset,  se  id  sine  periculo  facere  posse  existimare. 
Non  respuit  condicionem  Caesar  jamque  eum  ad  sanitatem 
revert!  pertinaciaque  desistere  arbitrabatur.      Dies  coUoquio  5 

I.  mirum  in  modum,  in  a  marvelous  maniier. 
3.  princeps,  ^rs^-  an  adjective  for  an  adverb. 

6.  cum  tribunis  egerunt,  urged  the  tribunes. 

7.  se  .  .  .  existimavisse:  indirect  discourse,  {saying  that)  they,  etc. 

8.  suum,  imperatoris:  in  the  predicate  after  es.se,  was  their  own,  but  the 
commanders. 

II.  ex  Gallis:  dependent  upon  ei;  translate,  of  the  Gaids,  Caesar  had 
most  confidence  in  him. 

12.  cum  iter  non  intermitteret,  ajter  an  unbroken  march;  i.e.,  without 
taking  the  day  of  rest  that  would  ordinarilj'  fall  within  a  period  of  seven 
or  eight  days. 

14.  milibus:  ablative  of  measure  of  difference. 


290  A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 

dictus  est  ex  eo  die  quintus.  Interim  saepe  cum  legati  ultro 
citroque  inter  eos  mitterentur,  Ariovistus  dixit  se  insidias 
vereri  postulavitque  ut  uterque  cum  solo  equitatu  ad  col- 
loquium veniret;  alia  ratione  sese  non  esse  venturum.     Cae- 

10  sar  hac  condicione  accepta,  salutem  suam  tamen  Gallorum 
equitatui  committere  non  audebat;  itaque  legionarios  milites 
legionis  decimae  in  equos  Gallorum  equitum  imposuit,  ut 
praesidium  quam  amicissimum  haberet.  Quod  cum  fieret, 
non   irridicule    quidam    ex   militibus    decimae    legionis    dixit: 

15  ''Plus  quam  pollicitus  est  Caesar  facit;  pollicitus  se  in  co- 
hortis  praetoriae  loco  decimam  legionem  habiturum,  ad 
equum  rescrlbit." 

The  Interview — Caesar's  Address  to  Ariovistus 

43.  Planities  erat  magna  et  in  ea  tumulus  terrenus  satis 
grandis.  Hie  locus  aequum  fere  spatium  a  castris  utrlusque 
aberat.  Eo,  ut  erat  dictum,  ad  colloquium  venerunt.  Legio- 
nem Caesar  quam  equis  devexerat  passibus  cc  ab  eo  tumul5 
5  constituit.  Item  equites  Ariovisti  pari  intervallo  constiterunt. 
Ariovistus  ex  equis  ut  coUoquerentur  et  praeter  se  denos  ut 
ad   colloquium    adducerent    postulavit.     Ubi   eo   ventum  est, 

6.  saepe  cum:  translate  as  if  CMW  saepe. 

9.  alia  ratione,  otherwise;  literally,  on  other  terms. 

10.  Gallorum  equitatui:  Caesar's  cavalry  was  composed,  at  various 
times,  of  Gauls,  Germans,  Spaniards.  His  infantry  legions  only  were 
Romans. 

16.  ad  equum  rescribit:  the  words  are  capable  of  two  meanings,  is 
enrolling  us  among  the  knights,  or  is  enrolling  us  in  the  cavalry.  The  knights, 
equites,  were  a  social  and  semi-political  order  at  Rome  drawn  from  the 
well-to-do  middle  class  that  at  an  earlier  period  furnished  the  Roman 
cavalry.  Admission  to  their  ranks  would  be  an  honor.  Now,  however, 
as  observed  above,  the  cavalry  was  furnished  by  non-Romans,  so  that 
transfer  to  that  branch  of  the  service  was  no  mark  of  distinction. 

4.  equis,  on  horseback. 

6.  ut:  twice  in  this  line  ut  is  crowded  out  of  its  normal  place  at  the 
head  of  its  clause  in  order  to  emphasize  other  words,  ex  equis  in  jne  case 
and  praeter  se  denos  in  the  other. 

7.  ventum  est:  thej  had  come;  impersonal  passive. 


A   JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  291 

Caesar  initio  orationis  sua  senatusque  in  eum  beneficia  com- 
memoravit,  quod  rex  appellatus  esset  a  senatti,  quod  amicus, 
quod  munera  amplissime  missa;  ''haec  res,"  inquit,  ''et  panels  lo 
contigit  et  pro  magnis  honiinum  officiis  consuevit  tribui;  tu, 
cum  neque  aditum  neque  causam  postulandl  justam  haberes, 
beneficio  ac  liberalitate  mea  ac  senatus  ea  praemia  consecutus 
es.  Veteres  justasque  causas  necessitudinis  Roman!  cum 
Haeduls  habent;  multa  senatus  consulta  honorifica  in  eos  facta  1.5 
sunt;  omni  tempore  totius  Galliae  principatum  Haedul  tenue- 
runt,  prius  etiam  quam  nostram  amicitiam  appetierunt. 
Populi  Roman!  haec  est  consuetudo,  ut  socios  atque  amicos 
non  modo  su!  nihil  deperdere,  sed  gratia,  dignitate,  honore 
auctiores  velit  esse;  quod  vero  ad  amicitiam  popul!  Roman!  20 
attulerunt,  id  i!s  eripi  quis  pat!  potest?"  Postulavit  deinde 
eadem  quae  legatis  in  mandatis  dederat:  ne  aut  Haeduls  aut 
eorum  socils  bellum  !nferret;  obsides  redderet;  s!  nuUam  par- 
tem Germanorum  domum  remittere  posset,  at  ne  quos 
amplius  Rhenum  transire  pateretur.  25 

Ariovistus  Claims  the  Rights  of  a  Conqueror 

44.  Ariovistus  ad  postulata  Caesaris  pauca  respondit,  de 
su!s  virtutibus  multa  praedicavit:  ''Trarisii  Rhenum,"  inquit, 
''non  mea  sponte,  sed  rogatus  et  arcessltus  a  Gallis;  non  sine 
magna  spe  magnisque  praemiis  domum  propinquosque  rel!qu!; 
sedes  habeo  in  Gallia  ab  ipsis  concessas,  obsides  ipsorum  5 
voluntate   datos;   stipendium   capio   jure  ])elll,   quod   victores 

9.  quod,  etc.:  the  quod  clauses  define  beneficia. 

18.  consuetude:  explained  by  the  clause  ut  .  .  .  velit,  to  wish,  etc. 

19.  sui  nihil,  nothing  that  belongs  to  them;  sul  is  a  genitive  of  the  whole; 
literally,  0/  theirs. 

20.  quod  .  .  .  attulerunt,  as  for  ivhnt  they  brought  {with  them)  when  they 
became  friends  of  the  Roman  people.  The  antecedent  of  quod  is  the  follow- 
ing id. 

22.  ne  .  .  .  inf arret,  that  he  should  not  make  war,  etc.  This  clause  and 
the  following  explain  eadem,  1.  22 

5.  ipsis:  i.  e.,  the  Gauls. 


292  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

victis  imponere  consuerunt.  Non  ego  Gallls  sed  Galli  mihi 
bellum  intulerunt;  omnes  Galliae  civitates  ad  me  oppugnan- 
dum  venerunt  ac   contra  me  castra  habuerunt;  eae  omnes 

10  copiae  a  me  uno  proelio  pulsae  ac  superatae  sunt.  Si  iterum 
experlri  volunt,  iterum  paratus  sum  decertare;  si  pace  titi 
volunt,  iniquum  est  de  stTpendio  recusare,  quod  sua  voluntate 
ad  hoc  tempus  pependerunt.  Amicitiam  populi  Roman!  mihi 
ornaments  et  praesidio,  non  detrlmento  esse  oportet,  idque 

15  hac  spe  petil.  Si  per  populum  Romanum  stipendium  remit- 
tetur  et  dediticii  subtrahentur,  non  minus  hbenter  rectisabo 
populi  Romani  amicitiam  quam  appetil.  Quod  multitudinem 
Germanorum  in  Galliam  traduco,  id  mei  muniendi,  non  Gal- 
liae oppugnandae  causa  facio;  ejus  rei  testimonio  est  quod  nisi 

20  rogatus  non  veni  et  quod  bellum  non  intuli  sed  defend!. 
Ego  prius  in  Galliam  ven!  quam  populus  Romanus.  Num- 
quam  ante  hoc  tempus  exercitus  populi  Romani  Galliae  pro- 
vinciae  finibus  egressus  est.  Quid  tibi  vis?  Cur  in  meas 
possessiones  venis?     Provincia  mea  haec  est  Gallia,  sicut  ilia 

25  vestra.  Ut  mihi  conced!  non  oporteret,  si  in  vestros  fines 
impetum  facerem,  sic  item  vos  estis  iniqui,  quod  in  meo  jure 
me  interpellatis.     Quod  f  rat  res  a  senatu  Haeduos  appellatos 

7.  ego:  supply  bellum  intuit. 

12.  de  stipendio  recusare,  to  refuse  to  pay  the  tribute. 

14.  ornamento  et  praesidio,  an  honor  and  a  safeguard;  datives  of  pur- 
pose. 

17.  Quod:  not  because.  ^ 

18.  mei  muniendi:  with  the  genitives  of  the  pronouns  mei,  tui,  sui, 
nostri,  vestri,  the  gerundive  takes  only  the  form  in  -endi  without  attempt 
to  show  actual  gender;  i.e.,  a  woman  speaking  would  say  also  mei  mUniendl 
causa. 

19.  est:  the  subject  is  the  following  clause,  quod  .  .  .  venl  .  .  .  defendl; 
testimonio  is  a  predicate  dative  of  purpose  or  end  served.  Translate,  the 
proof  of  this  is,  that,  etc. 

24.  haec  Gallia,  this  part  of  Gaul. 

26.  vestra :  used  instead  of  tua  to  include  the  Roman  nation,  not  merely 
Caesar  alone. 

concedi  non  oporteret,  no  concession  should  be  made  (me);  concedl  is  an 
impersonal  passive. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  293 

dicis,  neque  bello  AUobrogum  proximo  Haedul  Romanis  auxilium 
tulerunt  neque  ipsi  in  his  contentionibus  quas  Haedul  mecum 
et  cum  Sequanis  habuerunt  auxilio  populi  Roman!  usi  sunt.  3(j 
Neque  tam  barbarus  neque  tam  impeiitus  sum  rerum  ut  haec 
non  sciam.     Debeo  suspicarl  te,  simulata  amicitia,  exercitum  in 
Gallia    mei    opprimendi    causa    habere.     Nisi    decedes    atque 
exercitum  deduces  ex  his  regionibus,  te  non  pro  amico  sed 
pro  hoste  habebo.     Quod  si  te  interfecero,  multis  nobiUbus  35 
principibusque  populi  Roman!  gratum  fecero;  id  ab  ipsis  per 
eorum  nuntios   compertum   habeo,  quorum   omnium  gratiam 
atque  amicitiam  tua  morte  redimere  possum.     Quod  s!  deces- 
seris  et  liberam  possessionem  Galliae  mihi  tradideris,  magno 
te  praemio  remunerabor  et  quaecumque  bella  gerl  voles  sine  40 
tillo  tuo  labore  et  periculo  conficiam." 

Caesar  Defends  Roman  Against  German  Claims 

45.  Multa  a  Caesare  in  eam  sententiam  dicta  sunt,  quare 
negotio  desistere  non  posset:  ''Neque  mea,"  inquit,  "neque 
popul!  Roman!  consuetudo  patitur  ut  optime  meritos  socios 
deseram,  neque  judico  Galliam  potius  esse  tuam  quam  populi 
Roman!.  Bello  superati  sunt  Arvern!  et  Ruten!  a  Q.  Fabio  5 
Maximo,  quibus  populus  Romanus  ignovit  neque  in  provin- 
ciam  redegit  neque  stipendium  imposuit.     Quod  si  antiquis- 

28.  bello  AUobrogum  proximo:  this  war  occurred  in  62-61  b.c. 
32.  simulata  amicitia,  while  pretending  friendship. 

35.  habebo,  /  shall  treat. 

36.  gratum,  a  welcome  thing,  a  favor;  an  adjective  used  as  a  noun. 

37.  compertum  habeo:  translate  as  if  comperi,  and  see  the  note  on  15,  3. 
1.  in  eam  sententiam,  quare,  to  show  why;  quare  .  .  .  posset  is  an  indirect 

question;  in  eam  sententiam  means  literally,  in  the  direction  of  the  opinion. 
3.  ut  .  .  .  deseram:  patior  may  take  either  an  infinitive  with  subject 
accusative  or  a  noun  clause;  translate  as  if  me   .  .  deserere. 

5.  Bello:  in  121  b.c. 

6.  quibus:  dative  with  a  verb  meaning  "pardon";  from  this  dative  an 
accusative  is  to  be  supplied  as  the  object  of  redegit. 

7.  antiquissimum  quodque  tempus,  mere  priority;  literally,  the  time 
furthest  back  in  each  case.  Since  the  Roman  conquest  in  this  region  went 
back  as  far  as  121  b.c,  Caesar  argues  that  Roman  claims  were  better 
founded  than  German. 


294  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

simum  quodque  tempus  spectari  oportet,  populi  Romani  jus- 
tissimum  est  in  Gallia  imperium;  si  judicium  senatus  obser- 
10  van  oportet,  libera  debet  esse  Gallia,  quam  bello  vie  tarn  suis 
legibus  uti  voluit." 

A  Treacherous  Attack  by  the  Germans 
Ends  the  Interview 

46.  Dum  haec  in  colloquio  geruntur,  Caesari  nuntiatum 
est  equites  AriovistI  propius  tumulum  accedere  et  ad  nostros 
adequitare  et  lapides  telaque  in  nostros  conjicere.  Caesar 
loquendl  finem  fecit  seque  ad  suos  recepit  sulsque  imperavit 

5  ne  quod  omnino  telum  in  hostes  rejicerent.  Nam  etsi  sine 
ullo  perlculo  legionis  delectae  cum  equitatu  proelium  fore 
videbat,  tamen  nolebat  hostes  dicere  posse,  si  pulsi  essent,  se 
a  Romanis  per  fidem  in  colloquio  circumventos.  Ita  collo- 
quium diremptum  est.     Postquam  mllites  de  his  rebus  cer- 

10  tiores  facti  sunt,  multo  major  alacritas  studiumque  pugnandi 
ma  jus  exercitui  injectum  est. 

Ariovistus  Asks  for  Another  Conference  —  Caesar 

Sends  Envoys  Instead  —  Ariovistus  Throws 

Them  into  Chains 

47.  Biduo  post  Ariovistus,  ad  Caesarem  legatls  missis, 
nuntiavit  se  velle  de  iis  rebus  quae  inter  eos  agl  coeptae 
neque  perfectae  essent  agere  cum  eo;  petlvit  ut  aut  iterum 
colloquio   diem    constitueret    aut,   si   id  minus  vellet,   e  suis 

5  legatls   aUquem   ad   se   mitteret.     Colloquendi   Caesari   causa 

10.  victam,  although  vanquished. 

2.  tumulum :  accusative ;  the  adverb  propius  may  govern  an  accusative. 
8.  per  fidem,  through  their  faith  in  him;  i.e.,  treacherously. 

11.  exercitui  injectum  est,  ivas  inspired  in  the  army. 

2.  agi  coeptae  essent,  had  begun  to  be  discussed;  with  a  passive  infinitive, 
coepl  itself  is  most  often  j)ut  in  the  passive. 

4.  si  id  minus  vellet,  if  he  were  not  quite  willing  for  that. 

e  suis  legatis  aliquem,  some  one  of  his  lieutenants;  legdtorum,  genitive  of 
the  whole,  might  have  been  employed. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER  295 

visa  non  est,  et  eo  magis  quod  German!  in  colloquio  tela  in 
nostros  conjecerant.  Legatum  sese  magno  cum  periculo  ad 
eum  missurum  et  hominibus  feris  objecturum  existimabat. 
Misit  igitur  Galium  quendam,  C.  Valerium  Procillum,  et 
propter  fidem  et  propter  linguae  Gallicae  scientiam,  qua  lo 
multa  jam  Ariovistus  longinqua  consuetudine  utebatur,  et 
quod  in  eo  peccandi  Germanis  causa  non  erat,  et  una  M. 
Metium,  qui  hospitio  AriovistI  utebatur.  His  mandavit  ut 
quae  diceret  Ariovistus  cognoscerent  et  ad  se  referrent. 
Quos  cum  apud  se  in  castrls  Ariovistus  conspexisset,  exercitti  in 
suo  praesente  conclamavit:  ''Quid  ad  me  venltis?  an  specu- 
landi  causa?"  Conantis  dicere  prohibuit  et  in  catenas 
conjecit. 

Caesar  Offers  Battle  —  Ariovistus  Refuses  — 
German  Cavalry  Tactics 

48.  Eodem  die  castra  promovit  et  mllibus  passuum  vi  a 
Caesaris  castris  sub  monte  consedit.  Postrldie  ejus  die! 
praeter  castra  Caesaris  suas  copias  traduxit  et  mllibus  pas- 
suum duobus  ultra  eum  castra  fecit  eo  oonsilio,  ut  frumento 
commeatuque  qui  ex  Sequanis  et  Haeduls  supportaretur  5 
Caesarem  interclSderet.  Ex  eo  die  continuos  v  Caesar  pro 
castrls  suas  copias  produxit  et  aciem  instructam  habuit,  ut, 
si  vellet  Ariovistus  proelio  contendere,  ei  potestas  non  dees- 

10.  qua  multa  Ariovistus  utebatur,  which  Ariovistus  spoke  fluently. 

12.  in  eo  peccandi  Germanis  causa  non  erat,  in  his  case  the  Germans  had 
no  reason  for  doing  wrong;  Germdnis  is  dative  of  possession. 

una,  along  with  him;  an  adverb,  in  origin  perhaps  from  Una  via. 

13.  utebatur,  enjoyed. 

14.  diceret:  subjunctive  in  an  indirect  question. 

16.  an  speculandi  causa,  is  it  for  the  sake  of  spying? 

17.  Conantis  dicere,  when  they  attempted  to  speak. 

4.  eo  consilio,  ivith  this  purpose;  consilio  is  explained  by  the  following 
clause,  vi  .  .  .  inter clilderet. 

7.  ut  ei  potestas  non  deesset,  that  he  might  not  lack  the  opportunity ;  just 
as  the  dative  is  used  with  the  verb  sum  to  express  possession,  so  it  may  be 
employed  with  the  negative  or  opposite  of  sum. 


296  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


1 


set.  Ariovistus  his  omnibus  diebus  exercitum  castris  conti- 
10  nuit,  equestri  proelio  cotidie  contendit.  Genus  hoc  erat  pug- 
nae  quo  se  German!  exercuerant.  Equitum  mlUa  erant  vi, 
totidem  numero  pedites  velocissimi  ac  fortissiml,  quos  ex 
omnI  copia  singuli  singulos  suae  salutis  causa  delegerant;  cum 
his  in  proehis  versabantur,  ad  eos  se  equites  recipiebant;  hi, 
15  si  quid  erat  durius,  concurrebant;  si  qui  graviore  vulnere 
accepto  equo  deciderat,  circumsistebant ;  si  quo  erat  longius 
prodeundum  aut  celerius  recipiendum,  tanta  erat  horum 
exercitatione  celeritas  ut  jubis  sublevati  equorum  cursum 
adaequarent. 

Caesar  Fortifies  a  Second  Camp 

49.  Ubi  eum  castris  se  tenere  Caesar  intellexit,  ne  diutius 
commeatii  prohiberetur,  ultra  eum  locum,  quo  in  loco  Ger- 
mani  consederant,  circiter  passus  DC  ab  his,  castris  idoneum 
locum  delegit  acieque  triplici  instructa  ad  eum  locum  venit. 
5  Primam  et  secundam  aciem  in  armis  esse,  tertiam  castra 
munire  jussit.  Hie  locus  ab  hoste  circiter  passus  dc,  ut  dic- 
tum est,  aberat.  Eo  circiter  hominum  xvi  milia  expedita 
cum  omni  equitatii  Ariovistus  misit,  quae  copiae  nostros  per- 
terrerent  et  munitione  prohiberent.     Nihilo  setius  Caesar,  ut 

11.  quo,  to  which,  in  ivhich;  ablative. 

12.  quos  singuli  singulos  delegerant,  whom  they  had  chosen,  one  for  each 
of  them;  singuli  agrees  with  the  subject  of  delegerant,  i.e.,  equites  under- 
stood, while  singulos  agrees  with  quos  referring  to  the  pedites. 

14.  versabantur,  would  engage;  this  and  the  following  imperfects  denote 
habitual  action. 

15.  durius,  more  dangerous  than  usual;  the  comparatives  in  this  passage 
are  employed  without  any  definite  standard  of  comparison  expressed ;  they 
are  to  be  translated  by  "too,"  "more  than  usual." 

16.  si  quo  erat  prodeundum,  if  it  was  necessary  to  advance  to  any  place. 
1.  ne  .  .  .  prohiberetur:   the  clause  states  the* purpose  oi  delegit  and 

veyiit. 

3.  castris:  dative,  dependent  on  idoneum. 

7.  expedita:  the  adjective  limits  milia,  but  should  be  translated  as  if 
expeditorum,  in  agreement  with  hominmn.  ' 

8.  quae  copiae  .  .  .  perterrerent:  relative  clause  of  purpose. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  297 

ante  constituerat,  duas  acies  hostem  propulsare,  tertiam  opus  lo 
perficere  jussit.     Munltis  castris,  duas  ibi  legiones  rellquit  et 
partem  auxiliorum,  quattuor  reliquas  in  castra  majora  reduxit. 

Ariovistus  Continues  to  Refuse  Battle 

50.  Proximo  die  Instituto  suo  Caesar  e  castris  utrlsque 
copias  suas  eduxit  paulumque  a  majoribus  castris  progressus 
aciem  instruxit,  hostibus  pugnandi  potestatem  fecit.  Ubi  ne 
turn  quidem  eos  prodire  intellexit,  circiter  meridiem  exercitum 
in  castra  reduxit.  Tum  demum  Ariovistus  partem  suarura  s 
copiarum  quae  castra  minora  oppugnaret  misit.  Acriter 
utrimque  usque  ad  vesperum  pugnatum  est.  Solis  occasu 
suas  copias  Ariovistus,  multls  et  illatis  et  acceptis  vulneribus, 
in  castra  reduxit.  Cum  ex  captlvis  quaereret  Caesar  quam 
ob  rem  Ariovistus  proelio  non  decertaret,  illi  responderunt :  lo 
"Apud  Germanos  ea  consuetudo  est,  ut  mat  res  familiae 
eorum  sortibus  et  vaticinationibus  declarent  utrum  proelium 
committi  ex  usti  sit  necne;  eae  ita  dicunt:  'non  est  fas  Ger- 
manos superare,  si  ante  novam  lunam  proelio  contenderint.' " 

Caesar  by  Marching  on  the  German  Camp 
Provokes  Ariovistus  to  Battle 

51.  Postridie  ejus  diei  Caesar  praesidio  utrisque  castris 
quod  satis  esse  visum  est  reliquit;  omnis  alarios  in  conspectu 
hostium  pro  castris  minoribus  constituit,  quod  minus  multitu-    ' 

6.  Acriter  .  .  .  pugnatum  est,  both  sides  fought  fiercely  till  evening;  pug- 
natum est  is  an  impersonal  passive, 

9.  quam  ob  rem,  why,  introducing  an  indirect  question. 

11.  ut  .  .  .  declarent:  a  noun  clause  explaining  consuetudo,  while  utrum 
.  .  .  sit  is  an  indirect  question. 

13.  ex  usu,  of  advantage. 

15.  superare:  here  used  without  an  object. 

1.  praesidio  utrisque  castris,  as  a  guard  to  both  camps;  two  datives, 
one  of  purpose,  the  other  of  reference. 

2.  quod  satis  esse  visum  est,  what  seemed  a  large  enough  force. 

3.  multitudine :  ablative  of  respect. 


298  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

.dine  militum  legionariorum  pro  hostium  numero  valebat,  ut 
5  ad  speciem  alarils  uteretur;  ipse,  triplici  instmcta  acie,  usque 
ad  castra  hostium  accessit.  Turn  demum  necessario  Ger- 
man! suas  copias  castris  eduxerunt  generatimque  constitue- 
runt  paribus  intervallis,  Hartides,  Marcomanos,  Tribocos, 
Vangiones,  Nemetes,  Sedusios,  Suebos,  omnemque  aciem  suam 
10  raedls  et  carris  circumdederunt,  ne  qua  spes  in  fuga  relin- 
queretur.  Eo  mulieres  imposuerunt,  quae  ad  proelium  pro- 
ficlscentes  milites  passis  manibus  flentes  implorabant  ne  se  in 
servitutem  Romanls  traderent. 

Progress  of  the  Battle 

52.  Caesar  singulis  legionibus  singulos  legatos  et  quaesto- 
rem  praefecit,  ut  eos  testes  suae  quisque  virtutis  haberet; 
ipse  a  dextro  cornu,  quod  earn  partem  minime  firmam  hosti- 
um   esse    animadverterat,    proeHum    commisit;    et   ita   nostrl 

5  acriter  in  hostes  signo  dato  impetum  fecerunt,  itaque  hostes 
repente  celeriterque  procurrerunt  ut  spatium  pila  in  hostes 
conjiciendi  non  daretur.  Projectis  pills,  comminus  gladils 
pugnatum  est.  .  At  German!,  celeriter  ex  consuetudine  sua 
phalange  facta,  impetus  gladiorum  exceperunt.     Reperti  sunt 

10  complures  nostri  qui  in  phalangem  !nsilirent  et  scuta  manibus 

4.  pro,  in  proportion  to,  in  comparison  ivith. 

5.  ad  speciem :  the  phrase  expresses  purpose. 

10.  raedis,  earns:  ablatives  of  means. 

11.  Eo  =  in  raedds  et  carros. 
proficiscentes :  with  milites. 

1.  singulos  legatos  et  quaestorem:  Caesar  had  six  legions  and  one 
quaestor;  five  legions  were  therefore  commanded  by  lieutenants. 

2.  eos  testes,  these  men  as  witnesses. 

3.  a  dextro  comu,  on  the  right  wing. 

5.  itaque  =  et  ita. 

6.  pila:  object  of  the  gerund  conjiciendi,  which  depends  on  spatium. 

7.  comminus  gladiis  pugnatum  est,  they  fought  hand  to  hand  with  swords, 

8.  ex,  according  to. 

10.  qui  .  .  .  vulnerarent:  a  relative  descriptive  clause. 


A  JUNIOR  lATIN  READER  299 

revellerent  et  desuper  vulnerarent.  Cum  hostium  acies  a 
sinistro  cornu  pulsa  atque  in  fugam  conjecta  esset,  a  dextro 
cornu  vehementer  multitudine  suorum  nostram  aciem  preme- 
bant.  Id  cum  animadvertisset  P.  Crassus  adulescens,  qui 
equitatui  praeerat,  quod  expeditior  erat  quam  ii  qui  inter  15 
aciem  versabantur,  tertiam  aciem  laborantibus  nostris  sub- 
sidio  misit. 

German  Defeat  and  Flight — Recovery  of 
Caesar's  Envoys 

53.  Ita  proelium  restitutum  est,  atque  omnes  hostes  terga 
verterunt  neque  prius  fugere  destiterunt  quam  ad  flumen 
Rhenum  milia  passuum  ex  eo  loco  circiter  v  pervenerunt. 
Ibi  perpauci  aut  viribus  conflsl  tranare  contenderunt  aut 
lintribus  inventis  sibi  salutem  reppererunt;  in  his  fuit  Ariovis-  5 
tus,  qui  naviculam  deligatam  ad  ripam  nactus  ea  profugit; 
reliquos  omnes  consecuti  equites  nostri  interfecerunt.  Duae 
fuerunt  AriovistI  uxores,  una  Sueba  natione,  quam  domo 
secum  duxerat,  altera  Norica,  regis  Voccionis  soror,  quam  in 
Gallia  duxerat,  a  fratre  missam;  utraque  in  ea  fuga  periit.  10 
Fuerunt  duae  filiae;  harum  altera  occlsa,  altera  capta  est. 
C.  Valerius  Procillus,  cum  a  custodibus  in  fuga  trims  catenis 
vinctus  traheretur,  in  ipsum  Caesarem  hostes  equitatu  In- 
sequentem  incidit.     Quae   quidem  res   Caesaii   non   minorem 

11.  a:  with  the  same  meaning  as  in  1.  3. 

14.  P.  Crassus:  son  of  the  M.  Crassus  who  with  Caesar  and  Pompeius 
formed  the  first  triumvirate.  Pubhus  lost  his  hfe  in  53  B.C.  at  the  battle 
of  Carrhae,  in  which  the  army  commanded  by  his  father  was  defeated  by 
the  Parthians. 

16.  laborantibus  nostris  subsidio,  to  the  relief  of  our  men  in  distress. 

2.  prius:  with  quam;  the  two  are  commonly  written  as  one  word. 

4.  viribus:  ablative  with  coyifrsi,  trusting  in;  the  same  verb  in  the  sense 
of  trust,  with  a  person  as  indirect  object,  takes  the  dative. 

6.  ea,  in  it;  ablative  of  means. 

7.  Duae  fuerunt  uxores:  polygamy  was  not  common  among  the  Ger- 
mans, being  restricted  to  the  chiefs. 

13.  in.Ca.esaiem.'nicidit,  fell  in  with  Caesar. 


300  A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 

15  quam  ipsa  victoria  voluptatem  attulit,  quod  hominem 
honestissimum  provinciae  Galliae,  suum  familiarem  et  hospi- 
tem,  ereptum  e  manibus  hostium  sibi  restitutum  videbat, 
neque  ejus  calamitate  de  tanta  voluptate  et  gratulatione 
quicquam    fortuna    deminuerat.     Is    se    praesente    de   se   ter 

20  sortibus  consultum  dicebat  utrum  ignl  statim  necaretur  an  in 
aliud  tempus  reservaretur;  sortium  beneficio  se  esse  incolu- 
mem.     Item  M.  Metius  repertus  et  ad  eum  reductus  est. 

Caesar  Places  His  Army  in  Winter  Quarters 

AND  Goes  to  Italy 

64.  Hoc  proelio  trans  Rhenum  nuntiato,  Suebi,  qui  ad 
rlpas  RhenI  venerant,  domum  reverti  coeperunt;  ubi  ii  qui 
proximi  Rhenum  incolunt  eos  perterritos  senserunt,  Insectitl 
magnum  ex  iis  numerum  occiderunt.  Caesar,  una  aestate 
5  duobus  maximis  bellis  confectis,  mattirius  paulo  quam  tem- 
pus anni  postulabat  in  hiberna  in  Sequanos  exercitum  dedtixit ; 
hlbernis  Labienum  praeposuit;  ipse  in  citeriorem  Galliam  ad 
conventtis  agendos  profectus  est. 

18.  neque  quicquam  fortuna  deminuerat,  and  fortune  had  not  subtracted 
anything. 

19.  de  se  ter  sortibus  consultum  dicebat,  said  that  the  lots  had  been 
cast  three  times  with  regard  to  him. 

20.  utrum  .  .  .  necaretur  an  .  .  .  reservaretur,  as  to  whether  he  should  be 
put  to  death  with  fire  or  reserved,  etc, 

3.  Rhenum:  the  accusative  of  a  place  name  may  be  governed  by  the 
adjective  proximus;  in  46,  2,  the  accusative  with  the  comparative  adverb 
propius  occurred. 

7.  ad  conventiis  agendos,  to  hold  the  (provincial)  courts.  A  governor 
of  a  province  was  also  supreme  judge  in  the  provincial  courts. 


-J- 


REVIEW  OUTLINE  FOR  FIRST  YEAR  WORK 


FIRST   REVIEW   LESSON 


VOCABULARY  REVIEW 


ager, 

equus 

rosa 

magnus 

sto 

amicus 

femina 

servus 

meus 

sum 

aiirum 

fIlia 

silva 

multus 

non 

avilritia 

innocentia 

templum 

ambulo 

saepe 

bellum 

insula 

verbum 

amo 

semper 

consilium 

liber 

via 

do 

quod 

dominus 

nauta 

victoria 

habito 

a,  ab 

eloquentia 

peiiculum 

vir 

audo 

cum 

epistula 

puer 

bonus 

ports 

in 

REVIEW  OF  FORMS  AND  SYNTAX 

(1)  First  declension  of  nouns.     App.  1. 

(2)  Second  declension  of  nouns.     App.  2. 

(3)  Adjectives     of     the     first     and     second     declensions. 

App.  6. 

(4)  Present,  imperfect,  and  future  indicative  active  of  the 

first  and  second  conjugations.     App.  26,  28. 

(5)  Present,    imperfect,    and    future    indicative    of    sum. 

App.  31. 

(6)  Agreement  of  the  verb,  App.  40. 

(7)  Agreement  of  adjectives.     App.  38  (1). 

(8)  Nominative  as  subject  or  predicate.     App.  41. 

(9)  Genitive  of  possession.     App.  42. 

(10)  Dative  with  adjectives.     App.  50. 

(11)  Dative  of  indirect  object.     App.  49. 

(12)  Accusative  as  direct  object.     App.  57. 

(13)  Ablative  of  place  where.     App.  68. 

301 


302 


A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


EXERCISES 

1.  Libros  bonos  laudamus.  2.  Eloquentia  domini  ab  ami- 
cls  meis  saepe  laudatur.  3.  Filia  servl  in  magna  insula  habi- 
tat. 4.  Puer  amlco  nautae  epistulas  dat.  5.  Saepe  in  silva 
cum  puero  ambulo.  6.  Verba  mea  ab  amlcls  meis  laudantur. 
7.  Bellum  magnum  est,  et  in  perTculo  sumus.  8.  Templum 
in  magna  silva  stat.  9.  Equos  domini  laudo,  quod  bom  sunt. 
10.  Filia  domini  magnam  rosam  portat.  11.  In  agris  et  sil- 
vls  cum  amicis  saepe  ambulamus.  12.  Vir  bonus  non  sem- 
per consilium  {advice)  bonum  dat.  13.  Nautae  non  multum 
aurum  portant.  14.  Multi  vir!  bella  et  pericula  amant. 
15.  Vir  aurum  amat,  sed  avaritiam  non  laudat. 

1.  My  friend  loves  good  books.  2.  The  master  gives  a  let- 
ter to  the  sailor.  3.  The  boy  often  walks  in  the  street  with 
the  slave.  4.  The  woman  praises  [the  large  roses.  5.  The 
master's  daughter  is  in  great  danger.  6.  The  woman  lives  in 
the  forest  with  the  sailor's  daughter.  7.  Good  men  praise 
the  words  of  my  friend.  8.  The  slaves  carry  letters  and 
gold.  9.  The  boy's  horse  stands  in  the  street.  10.  The 
woman  gives  much  gold  to  the  slaves. 

SECOND   REVIEW  LESSON 


VOCABULARY   REVIEW 


agricola 

nasus 

hic 

tuus 

pugno 

aquila 

numerus 

ille 

vester 

video 

arma 

oppidani 

ipse 

accuso 

volo 

barbarus 

oppidum 

atus 

aedifico 

e,  ex 

campus 

patria 

liber 

demonstro 

pro 

carrus 

poeta 

longus 

erro 

sine 

castra 

puella 

miser 

habeo 

et 

causa 

vicus 

.   noster 

labors 

sed 

culpa 

aequus 

parvus 

moneo 

filius 

benignus 

pulcher 

muto 

folium 

gratus 

sacer 

propero 

A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  303 

REVIEW    OF   FORMS   AND    SYNTAX 

(1)  Declension  of  hie.     App.  20,  a. 

(2)  Declension  of  ille  and  ipse.     App.  20  6,  22. 

(3)  Present,  imperfect,  and  future  indicative  passive  of  the 

first  and  second  conjugations.     App.  27,  29. 

(4)  Possessive  adjectives  of  the  first  and  second  persons. 

App.  19. 

(5)  Apposition.     App.  39. 

(6)  Present  active  infinitive  of  the  first  and  second  con- 

jugations.    App.  26,  28. 

(7)  Ablative  of  accompaniment.     App.  70. 

(8)  Ablative  of  agent.     App.  66. 

(9)  Ablative  of  place  from  which.     App.  65. 

EXERCISES 

1.  Barbarl  saepe  magna  templa  aedificant.  2.  Agricola 
benign  us  puero  equum  bonum  dat.  3.  Ab  amicis  accusamur, 
sed  culpa  non  est  nostra.  4.  Oppidan!  in  agrls  non  laborant. 
5.  Filia  hujus  servl  est  libera.  6.  Poetae  hos  campos  latos 
saepe  laudant.  7.  Oppidan!  saepe  monentur,  quod  barbarl 
in  silvis  errant.  8.  Fllius  agricolae  miser  est  et  non  laborat. 
9.  Amicus  mens  multos  equos  pulchros  habet.  10.  Poeta  in 
parvo  v!co  habitat.  11.  Carrus  puero  parvo  gratus  est. 
12.  Non  sine  causa  patriam  nostram  amamus.  13.  Pueri 
properant,  quod  oppidum  vident.  14.  Magnam  aquilam  in 
silva  videmus.  15.  Servus  magnum  numerum  equorum  in 
agro  demonstrat. 

1.  This  farmer  always  has  a  large  number  of  good  horses. 
2.  Your  son  does  not  often  work  in  the  fields.  3.  The  boys 
are  warned  by  the  woman  because  they  are  in  danger. 
4.  The  man  points  out  many  beautiful  villages.  5.  That 
town  has  many  broad  streets.  6.  The  townspeople  them- 
selves often  fight  with  the  barbarians.  7.  The  men  change 
their    plans    because    they    see    the    danger.     8.  The    poet's 


304 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


daughter  does  not  work,  and  she  is  censured.  9.  Many  boys 
and  men  are  hastening  from  the  villages  and  towns.  10.  We 
are  building  a  sacred  temple  in  this  forest. 

THIRD   REVIEW   LESSON 

VOCABULARY  REVIEW 


aqua 

natura 

angustus 

compleo 

magnopere 

barba 

nihil 

carus 

explore 

numquam 

bestia 

ntintius 

clarus 

invito 

nunc 

donum 

pecunia 

'erus 

juvo 

primo 

fabula 

pictura 

iratus 

maneo 

rursus 

fossa 

poena 

is 

moveo 

tamen 

Gallia 

populus 

paratus 

narro 

turn 

Gallus 

potentia 

quattuor 

occupo 

ac 

German! 

pugna 

Romanus 

supero 

ante 

gladius 

saxum 

suus 

terreo 

circum 

hortus 

socius 

verus 

timeo 

per 

inimicus 

statua 

quis 

fortiter 

post 

locus 

Villa 

clamo 

hodie 

aut 

REVIEW  OF  FORMS  AND  SYNTAX 

(1)  Declension  of  is.     App.  20  c. 

(2)  Declension  of  the  interrogative  pronoun  and  adjective. 

App.  24. 

(3)  Perfect  indicative  active.     App.  26,  28. 

(4)  Possessives  of  the  third  person.     App.  19. 


EXERCISES 

1.  Multa  dona  el  puero  dedL  2.  Ea  f fibula  non  vera  est, 
et  periculum  in  silva  non  timeo.  3.  Hortus  mens  est  pulcher, 
quod  laboro.  4.  Inimicus  mens  poenam  non  sine  causa 
timet.  5.  Tum  Galli  erant  socii  populi  Romanl.  6.  Pueri 
nihil  timent,   et  hunc   locum  explorabunt.     7.  Ferae  bcstiae 


A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


305 


saepe  in  hac  silva  videntur.  8.  Socil  nostri  irati  sunt,  quod 
ad  (for)  bellum  non  parati  sumus.  9.  Potentia  patriae  nos- 
trae  numquam  timetur,  quod  bellum  non  amamus.  10.  Pic- 
turam  pulchram  in  villa  poetae  hodie  vidl.  11.  Quis  hoc 
magnum  saxum  ex  agrls  portavit?  12.  Ilium  puerum  non 
invitavi,  quod  amicus  mens  non  est.  13.  Eum  iuvabo,  sed 
numquam  laudabo.  14.  Multl  virl  clarl  in  hoc  oppido  habi- 
tabant.     15.  Puer  epistulam  ad  poetam  portabat. 

1.  This  man  has  great  power,  but  we  do  not  fear  him. 
2.  These  barbarians  are  fierce,  and  they  have  seized  our 
towns.  3.  I  was  exploring  the  forest  with  your  son.  4. 
There    are    many    beautiful    villas    in    our    native    country. 

5.  By   whom    (singular)    has    your    daughter    been    invited? 

6.  We  shall   help  our   allies,   because  their   danger  is   great. 

7.  This  famous  poet  will  not  remain  in  our  town.  8.  The 
messenger  was  carrying  money  and  a  letter.  9.  There  are 
many  large  rocks  in  this  place.  10.  I  shall  see  the  statue 
and  the  pictures  in  the  temple. 

FOURTH   REVIEW   LESSON 


VOCABULARY    REVIEW 

annus 

Italia 

stipendium 

augeo 

rogo 

auxilium 

legatus 

vita 

celo 

vito 

beneficium 

mora 

adversus 

convoco 

vulnero 

Britannia 

mtirus 

aeternus 

duco 

antea 

concilium 

porta 

altus 

expecto 

cur 

copia 

praemium 

firmus 

mitto 

diu 

domicilium 

praesidium 

honestus 

neco 

ibi 

'ortuna 

proelium 

novus 

nuntio 

item 

fuga 

rota 

perlculosus 

postulo 

longe 

gloria 

scalae 

quinque 

probo 

ubi 

hora 

schola 

septem 

relinquo 

vix 

initium 

scutum 

sex 

renovo 

ultra 

injuria 

signum 

tantus 

repudio 

si 

306  A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 

REVIEW    OF   FORMS   AND    SYNTAX 

(1)  Past   perfect   and   future   perfect   indicative   active   of 

regular  verbs.     App.  26,  28. 

(2)  Perfect  system  of  sum.     App.  31. 

(3)  Perfect  system  of  regular  verbs  in  the  passive.     App. 

27,  29. 

(4)  Present,  imperfect,   and   future  indicative,  active    and 

passive,  of  third  conjugation  -o  verbs.     App.  28,  29. 

(5)  Use  of  participles.     App.  122-126. 

(6)  Accusative  of  duration.     App.  58. 

EXERCISES 
1.  Consilium  tuum  a  legato  nuntiatum  laudabitur.  2.  Co- 
piae  nostrae  non  multos  annos  in  Gallia  manebunt.  3.  Cur 
beneficia  ab  (from)  hoc  inimico  expectas?  4.  Hie  clarus 
poeta  domicilium  in  Britannia  multos  annos  habuerat. 
5.  Post  initium  pugnae  fuga  erat  periculosa.  6.  In  ea  schola 
erant  fllil  multorum  virorum  clarorum.  7.  Sociis  auxilium 
dabimus  et  ab  (from)  sociis  auxilium  postulabimus.  8.  Multi 
hoc  bellum  non  probant,  quod  non  sunt  amici  patriae  nostrae. 
9.  Gloria  Italiae  et  popull  RomanI  erit  aeterna.  10.  Propter 
moram  sociorum,  Galli  in  proelio  superati  sunt.  11.  Injurias 
barbarorum  timemus,  et  auxilium  vestrum  postulamus. 
12.  Muros  et  portas  oppidi  ex  illo  loco  videbimus.  13. 
Murl  sunt  altl,  et  portae  sunt  latae.  14.  Praemia  his  puellis 
dabuntur,    et   multi    eas    laudabunt. 

1.  Shields  are  not  carried  in  this  war  by  our  allies.  2.  On 
account  of  your  flight,  the  lieutenant  was  in  great  danger. 
3.  Why  do  you  ask  my  help,  if  you  do  not  fear?  4.  We 
were  awaiting  our  friends  in  the  village.  5.  We  waited  for 
five  hours,  but  we  did  not  see  the  signal.  6.  I  shall  not 
demand  so  great  a  reward.  7.  We  shall  reject  the  money, 
and  we  shall  not  send  help.  8.  A  strong  garrison  has  been 
left  in  the  town,  and  the  townspeople  do  not  fear.  9.  The 
sailor's  son  was  in  the  battle  and  was  wounded. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


307 


FIFTH   REVIEW   LESSON 


VOCABULARY    REVIEW 


angulus 

sagitta 

defessus 

excedo 

venio 

animus 

sonus 

Idem 

facio 

bis 

biennium 

terminus 

incognitus 

fugio 

celeriter 

captlvus 

flumen 

novem 

gero 

interdum 

caput 

frater 

octo 

interficio 

iterum 

castellum 

frumentum 

primus 

jacio 

mox 

corpus 

Hibernia 

amitto 

munio 

nondum 

factum 

Hispania 

audio 

oppugno 

postea 

justitia 

homo 

capio 

pervenio 

statim 

lex 

impedlmentum 

cingo 

peto 

inter 

miles 

iter 

conficio 

pono 

propter 

nemo 

terra 

condemno 

reperio 

trans 

regnuni 

tuba 

contendo 

scribo 

-que 

rex 

vallum 

defendo 

tego 

REVIEW  OF  FORMS  AND  SYNTAX 

(1)  Present,   imperfect,  and  future  indicative,   active   and 

passive,   of  verbs  of  the  fourth  conjugation.     App. 
28,  29. 

(2)  Present,   imperfect,  and  future  indicative,   active   and 

passive,  of  -16  verbs  of  the  third  conjugation.     App. 
28,  29. 

(3)  Declension  of  idem.     App.  21. 

(4)  Third  declension   nouns  with   genitive  plural   in  -um. 

App.  3  (1),  (2). 

(5)  Ablative  of  means.     App.  72. 


EXERCISES 

1.  Is  rex  cum  populo  Romano  bellum  saepe  gesserat. 
2.  Leges  patriae  nostrae  a  multls  laudantur.  3.  Frater  hujus 
hominis  domicilium  in  Hibernia  habet,  sed  nunc  in  Britannia 


308 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


est.  4.  In  eo  itinere  multa  et  pulchra  oppida  vidl.  5.  Eun- 
dem  sonum  iterum  audio.  6.  Helvetii  impedimenta  in  cas- 
trls  rellquerunt,  et  haec  a  Romanis  capta  sunt.  7.  Si  hones- 
tus  es,  legem  non  times.  8.  Captlvi  barbari  sunt,  sed  justi- 
tiam  patriae  nostrae  laudant.  9.  In  eo  flumine  multi  vltam 
amiserunt.  10.  Factum  ejus  mllitis  semper  probabitur. 
11.  Nemo  castra  defendit,  et  omnes  fugerunt.  12.  Legatus 
cum  mllitibus  mox  in  Galliam  perveniet.  13.  Saxa  et  tela  ab 
oppidanis  jacta  sunt,  sed  milites  oppidum  ceperunt.  14.  Ter- 
minum  silvae  mox  videbimus  et  iter  nostrum  conficietur. 
15.  Milites  defessi  ex  proelio  excedent. 

1.  On  account  of  the  nature  of  this  place,  we  shall  not 
remain  long.  2.  These  men  praise  justice,  but  they  them- 
selves are  not  honorable.  3.  The  soldiers  were  leading  the 
prisoners  through  the  streets  of  the  town.  4.  The  small  vil- 
lages will  not  be  fortified,  and  they  will  be  seized  by  the 
forces  of  the  barbarians.  5.  We  heard  the  sound  of  the 
trumpet  and  we  came  quickly.  6.  The  camp  is  fortified  by  a 
high  rampart  and  a  wide  ditch.  7.  We  saw  the  river  from 
the  rampart  of  the  camp.  8.  Our  allies  are  waging  war 
again  with  these  barbarians.  9.  The  king  led  his  forces 
across  the  river  and  attacked  our  camp.  10.  My  brother  and 
your  son  were  wounded  by  arrows  in  the  same  battle. 


SIXTH   REVIEW   LESSON 


VOCABULARY   REVIEW 


ancora 

centurio 

egio 

multitudo 

Stella 

animal 

coUis 

una 

navis 

tectum 

arbor 

finis 

ux 

nox 

tempest  as 

avis 

gens 

mare 

nubes 

timor 

caedes 

hostis 

mater 

pars 

urbs 

caelum 

ignis 

mons 

pater 

acer 

calcar 

insigne 

mors 

pax 

celer 

A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


309 


fellx 

tutus 

caedo 

incendo 

teneo 

fortis 

ego 

cano 

incipio 

trado 

aetus 

sul 

claudo 

incolo 

vinco 

omnis 

tu 

cupio 

jubeo 

olim 

pauci 

aperio 

deleo 

paro 

quoque 

potens 

appropinquo 

divido 

retineo 

juxta 

sapiens 

aro 

expugno 

rideo 

REVIEW    OF   FORMS   AND    SYNTAX 

(1)  Third  declension  nouns  with  genitive  in  -iiun. 

3  (3),  (4). 

(2)  Declension  of  vis.     App.  3  (5). 

(3)  Third  declension  adjectives.     App.  7. 

(4)  Declension  of  ego  and  tu.     App.  17. 

(5)  Reflexive  pronouns.     App.  18. 

(6)  Ablative  of  time.     App.  69. 

(7)  Genitive  of  the  whole.     App.  43. 
(S)  Complementary  infinitive.     113. 


App. 


EXERCISES 

1.  Multa  animalia  inter  arbores  silvae  vidi.  2.  Haec  avis 
pulchra  est,  sed  non  canit.  3.  Frater  meus  et  pater  tuus  in 
Italia"  eodem  anno  erant.  4.  Te  non  defendam,  quod  hostis 
patriae  es.  5.  Propter  tempestatem  ancora  navem  nostram 
non  tenebat.  6.  In  patria  nostra  sunt  magna  flumina  et 
urbes  pulchrae.  7.  Haec  gens  turn  Romanis  incognita  erat. 
8.  Ex  eo  colle  ignes  videbantur.  9.  Nos  pacem  semper 
habere  cupivimus,  sed  vobis  bellum  gratum  fuit.  10.  Mare 
patriam  nostram  ab  omnibus  partibus  cingit  et  defendit. 
11.  Multi  in  montibus  et  silvis  errare  cupiunt.  12.  Hi  fortes 
agricolae  agros  suos  ab  hostibus  defenderunt.  13.  Nubes  in 
caelo  erant,.  et  lunam  non  videbamus.  14.  Olim  laetus  eras, 
nunc  miser  es.  15.  Propter  timorem  mortis  ex  castrls  exces- 
simus. 


310 


A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


1.  My  house  is  on  an  island,  among  large  trees.  2.  From 
this  hill  we  saw  the  sea  and  the  ships.  3.  We  have  come  to 
the  end  of  our  journey,  and  we  shall  soon  see  our  friends. 
4.  A  multitude  of  barbarians  came  into  Gaul  and  seized  the 
lands  (fields)  of  the  Gauls.  5.  We  saw  a  great  fire  in  the 
forest,  and  we  sent  a  messenger  to  the  village.  6.  The  boy  is 
brave,  and  he  will  defend  himself.  7.  The  legions  have  de- 
feated part  of  the  forces  of  the  king.  8.  The  boy's  mother 
fears  the  sea,  because  her  father  lost  his  life  in  a  storm. 
9.  Who  ordered  you  to  give  me  this  letter?  10.  This  river 
is  swift  and  dangerous. 

SEVENTH   REVIEW   LESSON 

VOCABULARY    REVIEW 


altitudo 

mos 

facilis 

mlUe 

praecedo 

amicitia 

nomen 

humilis 

qui 

prehendo 

auctoritas 

passus 

malus 

accipio 

procedo 

civis 

pes 

neuter 

ascendo 

regno 

cornu 

pllum 

nullus 

circumvenio 

repello 

dux 

piscis 

reliquus 

commemoro 

vasto 

exercitus 

provincia 

similis 

conduco 

facile 

fluctus 

tempus 

sinister 

depello 

jam 

hasta 

virtus 

solus 

dico 

late 

impetus 

alius 

totus 

efficio 

quam 

lacus 

alter 

ullus 

c-mo 

satis 

latitudo 

dexter 

unus 

impedio 

subito 

libertas 

dilficilis 

uter 

lego 

contra 

manus 

dissimilis 

validus 

pateo 

de 

modus 

REVIEW    OF   FORMS   AND    SYNTAX 


(1)  Fourth  declension  of  nouns.     App.  4. 

(2)  Declension  of  the  relative  pronoun.     App.  23. 

(3)  Comparison  of  adjectives.     App.  10,  11. 

(4)  Declension  of  comparatives.     App.  12. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  311 

(5)  Adjectives  with  genitive  in  -lus.     App.  9. 

(6)  Ablative  of  respect.     App.  76. 

(7)  Ablative  of  degree  of  difference.     App.  74. 

(8)  Ablative  of  description.     App.  77. 

(9)  Accusative  of  extent.     App.  59. 

(10)  Genitive  of  description.     App.  44. 

(11)  Agreement  of  the  relative  pronoun.     App.  38  (2). 

EXERCISES 

1.  Propter  amicitiam  quae  semper  fuit  inter  patrcs  nostros, 
te  juvabo.  2.  Hunc  librum  leg!,  et  novum  librum  emere 
cupio.  3.  Auctoritas  ejus  viri  clarl  in  urbe  nostra  semper 
magna  fuit.  4.  Civis  Romanus  sum,  et  praesidium  legum 
postulo.  5.  In  hoc  parvo  lacu  sunt  multl  pisces.  6.  Hie 
puer  non  multa  milia  passuum  ambulabit,  quod  parvus  est. 
7.  In  alio  loco,  ubi  murus  humilior  est,  oppidum  oppugnabi- 
mus.  8.  Nomen  ejus  ducis  saepe  audivi,  sed  numquam  eum 
vidi.  9.  Propter  latitudinem  fossae  quae  castra  cingit,  hostes 
impetum  non  facient.  10.  Mores  horum  hominum  a  nullo 
cive  honesto  laudantur.  11.  Quid  in  manu  tenes?  Pllum 
Romanum  in  manu  teneo.  12.  Mores  nostri  et  (mores)  bar- 
barorum  dissimillimi  sunt.  13.  Propter  virtutem  mllitum 
nostrorum,  hostes  mox  fugient.  14.  Reliqui  cives  patriam 
amant,  et  (eam)  defendent.  15.  Eo  tempore  exercitum  par- 
vum  habebamus,  sed  nunc  ad  (for)  bellum  parati  sumus. 

1.  On  account  of  the  height  of  the  wall,  the  town  was  safe. 
2.  The  legion  which  was  in  the  province  had  often  fought 
with  these  barbarians.  3.  From  that  hill  we  heard  the  sound 
of  the  waves,  and  we  saw  the  ships.  4.  We  love  liberty,  and 
we  will  fight  for  (pro)  liberty.  5.  Between  these  high  moun- 
tains there  is  a  beautiful  lake.  6.  The  enemy  fear  the  leader 
whom  we  have  sent.  7.  ]My  friend  ascended  the  mountain 
which  you  see  across  the  river.  8.  I  have  said  this  because  I 
love  my  country.  9.  I  have  received  the  letter  which  you 
sent.     10.  We  shall  easily  ward  off  all  attacks  in  this  place. 


312 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


EIGHTH   REVIEW   LESSON 


VOCABULARY  REVIEW 


casus 

responsum 

varius 

deligo 

servo 

civitas 

rlpa 

decem 

egredior 

utor 

cohors 

Roma 

absum 

imploro 

vereor 

colloquium 

uxor 

ago 

invenio 

vivo 

consu 

vulnus 

arbitror 

ludo 

acriter 

dies 

vox 

cognosco 

migro 

bene 

equitatus 

armatus 

condo 

polliceor 

hic 

imperator 

brevis 

Conor 

potior 

igitur 

liberl 

gravis 

constituo 

praemitto 

itaque 

lingua 

idoneus 

credo 

reddo 

male 

praeda 

invltus 

curro 

sequor 

postquam 

res 

tot 

REVIEW  OF  FORMS  AND  SYNTAX 

(1)  Comparison  of  adverbs.     App.  13,  14. 

(2)  Present  participle.     App.  26,  28. 

(3)  Fifth  declension  of  nouns.     App.  5. 

(4)  Deponent  verbs.     App.  30. 

(5)  Infinitives    of    the    four    conjugations.     App.    26,    27, 

28,  29. 

(6)  Ablative  absolute.     App.  75. 

(7)  Ablative  with  utor,  fruor,  etc.     App.  79. 

(8)  Indirect  discourse.     App.  121. 


EXERCISES 

1.  Puer  in  rlpa  fluminis  cum  patre  stabat.     2. 
urbe  condita,  multi  ex  omnibus  partibus  venerunt. 
dies  in  oppido  tuo  mansT,  et  multos  amicos  ibi  vidi, 
ejus  regis  qui  hostes  duxerat  in  castris  capti  sunt. 
lam    tuam    accepi,   et    responsum   mox  reddam. 


Hac  nova 

3.  Paucos 

4.  Liberi 

5.  Epistu- 

6.   Romani 


brevibus    gladils    et    parvis    scutis    in    proelio    usi    sunt.     7. 
Oppidan!  gravia  saxa  in  muro  posuerant,  et  impetum  nostrum 


A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


313 


expectabant.     8.  In   legione    Romana   erant   decern   cohortes. 

9.  Cohortes  et  legiones  a  centurionibus  et  legatls  ductae  sunt. 

10.  Aurum  in  els  montibus  inventum  est  qui  non  longe  ab 
ilia  urbe  absunt.  11.  Equitatus  noster  equos  idoneos  non 
habet.  12.  Lingua  nostra  et  lingua  eorum  barbarorum  dis- 
simillimae  sunt.  13.  Imperator  fortis  est,  sed  imperator  sine 
exercitu  parato  nihil  efficiet.  14.  Hostes  crediderunt  nos  bel- 
lum  vererl.  15.  Legatus  cum  equitatu  hostes  fugientes 
secutus  est. 

1.  The  general's  wife  came  to  (in)  the  camp  with  her  son. 

2.  We  found  much  booty  in  these  towns  which  we  captured. 

3.  When  the  centurion  was  killed  (the  centurion  having  been 
killed),  the  cohort  fled.  4.  We  followed  these  animals 
through  the  forest  for  many  hours.  5.  The  men  who  prom- 
ised their  help  at  this  time  are  true  friends.  6.  I  was  not  in 
the  army,  and  I  did  not  receive  this  wound  in  war.  7.  The 
lieutenant  saw  armed  forces  on  the  mountain,  and  he  thought 
that  they  were  Gauls.  8.  Many  wished  to  migrate  from 
their  native  country,  but  others  were  unwilling.  9.  We  have 
gained  possession  of  the  letters  which  were  sent  by  these  men. 
10.  This  answer  having  been  given,  the  general  at  once  with- 
drew. 

NINTH   REVIEW   LESSON 

VOCABULARY    REVIEW 


acies 

mensis 

victor 

planus 

coepi 

adventus 

obses 

acutus 

profundus 

eo 

aestas 

pons 

avarus 

proximus 

eripio 

arcus 

regina 

communis 

quidam 

exeo 

ars 

salus 

duplex 

quisque 

faveo 

calami  tas 

situs 

ferox 

addo 

Instruo 

canis 

soror 

'ertilis 

aggredior 

jungo 

dens 

valles 

frigidus 

cado 

metuo 

hiems 

ventus 

ingens 

concurro 

morior 

314 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


noceo 

praeficio 

scio 

her! 

una 

pareo 

praesum 

spero 

inde 

nam 

persuadeo 

queror 

transeo 

libenter 

neque 

placeo 

redeo 

deinde 

sic 

possum 

resists 

denique 

simul 

REVIEW    OF   FORMS   AND    SYNTAX 

(1)  Conjugation  of  possum.     App.  32. 

(2)  Conjugation  of  eo.     App.  35. 

(3)  Declension  of  quidam.     App.  25  c. 

(4)  Declension  of  quisque.     App.  25  a. 

(5)  Present  imperative.     App.  26,  28. 

(6)  Dative  with  special  verbs.     App.  51. 

(7)  Dative  with  compounds.     App.  55. 

(8)  Vocative.     App.  80. 

(9)  Ablative  of  separation.     App.  64. 

EXERCISES 

1.  In  terra  Helvetiorum  sunt  altl  montes  et  fertiles  valles. 

2.  Situs  ejus  vici  est  in  rlpa  parvi  fluminis.  3.  Hi  homines 
non  habent  amicos,  quod  avarl  sunt.  4.  Hieme  in  his  monti- 
bus  sunt  magnl  vent!.  5.  Ante  adventum  pat  rum  nostrorum 
erant  nuUae  urbes  magnae  in  hac  terra.  6.  Omnes  in  oppida 
et  vicos  concurrerunt,  quod  periculum  commune  viderunt. 
7.  Arcus  quem  puer  habet  a  patre  suo  datus  est.  8.  Val- 
lem  transiimus  et  collem  ascendimus.  9.  Mare  profundum 
terram  nostram  ab  Africa  dividit.  10.  Hae  artes  quas  laudas 
non  bonae  sunt.  11.  Propter  bellum  mare  eo  anno  transire 
non  poteramus.  12.  Consul  qui  exercitui  eo  die  praeerat 
numquam  in  proelio  superatus  est.  13.  Haec  magna  saxa  de 
monte  ceciderunt  quem  vides. 

1.  The  bridge  has  been  burned,  and  no  one  can  cross  the 
river.     2.  We  could  hear  the  sound  of  the  wind  in  the  trees. 

3.  I  have  begun  to  read  the  book  which  your  sister  gave  me. 

4.  The  army  was  defeated  because  the  soldiers  did  not  obey 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


315 


the  general.  5.  Each  sought  the  first  place  and  hastened  to 
depart  from  the  camp.  6.  The  soldier  has  never  used  a 
sword,  but  he  will  try  to  defend  himself.  7.  A  certain  man 
left  this  letter  in  the  village  yesterday.  8.  The  hostages 
were  killed  by  the  barbarians  without  cause.  9.  The  mes- 
senger remains  in  the  street  because  he  fears  your  dog. 
10.  The  Romans  made  an  attack  on  that  part  of  the  Helve- 
tians which  had  not  yet  crossed  the  river. 

TENTH   REVIEW   LESSON 

VOCABULARY    REVIEW 


bos 

ma  j  ores 

cupidus 

confiteor 

loquor 

celeritas 

opus 

externus 

convenio 

pereo 

cibus 

oratio 

fidelis 

creo 

quaero 

corona 

orator 

finitimus 

debeo 

rebello 

cura 

portus 

necessarius 

descends 

soleo 

crudelitas 

senatus 

vacuus 

dimitto 

volo 

deus 

sol 

aliquis 

discedo 

clam 

dictator 

spes 

accedo 

expello 

cotldie 

diligentia 

stultitia 

appello 

fero 

etiam 

dolor 

tyrannus 

audeo 

flo 

quotannis 

flos 

vinuFri 

bello 

fugo 

intra 

gaudium 

voluntas 

committo 

gaudeo 

nisi 

juvenis 

civllis 

confero 

ingredior 

quamquam 

lacrima 

contentus 

cSnfido 

Infero 

ut 

REVIEW    OF   FORMS   AND    SYNTAX 

(1)  Semi-deponent  verbs.     App.  30  a. 

(2)  Conjugation  of  fero.     App.  34. 

(3)  Conjugation  of  fio.     App.  36. 

(4)  Conjugation  of  volo.     App.  37. 

(5)  Declension  of  aliquis.     App.  25  d. 

(6)  Cardinal  numerals.     App.  15. 

(7)  Ordinal  numerals.     App.  15. 


316  A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 

(8)  The  gerund.     127. 

(9)  Ablative  of  cause.     78. 
(10)    Ablative  of  manner.     71. 

EXERCISES 

1.  Canis  mens  fidelis  est,  et  me  in  periculo  defendet. 
2.  In  urbe  diutius  manere  non  audes,  quod  omnes  arbitran- 
tur  te  esse  tyrannum.  3.  Juvenis  quem  vides  est  fllius  fra- 
tris  mei.  4.  Mllites  in  exercitu  nostrS  vino  non  utuntur. 
5.  Pacem  habere  volumus,  sed  hoc  tempore  spes  pacis  non 
magna  est.  6.  In  ea  valle  quae  inter  illos  colles  est,  fiores 
pulchrl  saepe  inveniuntur.  7.  Orator  bonus  non  semper  civis 
bonus  est.  8.  Vir  fortis  et  sapiens  creatus  est  dictator,  et  is 
mox  copias  hostium  fugabit.  9.  Quod  templa  deorum  et 
tecta  civium  defendl,  pater  patriae  appellatus  sum.  10. 
Boves  qui  in  colle  errant  fratris  mei  sunt.  11.  Oppidani  e 
tectis  fugerunt,  et  oppidum  vacuum  erat.  12.  Has  orationes 
magna  (cum)  cura  legl,  et  iterum  legam.  13.  Exercitus  in 
his  locis  cibum  reperire  poterit,  et  mllites  castra  munient. 
14.  Galli  dixerunt  se  frumentum  conferre.  15.  Exercitus  ex 
periculo  60  die  ab  imperatore  sapiente  ereptus  est. 

1.  We  heard  the  sound  of  the  trumpet,  and  we  returned  to 
(in)  camp  with  great  speed.  2.  On  account  of  the  great 
storm  our  ship  remained  in  harbor  two  days.  3.  You  have 
money  and  friends,  but  you  are  not  satisfied.  4.  We  shall 
elect  two  consuls  yearly,  and  we  shall  have  no  king.  5.  I 
have  always  been  faithful,  but  I  confess  that  I  have  not 
been  wise.  6.  The  folly  of  certain  men  in  the  senate  was  the 
cause  of  this  danger.  7.  I  have  often  talked  with  your 
brother  who  lives  in  this  city.  8.  In  the  winter  these  animals 
descend  from  the  mountains  ink)  the  valleys.  9.  You  are  an 
enemy  of  the  country  (patria),  and  you  will  be  driven  out. 
10.  I  do  not  trust  the  man  {dative)  to  whom  you  have  given 
this  letter. 


LISTS  OF  ENGLISH  DERIVATIVES  FROM  LATIN 

Note. —  The  following  lists  do  not  include  all  the  words  of 
Latin  origin  which  are  to  be  found  among  the  terms  employed 
in  textbooks  of  the  subjects  named.  They  do,  however, 
contain  the  greater  number  of  those  in  common  use.  The 
Latin  word  which  is  given  to  explain  the  derivation  is  not 
always  the  word  from  which  the  English  word  is  directly 
derived.  For  example,  capacity  is  derived  from  cajpio  through 
the  adjective  capdx  and  the  noun  capdcitds.  So  far  as  pos- 
sible the  derivation  is  given  by  indicating  the  connection 
with  a  word  which  is  likely  to  be  familiar  to  the  pupil  or 
which  shows  the  fundamental  idea  appearing  in  the  English 
word.  Definitions  are  given  only  for  those  Latin  words  with 
which  the  pupil  is  not  likely  to  be  familiar  from  first-year 
work. 

A  number  of  grammatical  terms  of  Latin  derivation  are 
omitted  for  the  reason  that  the  pupil  will  not  easily  trace 
the  connection  between  the  meaning  of  the  original  Latin  and 
the  derived  English  word. 

WORDS    OF    LATIN    DERIVATION    USED   IN    GEOGRAPHY 

adaptation,   ad:  apto,  fit,  ad-  aqueous,  aqua 

just  area,  area,  an  open  space 

aggradation,  ad:  gradior,  step,  artificial,  ars:  facio 

go.  (An  area  goes  to  a  higher  axis,  axis,  axle 

level  by  continual  additions 

to  its  surface)  canal,  candlis,  pipe  (for  con- 
agriculture,  ager:  cultura,  cul-  veying  water) ;  channel 

tivation  capacity,  capio 

alluvial,  ad:  luo,  wash  carnivorous,     card      (genitive 

animal,  animal  carnis),  flesh:   voro,   devour 

annual,  annus  cave,  cavus,  hollow 

317 


318 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


central,  centrum,  center 
cereal,  Ceres  (goddess   of  har- 
vests and  of  grain) 
chart,  charta,  paper 
circulation,  cir cuius,  circle 
cirrus,  cirrus,  a  curl 
coUuvial,    con-,  together:   luo, 

wash 
coloration,  color o,  give  color  to 
commerce,  commerciuvi,  traffic 
concrete,  concretum,  solid  mat- 
ter 
condensation,   con-,   with,   to- 
gether: denso,  make  thick 
conglomerate,  con-,   with,  to- 
gether:    glomero,     roll     to- 
gether,  collect 
coniferous,  conus,  cone:  fero 
conservation,    conservo,     pre- 
serve 
continent,    contineo,    hold   to- 
gether 
crater,  crater,  bowl 
culture,  cultura,  cultivation 
cumulus,  cumulus,  a  heap 
current,  curro,  run 

date,  datum  (participle  of  do, 
■  give) 

deposition,    de,    down    from, 
down :  pond,  place 


derive,  derlvo  {rivus,  stream), 

draw  off 
desert,  desero  (past  participle, 

desertum),  abandon 
disintegration,  dis-,  apart,  not: 

integro,  make  whole 
dissect,  dis-:  seed,  cut 
domestic,  domus,  home 

equator,   aequus^,  level,  even, 

equal 
estuary,  aestus^,  tide 

fertilize,  fertilis,  fertile 

glacier,  glades,  ice 
globular,  globus,  ball 
gradation,  gradior,  step 
gravity,  gravitds,  weight 

herbivorous,  herba,  herb:  voro, 

devour 
humus,  humus,  earth 

igneous,  ignis,  fire 

industry,  industria 

interior,   interior,  inner,  inner 

part  of 
intermediate,     inter:    medius, 

middle 
international,    inter:   ndtio, 

nation 
irrigation,  in:  rigo,  moisten 

latitude,     Idtitudo,     width, 
breadth^ 


1  The  Latin  diphthong  oe  is  commonly  represented  by  e  in  English  derivatives. 

-  In  the  ancient  maps  the  earth  is  represented  as  of  greater  extent  from  east  to  west  than 
from  north  to  south.  That  is,  it  had  length  east  and  west  and  breadth  north  and  south. 
Hence  the  location  of  a  place  east  or  west  of  a  standard  meridian  is  longitude  and  its  loca- 
tion north  or  south  of  the  equator  is  latitude. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


319 


lignite,  lignum,  wood 

line,  linea,  linen  thread ;  line 

longitude,  longitudo,  length 

marine,  marlnus,  of  the  sea 
mature,  mdiurus,  ripe 
Mediterranean,   medius,   mid- 
dle: terra 
migration,  migro,  move 

native,   ndtlvus,   produced  by 

nature,  native 
natural,  ndtura 
navigation,  ndvigo,  sail 
nimbus,    nimbus,    rain-storm, 

cloud 

ocean,  Oceanus,  ocean 

palm,  palma,  palm,  palm  tree 

port,  partus,  harbor 

pressure,  premo  (past  parti- 
ciple, pressum),  press 

procession,  procedo  (past  parti- 
ciple, processum) ,  go  forward 

projection,  projicio  (past  parti- 
ciple, projedum) ,  throw  for- 
ward, extend 

protection,  protego  (past  parti- 
ciple, protectum),  cover  be- 
fore, protect 

WORDS   OF   LATIN   DERIVATION 

absolute,  absolvo  (past  parti- 
ciple, ahsolutum),  set  free 

absorption,  absorbed  (past  par- 
ticiple, absorptum),  swallow 


provmce,  provincia,  province 

region,  regio,  region 

relation,  reldiio,  bringing  back; 
relation 

residual,  resided,  remain  be- 
hind 

revolution,  revolvd  (past  parti- 
ciple, revolutum),  roll  back, 
return 

rodent,  rodo,  gnaw 

rotation,  rota,  wheel 

sedentary,  sedeo,  sit 

sediment,  sedeo,  sit 

solar,  sol 

species,  species,  kind 

structure,  struo  (past  parti- 
ciple, structum),  heap  up 

strata,  strdtum,  layer 

substratum,  sub,  under:  strd- 
turn,  layer 

superior,  superior,  higher,  upper 

temperature,  temper o,  be  mod- 
erate, be  restrained 
terminal,  terminus,  end 
transportation,    trdnsporto, 
convey  across 

utilization,  utilis,  useful 

USED   IN   ELEMENTARY    SCIENCE 

down 
action,    ago    (past    participle, 

actum),  do 
altitude,  altitudd,  height 


320 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


ascent,  ascendo,  go  up 
assimilation,  ad:  similis 
association,  ad:  socius 

calcium,  calx  (genitive,  calcis), 

lime 
capillary,  capillus,  hair 
carbon,  carbo,  charcoal 
cell,  cella,  storeroom,  cell 
centigrade,    centum:    gradus, 

step,  degree 
city,  clviids,  state,  city 
combustion,    comburo    (past 

participle,  combustum) ,  burn 

up 

commercial,  commercium,  traf- 
fic 

compare,  comparo,  compare 

composition,  compono  (past 
participle,  cojjipositum) ,  put 
together,  arrange 

compress,  comprimo  (past  par- 
ticiple, compressum) ,  press 
together 

connection,  con-,  with,  to- 
gether: necto,  bind 

contamination,  contamino, 
mingle,  corrupt 

decomposition,    de:    compono, 

put  together 
density,  densus,  thick 
dependent,  de:  pendeo,  hang 
deposit,    depono    (past    parti- 
ciple, depositum),  lay  down 


destruction,  desiruo  (past  par- 
ticiple, destructum) ,  tear 
down 

diffusion,  diffundo  (past  par- 
ticiple, diffusum),  pour  out, 
scatter 

dissolve,  dissolvo,  take  apart 

distillation,  distillo,  drip, 
trickle 

distribution,  distribuo  (past 
participle,  distributum) ,  dis- 
tribute 

efficient,  efficio,  accomphsh 

erosion,  e,  ex:  rodo  (past  par- 
ticiple, rosum),  gnaw 

evaporation,  e,  ex:  vapor,  va- 
por, steam 

extinguish,  extinguo,  put  out 

factory,  facto 
fermentation,     fermentum, 

yeast 
flame,  flamma,  flame 
fluid,  fluo,  flow 
formation,  forma,  form 

heredity,  heres,  heir 
humidity,  humidus,  damp 

inclination,  inclino,  bend 
influence,  in:  find,  flow 

liquid,  liquidus,  flowing,  fluid 

{as  adjective) 
location,  locus 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


321 


material,  materia  (or  7ndteries), 
material 

mercury,  Mercurius,  Mercury, 
(the  messenger  and  herald 
of  the  gods) 

mixture,  misceo  (past  parti- 
ciple, mixtum),  mingle 

motor,  moved 

nutrition,  nuirio,  nourish 

origin,  orlgo  (genitive,  origi- 
nis),  origin 

particle,  particula,  a  small  part 
pollution,   pollud   (past  parti- 
ciple, polluium),  defile 
potential,  potens,  powerful 
progressive,    progredior    (past 
participle,     progressus),     go 
forward 

refrigerator,     refrlgero,     make 

cool  again,  chill 
relative,  refero  (past  participle, 

reldtwn),  bring  back 
residence,  resided,  remain 


respiration,  resplro,  breathe 
out,  breathe 

sanitary,  sdnitds,  health 
saturation,  saturo,  fill 
selection,  se,  apart  from:  lego 

(past     participle,      ledum), 

choose 
simple,  simplex,  single 
solid,  solidus,  firm 
station,  sto  (future  active  par-' 

ticiple,  stdturus),  stand 
submarine,    sub:   marinus,    of 

the  sea 

transformation,  trdns:  formo, 
shape,  form 

transmission,  trdns:  mitto 

transplant,  trdns:  planto,  plant, 
set 

transpiration,  trdns:  spiro, 
breathe 

turbine,  turbo,  a  top,  a  whirl- 
wind 

useful,  utor 

variety,  varius,  varied 


WORDS    OF    LATIN   DERIVATION   USED   IN    GRAMMAR 


ablative,  auferd  (past  parti- 
ciple, abldtum),  take  from 

absolute,  absolvo  (past  parti- 
ciple, absolutum),  set  free 

abstract,  abstraho  (past  parti- 
ciple, abstrdctum),  draw  from 


active,    ago    (past    participle, 

actum),  do 
adherent,  adhaered,  cling  to 
adjective,    adjicid    (past    par- 
ticiple,    adjectum),     place 
near 


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A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


adjunct,    adjungo    (past    par- 
ticiple, adjunctuni),  join  to 
adverb,  ad:  verbum 
adversative,  adversus,  against 
alternative,  alter,  the  other 
antecedent,  anteceda,  go  before 
apposition,  ad  (  =  ap-):  pond 
assimilate,  ad  {  =  as-):  similis 
assume,  ad  (  =  as-);  sumo 
attribute,  attribuo,  assign 
auxiliary,  auxilium 

causal,  causa 

clause,  claudo  (past  parti- 
ciple, clausum) 

cognate,  cogndius,  connected 
by  birth 

collective,  colligo  (past  parti- 
ciple, colledum),  collect 

colloquial,  colloquor,  talk 

comparative,  comparo,  com- 
pare 

complement,  compleo,  fill,  fill 
out 

complex,  com-,  with,  together: 
plecto  (past  participle,  plex- 
um),  braid,  interweave 

concessive,  concedo  (past  par- 
ticiple, concessum),  yield 

condition,  conditio  (earlier, 
condicio),  condition 

conjunction,  conjungo  (past 
participle,  conjunctum),  join 
together 

consequence,  consequor,  follow 


construction,     conslruo     (past 

participle,  constructum) ,  put 

together 
contraction,      contraho      (past 

participle,  contractum),  draw 

together 
coordinate,    co-   {com-),   with, 

together;  ordino,  arrange 
copula,  copula,  a  fastening 

declarative,  decldro,  declare 
definition,  deflnio,  set  bounds 

to 
demonstrative,   demonstro, 

point  out 
dental,  dens 
dependent,    depended,    hang 

from 
descriptive,  descrlbo,  describe 
determination,    determino, 

mark  off,  limit 

equivalent,  aequus 
exclamation,  excldmo,  cry  out 
exercise,  exerceo,  train 
expletive,  expleo,  fill  out 

feminine,  femina 

finite,  flnio    (past    participle, 

finltum),   limit 
future,  futurus,  about  to  be 

illiterate,  in-,  not:  literdtus, 
educated  (from  littera,  also 
spelled  litera) 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


323 


imperative,  impero  (past  par- 
ticiple, imperdtum),  com- 
mand 

imperfect,  in-,  not:  perficio 
(past  participle,  perfectum), 
accomplish 

indefinite,  in-,  not;  deflnio, 
mark  off 

independent,  in-,  not ;  depended, 
hang  from,  be  dependent  on 

infinitive,  in-,  not;  finio  (past 
participle,    finltum) ,     limit 

inflection,  mflecto,  bend 

instrumental,  Instrumentum, 
instrument 

interjection,  inter jicio  (past 
participle,  inter jectum), 
throw  in 

interrogative,  interrogo,  ask 

intransitive,  in-,  not :  trdnsed 

introduce,  introducd,  lead  or 
bring  in 

inversion,  inverto,  turn  upside 
down 

irregular,  in-  {  =  ir-),  not:  re- 
gula,  rule 

limiting,  limes  (genitive,  llmi- 

tis),  path,  boundary 
locative,  locus 

masculine,  masculinus,  male, 
masculine 

negative,  nego,  deny 


neuter,  neuter,  neither 
nominative,  nomen,  name 
numeral,  numerus,  number 

omission,  omitto,  pass  by,  omit 
ordinal,  ordo,  rank,  order 

participle,  pars:  capio 

partitive,  pars 

passive,  patior  (past  parti- 
ciple, passus),  endure 

perfect,  perficio  (past  parti- 
ciple, perfectum),  accom- 
plish 

personal,  persona,  person 

plural,  plus  (genitive  pluris), 
more 

position,  pond  (past  parti- 
ciple, positum) 

possession,  possideo  (past  par- 
ticiple,   possessum),    possess 

predicate,  praedico,  proclaim, 
declare 

preposition,  praepond  (past 
participle,  praepositum), 
place  before 

present,  praesens  (genitive, 
praesentis) ,  present 

progressive,  progredior  (past 
participle,  progressus),  go 
forward 

recipient,  recipid,  receive 
regular,  regula,  rule 
restrictive,  restringd  (past  par- 
ticiple,  restrictum),  restrain 


324 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


sentence,     sententia,     opinion, 

thought 
sequence,  sequor,  follow 
simile,  similis 
subordinate,  suh,  under:  ordo, 

rank 
substantive,  sub,  under:  sto 
superlative,  super,  above 

temporal,  iempus  (genitive, 
temporis) 

WORDS   OF    LATIN   DERIVATION 

acute,  acutus,  sharp 
addition,  addo  (past  participle, 

additmn),  add 
adjacent,  ad:  jaceo,  lie 
alternate,  alter 
angle,  angulus,  corner 
arc,  arcus,  a  bow 
ascending,  ascendo,  go  up 
associative,  ad:  socius 

bisect,  his,^  twice:  seed  (past 
participle,  secium)  cut 

center,  centrum,  center 

circle,  circulus,  circle 

circumscribe,  circum:  scriho, 
write,  draw 

coefficient,  co-  (con-),  with,  to- 
gether: efficio,  bring  about 

coincide,  co-  (con-)  with,  to- 
gether: incido,  fall 

commutative,  commutd,  change 


terminology,  terminus,  bound- 
ary, limit 

translation,  trdnsfero  (past 
participle,  trdnsldtum,  carry 
across) 

verb,  verhum,  word 

vocative,  voco,  call 


IN   ELEMENTARY   MATHEMATICS 

complementary,  compleo,  fill 
out 

cone,  conus,  a  cone 

congruence,  congruo,  agree,  be 
in  harmony 

constant,  consto,  stand  firm 

construct,  construo,  heap  to- 
gether, make 

contact,  contingo  (past  parti- 
ciple, contdctum),  touch 

coordinate,  co-  (con-)  with, 
together:  ordo,  rank 

data,  do  (past  participle,  datum) 
decimal,  decimus,  tenth 
difference,  differo,  differ 
digit,  digitus,  finger 
dissimilar,  dissimilis,  unlike 
distance,  disto,  stand  apart,  be 

separated 
dividend,   dlvido   (future   pas- 
sive participle  dlvidendus) 


•  In  derivatives  hi-  or  his-  as  a  prefix  sometimes  means  two.     Hence   "bisect"  means 
to  cut  into  two  parts. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


325 


divisor,    divido    (past    passive 
participle,  dlvlsum) 

elevate,    e,    ex:   levo,    lift    up, 

raise 
eliminate,  e,  ex:  llmen,  thres- 
hold 
equal,  aequus 

equiangular,  aequus:  angulus 
equidistant,  aequus:  disto,  stand 

apart 
equilateral,  aequus:  latus  (gen- 
itive lateris),  side 
exponent,  expand,  set  forth 
exterior,  extra,  outside  of 
extreme,     extremus,     farthest, 
last 

factor,  facia 

formula,  formula,  form,  regu- 
lation, rule 

fraction,   frango    (past    parti- 
ciple, frdctum),  break 

function,  fungor   (past   parti- 
ciple, functus),  perform 

fundamental,   funddmentum, 
foundation 

inscribe,  in:  scriho 

intercept,  intercipio,  interrupt 

intersection,   inter:  seed   (past 

participle,  sectum) 
inverse,  inverto  (past  participle, 

inversum) ,  turn  upside  down 


lever,  leva,  lift  up 
literal,  litter  a  (also  spelled  li- 
ter a),  a  letter 
locus,  locus,  place 

mariner,  marinus,  of  the  sea 
member,  memhrum,  limb 
minute,  minutus,  very  small 
motion,  moved 

multiplication,  multus:  plicdre, 
fold 

negative,  nego,  deny 
normal,  norma,  rule 
notation,  noto,  mark,  indicate 

oblique,  ohllquus,  slanting 

obtuse,  ohtundo  (past  parti- 
ciple ohtusum),  make  blunt, 
make  dull 

operation,  opus  (genitive  ope- 
ris),  work 

opposite,  oh,  towards,  before: 
pond 

partial,  pars 

percent,  per:  centum 

perpendicular,  perpendiculum , 
plumb-line 

plane,  planus,  level,  flat 

prime,  primus 

product,  produco,  bring  forth 

protractor,  prdtrahd  (past  par- 
ticiple, protracium),  draw 
out,  lengthen 


326 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


quadrant,  quadrdns,  a  fourth 

part 
quadrilateral,   quattuor^:   latus 

(genitive,  lateris) 
quotient,  quotiens,  how  often 

radius,  radius,  spoke  of  a  wheel 
ratio,  ratiOj  relation 
rectangle,  rectus,  straight:  an- 

gulus 
regular,  regula,  rule 
reduction,  reduco,  bring  back 

scale,  scdlae,  stairway 
segment,  segmentum,  a  cutting 
semicircle,  semi-^,  half:  circulus 
sign,  signum,  sign 
similar,  similis 
simultaneous,    simul,    at    the 

same  time 
solve,  sqlvo,  loosen,  dissolve 


subtraction,  suhtraho  (past 
participle,  subtractum) ,  with- 
draw, take  away 

superposition,  super,  upon: 
po7id 

table,  tabula,  board 

tangent,  tango,  touch 

transit,  trdnsed  (past  parti- 
ciple, trdnsitum) 

triangle,  tres:  angulus 

trisect,  tres  (represented  in 
compounds  by  tri),  seed,  cut 

unit,  unus 
use,  utor 

variation,  varius,  different 
vertex,  vertex,  highest  point 
vinculum,  vinculum,  chain 
velocity,  velox   (genitive  veld- 
cis),  swift 


1  Quattuor  is  regularly  represented  in  compounds  by  the  initial  syllable  quad-.     There 
was  an  adjective  quadrus,  square,  which  came  into  use  a  little  later  than  the  time  of  Caesar. 

2  Used  as  a  prefix  in  Latin. 


GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 


SUMMARY  OF  DECLENSIONS  AND  CONJUGATIONS 


h 


NOUNS 

FIRST  DECLENSION,  a-stems 

Singular  Plural 

Nom.      rosa '  rosae 

Gen.       rosae  rosarum, 

Dat.       rosae  rosis 

Ace.       rosam  rosas 

Ahl.       rosa  rosis 


2. 


SECOND  DECLENSION,  o-stems 
Singular 


N. 

dominus 

puer 

ager 

vir 

templum 

G. 

domini 

pueri 

agri 

viri 

tempi! 

D. 

domino 

puero 

agro 

viro 

templo 

Ac. 

dominum 

puerum 

agrum 

virum 

templum 

Ah. 

domino 

puero 

agro 
Plural 

viro 

templo 

N. 

domini 

pueri 

agri 

virl 

templa 

G, 

domin5rum 

puerorum     agrorum 

virorum 

templorum 

D. 

dominis 

puerls 

agris 

virls 

templis 

Ac. 

dominos 

pueros 

agros 

viros 

templa 

Ah. 

dominis 

pueris 

agrls 

virls 

templis 

Note. — The  vocative  singular  of  -us  nouns  ends  in  -e: 
domine.  The  vocative  singular  (and  sometimes  the  genitive 
singular)  of  filius  and  of  proper  nouns  in  -ius  ends  in  -i:  fili. 

327 


328 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


3. 

THIRD 

DECLENSION 

(1) 

CONSONANT  STEMS  (Masculine  and  Feminine) 

^ 

Singular 

N. 

lex 

miles 

■rater 

homo 

G. 

legis 

militis 

fratris 

hominis 

D. 

legl 

militl 

fratrl 

homini 

Ac. 

egem 

mllitem 

fratrem 

hominem 

Ab. 

lege 

mllite 

Plural 

fratre 

homine 

N. 

eges 

milites 

:Tatres 

homines 

G. 

egum  ^ 

iiillitum 

fratrum 

hominum 

D. 

egibus 

nillitibus 

fratribus 

hominibus 

Ac. 

eges 

milites 

fratres 

homines 

Ab. 

legibus 

militibus 

fratribus 

hominibus 

Note. — Some  masculine  and  feminine  nouns  have  a  nomi- 
native ending  -s.  If  the  stem  ends  in  -c  or  -g,  the  combi- 
nation of  the  final  -c  or  -g  of  the  stem  with  -s  gives  -x: 
dux,  nominative  from  the  stem  due-;  lex,  nominative  from 
the  stem  leg-.  If  the  stem  ends  in  -d  or  -t,  the  final  con- 
sonant is  dropped  before  -s:  laus,  nominative  from  the  stem 
laud-.  If  the  vowel  i  stands  before  the  final  consonant  of 
the  stem  it  is  frequently  changed  to  e  in  the  nominative: 
princeps,  nominative  from  the  stem  princip-;  miles,  nomina- 
tive from  the  stem  milit-. 


Nouns  with  stems  ending  in  -tr  have  the  nominative 
ending  in  -ter;  frater  from  the  stem  fratr-;  mater  from  the 
stem  matr-. 

Nouns  with  stems  ending  in  -din  and  -gin  replace  -in 
of  the  stem  by  -o  in  the  nominative:  virgo  from  the  stem 
virgin-;  multitude  from  the  stem  multitudin-.  The  nomina- 
tive homo  is  formed  by  replacing  -in  of  the  stem  in  the 
same  manner. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


329 


(2)  CONSONANT  STEMS  (Neuter) 

Singular 

N. 

flumen 

caput 

corpus 

iter 

G. 

fluminis 

capitis 

corporis 

itineris 

D. 

flumini 

capiti 

corporl 

itinerl 

Ac. 

flumen 

caput 

corpus 

iter 

Ab. 

flumine 

capite 

Plural 

corpore 

itinera 

N. 

flumina 

capita 

corpora 

itinera 

G. 

fluminum 

capitum 

corporum 

itinerum 

D. 

fluminibus 

capitibus 

corporibus 

itineribus 

Ac. 

flumina 

capita 

corpora 

itinera 

Ab. 

fluminibus 

capitibus 

corporibus 

itineribus 

Note. — Nouns  with  -in  as  the  stem  ending  change  i  of  the 
stem  to  e  in  the  nominative:  flumen  from  the  stem  flumin-. 
A  few  other  nouns  hkewise  change  the  vowel  before  the  final 
consonant  of  the  stem  in  forming  the  nominative:  caput  from 
the  stem  capit-. 

Neuter  nouns  with  stems  ending  in  -er  or  -or  regularly 
have  the  nominative  in  -us:  corpus  from  the  stem  corpor-. 
The  nominative  iter  has  the  stem  itiner-. 


(3)  I-STEMS  AND  MIXED  STEMS   (Masculine  and  Feminine) 

These  include  two  classes.  (1)  Nouns  having  the  same 
number  of  syllables  in  the  genitive  as  in  the  nominative.  (2) 
Nouns  having  two  consonants  before  the  ending  of  the  geni- 
tive singular. 

Singular 

N.  hostis  caedes  gens 

G.  hostis  caedis  gentis 

D.  hosti  caedi  genti 

Ac.  hostem  caedem  gentem 

Ab.  hoste  caede  gente 


330 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


N.  hostes 

G.  hostium 

D.  hostibus 

Ac.  hostis  or  -es 

Ah.  hostibus 


Plural 

caedes 
caedium 
caedibus 
caedls  or  -es 
caedibus 


gentes 
gentium 
gentibus 
gentis  or  -es 
gentibus 


Note. — The  ablative  singular  of  turris  and  sometimes  of 
ignis  and  a  few  other  words  ends  in  -i  instead  of  -e.  The 
accusative  singular  of  turris  is  turrim. 


(4)   ] 

[-STEMS  (Neuter) 

These  end  in 

-e,  -al,  or 

-ar. 

Singular 

N.     insigne 

calcar 

anima 

G.      insignis 

calcaris 

animalis 

D.     insignl 

calcarl 

animall 

Ac.    Insigne 

calcar 

animal 

Ah.    Insignl 

calcari 

Plural 

animall 

N.     Insignia 

\ 

calcaria 

animalia 

G.      insignium 

calcarium 

animalium 

D.     Insignibus 

calcaribus 

animalibus 

Ac.    insignia 

calcaria 

animalia 

Ah.    Insignibus 

calcaribus 

animalibus 

(6)     IRREGULAR  NOUNS 

Singular 

Plural 

Singular 

Plural 

N.     vis 

vires 

bos 

boves 

G.     — 

virium 

bovis 

boum 

D.     — 

viribus 

bovl 

btibus  or  bobus 

Ac.    vim 

virls  or  -es 

bovem 

boves 

Ah.    vl 

viribus 

bove 

bubus  or  bobus 

A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


331 


4. 


FOURTH  DECLENSION,  u-stems 


Singular 

Plural 

Singular 

Plural 

N. 

exercitus 

exercitus 

cornu 

cornua 

G. 

exercitus 

exercituum 

cornus 

cornuum 

D. 

exercitui  or  -u 

exercitibus 

cornu 

cornibus 

Ac. 

exercitum 

exercitus 

cornu 

cornua 

Ah. 

exercitu 

exercitibus 

cornu 

cornibus 

Singular 

Plural 

N. 

domus 

domus 

G. 

domus 

domuum  or  domorum 

D. 

domui  or 

domo 

domibus 

Ac. 

domum 

• 

domus  or  domos 

Ah. 

domu  or 

domo 

domibus 

Loc. 

domi 

5. 

FIFTH  DECLENSION,  e-stems 

1 

Singular 

Plural 

Singular 

Plural 

N. 

dies 

dies 

res 

res 

G. 

diei 

dierum 

rei 

rerum 

D. 

die! 

diebus 

rei 

rebus 

Ac. 

diem 

dies 

rem 

res 

Ah. 

die 

diebus 

re 

rebus 

6. 


ADJECTIVES 
FIRST  AND  SECOND  DECLENSIONS 


a.   bonus,  good 

Singular 

Plural 

Masc.         Fern. 

Neut. 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

N. 

bonus    bona 

bonum 

boni 

bonae 

bona 

G. 

bonI       bonae 

boni 

bonorum 

bonarum 

bonorum 

D. 

bono '     bonae 

bono 

bonis 

bonis 

bonis 

Ac. 

bonum  bonam 

bonum 

bonos 

bonas 

bona 

Ah. 

bono      bona 

bono 

bonis 

bonis 

bonis 

332 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


N.  miser 

G.  miseri 

D.  misero 

Ac.  miserum 

Ah.  misero 


h.   miser,  unhappy 

Singular 

misera 

miserae 

miserae 

miseram 

misera 


miserum 

miseri 

misero 

miserum 

misero 


Plural 


N. 

miseri 

miserae 

misera 

G. 

miserorum 

miserarum 

miserorum 

D, 

miseris 

miseris 

miseris 

Ac. 

miseros 

miseras 

misera 

Ab. 

miseris 

miseris 

miseris 

N.  pulcher 

G.  pulchri 

D.  pulchro 

Ac.  pulchrum 

Ab.  pulchro 


c.   pulcher,  beautiful 

Singular 

pulchra 

pulchrae 

pulchrae 

pulchram 

pulchra 


pulchrum 

pulchri 

pulchro 

pulchrum 

pulchro 


N.  pulchri 

G.  pulchrorum 

D.  pulchris 

Ac.  pulchros 

Ab.  pulchris 


Plural 

pulchrae 

pulchrarum 

pulchris 

pulchras 

pulchris 


pulchra 

pulchrorum 

pulchris 

pulchra 

pulchris 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


333 


7. 


THIRD  DECLENSION 

(1)     THREE  TERMINATIONS— (I-STEMS) 

acer,  sharp 


Singular 

Plural 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut 

N. 

acer 

acris 

acre 

acres 

acres 

acria 

G. 

acris 

acris 

acris 

acrium 

acrium 

acrium 

D. 

acrl 

acri 

acri 

acribus 

acribus 

acribus 

Ac. 

acrem    acrem 

acre 

acris,  -es 

acris,  -es 

acria 

Ah. 

acri 

acrl 

acri 

acribus 

acribus 

acribus 

N. 

G. 

D. 

Ac. 

Ah. 


(2) 

Singular 

Masc.  and  Fern. 

omnis 

omnis 

omni 

omnem 

omni 


TWO  TERMINATIONS— (I-STEMS) 

omnis,  all 


Neut. 

omne 

omnis 

omni 

omne 

omni 


Plural 

Masc.  and  Fern. 

Neut. 

omnes 

omnia 

omnium 

omnium 

omnibus 

omnibus 

omnis  or 

-es 

omnia 

omnibus 

omnibus 

(3)      ONE  TERMINATION   (I-STEMS) 


felix,  fortunate 


potens,  powerful 


Singular 


Masc.  and  Fem 

N.  felix 

G.  felicis 

D.  felici 

Ac.  felicem 

Ah.  felici 


N.  felices 

G.  felicium 

D,  felicibus 

Ac.  felicis,  -es 

Ah.  felicibus 


Neut. 

felix 

felicis 

felici 

felix 

felici 

felicia 

felicium 

felicibus 

felicia 

felicibus 


Plural 


Masc.  and  Fem. 

Neut. 

potens 

potens 

potentis 

potentis 

potent! 

potenti 

potentem 

potens 

potenti,  -e 

potenti,  -e 

potentes 

potentia 

potentium 

potentium 

potentibus 

potentibus 

potentis,  -es 

potentia 

potentibus 

potentibus 

334 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


(4)    vetus, 

old 

(a  consonant  stem) 

Singular 

Plural 

Masc.  and  Fern. 

Neut.                      Masc.  and  Fern. 

Neut. 

N. 

vetus 

vetus 

veteres 

Vetera 

G. 

veteris 

veteris 

veterum 

veterum 

D. 

veterl 

veterl 

veteribus 

veteribus 

Ac. 

veterem 

vetus 

veteres 

Vetera 

Ah. 

vetere 

vetere 

veteribus 

veteribus 

8. 

PRESENT  PARTICIPLES 

Singular 

Plural 

Masc.  and  Fern. 

Neut. 

Masc.  and  Fern. 

Neut. 

N. 

portans 

portans 

portantes 

portantia 

G. 

portantis 

portantis 

portantium 

portantium 

D. 

portanti 

portanti 

portantibus 

portantibus 

Ac. 

portantem 

portans 

portantis,  -es 

portantia 

Ah. 

portante  (-1) 

portante  (-1) 

portantibus 

portantibus 

9. 


IRREGULAR  ADJECTIVES 

alius  unus  alter 

solus  totus  neuter 

ullus  nullus  uter 


N.  solus 

G.  sollus 

D.  soli 

Ac.  solum 

Ah.  solo 


sola 

sollus 

soli 

solam 

sola 


solum 

solius 

soli 

solum 

solo 


alter  altera  alterum 

alterius  alterius  alterlus 

alteri  alteri  alter! 

alterum  alteram  alterum 

altero  altera  altero 


{The  plurals  are  like,  those  of  bonus  and  miser.) 

10.  REGULAR  COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES 

Positive  Comparative                                    Superlative 

latus  latior,  latius                          latissimus,  -a,  -um 

fortis  fortior,  fortius                        fortissimus,  -a,  -um 

felix  fellcior,  fellcius                      felicissimus,  -a,  -um 

miser  miserior,  miserius                  miserrimus,  -a,  -um 

facilis  facilior,  facilius                     facillimus,  -a,  -um 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


335 


11.         IRREGULAR  COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES 

Positive 

Comparative 

Superlative 

bonus 

melior,  melius 

optimus, 

,  -a,  -um 

malus 

pejor,  pej 

us 

pessimus 

5,  -a,  -um 

magnus 

major,  majus 

maximus,  -a,  -um 

parvus 

minor,  minus 

minimus 

1,  -a,  -um 

multus 

,  plus 

plurimus 

5,  -a,  -um 

12. 

DECLENSION  OF  COMPARATIVES 

latior,  broader 

Singular 

Plural 

r 

Masc.  and  Fern. 

Neut. 

Masc.  and  Fern. 

Neut. 

N.     latior 

latius 

latiores 

latiora 

G.      latioris 

latioris 

latiorum 

latiorum 

D.     latiori 

atiori 

latioribus 

atioribus 

Ac.    latiorem 

latius 

latiores 

latiora 

Ah.   latiore 

atiore 

plus,  more 

latioribus 

latioribus 

Singular 

Plural 

Masc.  and  Fern. 

Neut. 

Masc.  and  Fern. 

Neut. 

N 

plus 

plures 

plura 

i\  • 

n 

pluris 

plurium 

plurium 

KT. 

n 

pluribus 

pluribus 

u. 

\r 

plus 

pluris  or  -es 

plura 

J±C. 

Ah.  

pluribus 

pluribus 

13.              REGULAR  COMPARISON 

OF  ADVERBS 

1 
1 

Positive 

( 

Comparative 

Superlative 

late 

latius 

latissime 

fortiter 

fortius 

fortissime 

acriter 

acrius 

acerrime 

facile 

facilius 

facillime 

336 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


IRREGULAR  COMPARISON  OF  ADVERBS 


14. 

bene 

male 

magnopere 

multum 

parum 

prope 

saepe 

diu 

15. 

Roman  Numerals     Cardinal 

I. 

II. 
III. 


melius 

pejus 

plus 

magis 

minus 

propius 

saepius 

diutius 

NUMERALS 


IV. 

V. 

VI. 

VII. 

VIII. 

IX. 

X. 

XI. 

XII. 

XIII. 

XIV. 

XV. 

XVI. 

XVII. 

XVIII. 

XIX. 

XX. 

XXI. 


unus,  -a,  -um 
duo,  -ae,  -o 
tres,  tria 
quattuor 
quinque 
sex 

septem 
octo 
novem 
decern 
undecim 
duodecim 
tredecim 
quattuordeeim 
quindecim 
sedecim 
septendecim 
duodevlgintl 
undevlginti 
viginti 

tinus  et  viginti 
(viginti  unus) 


optime 

pessime 

maxime 

plurimum 

minime 

proxime 

saepissime 

diutissime 


Ordinal 

primus,  -a,  -um 

secundus  or  alter 

tertius 

quartus 

quintus 

sextus 

Septimus 

octavus 

nonus 

decimus 

undecimus 

duodecimus 

tertius  decimus 

quartus  decimus 

quintus  decimus 

sextus  decimus 

Septimus  decimus 

duodevlcesimus 

undevlcesimus 

vicesimus 

vicesimus  primus 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


337 


XXVIII. 

duodetrlginta 

duodetricesimus 

XXIX. 

undetriginta 

undetrlcesimus 

XXX. 

triginta 

tricesimus 

XL. 

quadraginta 

quadragesimus 

L. 

quinquaginta 

quinquagesimus 

LX. 

sexaginta 

sexagesimus 

LXX. 

septuaginta 

septuagesimus 

LXXX. 

octoginta 

octogesimus 

XC. 

nonaginta 

nonagesimus 

C. 

centum 

centesimus 

CI. 

centum  (et)  unus 

centesimus(  et)  primus 

CC. 

ducenti,  -ae,  -a 

ducentesimus 

CCC. 

trecenti 

trecentesimus 

CCCC. 

quadringenti 

quadringentesimus 

D. 

quingenti 

quingentesimus 

DC. 

sescenti 

sescentesimus 

DCC. 

septingenti 

septingentesimub 

DCCC. 

octingenti 

octingentesimus 

DCCCC. 

nongenti 

nongentesimus 

M. 

mllle 

millesimus 

MM. 

duo  milia 

bis  millesimus 

16 


DECLENSION  OF  DUO,  TRES,  and  MILIA 


duo,  two 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

.V. 

duo 

duae 

duo 

duorum 

duarum 

duorum 

D. 

duobus 

duabus 

duobus 

Ac. 

duos,  duo 

duas 

duo 

Ah. 

duobus 

duabus 

duobus 

338 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


tres,  three 

rnfliaj 

,  N.,  thousands 

Masc.  and  Fern. 

Neut. 

Neut. 

N.     tres 

tria 

milia 

G.      trium 

trium 

milium 

D.     tribus 

tribus 

milibus 

Ac.    tres,  tris 

tria 

milia 

Ah.    tribus 

tribus 

milibus 

a.  In  the  singular,  mille,  thousand,  is  an  indeclinable 
adjective.  In  the  plural  it  is  a  neuter  noun,  and  the 
noun  denoting  the  persons  or  things  which  are  numbered 
is  put  in  the  genitive  of  the  whole. 

PRONOUNS 
17.  PERSONAL  PRONOUNS 


First  person, 

ego,   I 

Seconc 

person. 

tu, 

you  (thou) 

Singular 

Plural 

Singular 

Plural 

N.     ego 

nos 

tu 

vos 

G.      mei 

nostrum 

tui 

fvestrum 

\nostr! 

\vestri 

D.     mihi 

nobis 

tibi 

vobis 

Ac.    me 

nos 

te 

* 

vos 

Ab.    me 

nobis 

te 

vobis 

a.   There  is  no  personal  pronoun  of  the  third  person. 
Its  place  is   taken   either   by   a   demonstrative  pronoun 
(usually  is,  he,  ea,  she,  id,  it),  or,  if  the  antecedent  is  the 
subject  of  the   sentence  or  clause,  by  the  reflexive^ 
18.  REFLEXIVE  PRONOUNS 


First  person, 

Second  person. 

Third  person, 

mei. 

tui. 

sui. 

of  myself 

of 

yourself 

of  himself,  etc. 

Sing. 

Plur. 

Sing. 

Plur. 

Sing.               Plur. 

G.      mei 

nostri 

tui 

vestri 

sul            sui 

D.     mihi 

nobis 

tibi 

vobis 

sibi          sibi 

Ac.    me 

nos 

te 

vos 

se  (sese)  se  (sese) 

Ah.    me 

nobis 

te 

vobis 

se  (sese)  se  (sese) 

A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


339 


19.  POSSESSIVES 

Singular 

1st  pers.    meus,  -a,  -um,  my 
2d  pers.    tuus,  -a,  -um,  your  (of  one  person) 
,  j  suus,  -a,  -um,  his,  her,  its  (reflexive) 

*  \ejus  (gen.  sing,  of  is)  his,  etc.  (not  reflexive) 

Plural 

1st  pers.    noster,  -tra,  -trum,  our 

2d  pers.    vester,  -tra,  -trum,  your  (of  more  than  one  person) 

fsuus,  -a,^  -um,  their  (reflexive) 
3d  pers.  <  eorum,   earum,   eorum   (gen.   plur.   of  is)   their  (not 
reflexive) 

a.  The  vocative  singular  masculine  of  meus  is  mi. 


20. 


DEMONSTRATIVE  PRONOUNS 


a. 

hic, 

this 

Singular 

Plural 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

N. 

hie 

haec 

hoc 

hi 

hae 

laec 

G. 

hujus 

lUJUS 

hujus 

horum 

L     harum 

horum 

D. 

huic 

huic 

huic 

his 

his 

his 

Ac. 

hunc 

hanc 

hoc 

hos 

has 

haec 

Ah. 

hoc 

hac 

Singular 

lOC 

h. 

ille, 

his 

that 

his 

Plural 

his 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

N. 

ille 

ilia 

illud 

iUi 

illae 

ilia 

G. 

illlus 

illlus 

illlus 

illorum    illarum 

illorum 

D. 

illT 

ill! 

iUi 

illls 

illis 

illis 

Ac. 

ilium 

illam 

illud 

illos 

illas 

ilia 

Ab. 

illo 

ilia 

illo 

ilhs 

illis 

illis 

340 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


c. 

is,  this. 

that. 

he,  she. 

it 

Singular 

Plural 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

A^. 

is 

ea 

id 

il,  el 

eae 

ea 

G. 

ejus 

ejus 

ejus 

eorum 

earum 

eorum 

D. 

ei 

el 

el 

iis,  eis 

ils,  eis 

iis,  els 

Ac. 

eum 

earn 

id 

eos 

eas 

ea 

Ab. 

eo 

ea 

eo 

ils,  els 

iis,  els 

iis,  eis 

(1)  iste  is  declined  like  ille. 


21. 


THE  IDENTIFYING  PRONOUN 


idem,  i 

he  same 

Masc. 

Singular 

Fern. 

Neut. 

N. 

Idem 

eadem 

idem 

G. 
D. 

ejusdem 
eldem 

ejusdem 
eidem 

ejusdem 
eidem 

Ac. 

eundem 

eandem 

idem 

Ab. 

eodem  " 

eadem 

Plural 

eodem 

N, 

idem  or 

eidem 

eaedem 

eadem 

G. 

eorundem 

earundem 

eorundem 

D. 

isdeni  or 

elsdem 

isdem  or  eisdem 

isdem 

or  eisdem 

Ac. 

eosdem 

easdem 

eadeir 

I 

Ab. 

isdem  or 

eisdem 

isdem  or  eisdem 

isdem 

or  eisdem 

22.                        THE  INTENSIVE  PRONOUN 

ipse,  self 

Singular                                                Plural 

Masc.                Fern.                Neut.               Masc.                  Fern. 

Neut. 

N. 

ipse 

ipsa 

ipsum 

ipsi 

ipsae 

ipsa 

G. 

ipslus 

ipsius 

ipsius 

ipsorum 

ipsarum 

ipsorum 

D. 

ipsi 

ipsi 

ipsi 

ipsis 

ipsis 

ipsis 

Ac. 
Ab. 

ipsum 
ipso 

ipsam 
ipsa 

ipsum 
ipso 

ipsos 
ipsis 

ipsas 
ipsis 

ipsa 
ipsis 

A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


341 


23. 


THE  RELATIVE  PRONOUN 


qui,  who 


Singular 

Plural 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut.                  Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

N. 

qui 

quae 

quod 

qui 

quae 

quae 

G. 

cujus 

CUJUf 

5        cujus 

quorum 

quarum 

quorum 

D. 

cui 

cui 

cui 

quibuR 

quibus 

quibus 

Ac. 

quern 

quam       quod 

quos 

quas 

quae 

Ah. 

quo 

qua 

quo 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

24.    THE  INTERROGATIVE  PRONOUN  . 

A.ND  ADJECTIVE 

Singular 

Plural 

- 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut.                          Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

N. 

quis 

quae 

quid  or  quod 

qui 

quae 

quae 

G. 

cujus 

cujus 

cujus 

quorum   quarum 

quorum 

D. 

cui 

cui 

cui 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

Ac. 

quern 

quam 

quid  or  quod 

quos 

quas 

quae 

Ab. 

quo 

qua 

qu5 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

a.  In  the  nominative  singular  masculine  the  adjective 
form  is  sometimes  qui.  In  the  nominative  and  accusative 
singular  neuter  it  is  always  quod.  As  a  pronoun,  quis 
may  be  either  masculine  or  feminine. 


25. 


INDEFINITE  PRONOUNS 


a.    quisque, 

each 

Singular 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

N. 

quisque 

quaeque 

quidque,  quodque 

G. 

cuj  usque 

cuj  usque 

cuj  usque 

D. 

cuique 

cuique 

cuique 

Ac. 

quemque 

quamque 

quidque,  quodque 

Ah. 

quoque 

quaque 
{The  plural  is 

rare) 

quoque 

342 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


b. 

quisquam,  anyone 

Singular 

Masc.  and  Fern. 

Neut. 

N.     quisquam 

quicquam  (quidquam) 

G.      cujusquam 

cujusquam 

D.     cuiquam 

cuiquam 

Ac.    quemquam 

quicquam  (quidquam) 

Ab.    quoquam 

quoquam 
{Plural  lacking) 

1 

* 

c. 

quidam,  a  certain 

Singular 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

N. 

quidam 

quaedam 

quiddam  (quoddam) 

G. 

cujusdam 

cujusdam 

cujusdam 

D. 

cuidam 

cuidam 

cuidam 

Ac. 

quendam 

quandam 

quiddam  (quoddam) 

Ab. 

quodam 

quadam 

Plural 

quodam 

N. 

quidam 

quaedam 

quaedam 

G. 

quorundam 

quarundam 

quorundam 

D. 

quibusdam 

quibusdam 

quibusdam 

Ac. 

quosdam 

quasdam 

quaedam 

Ab. 

quibusdam 

quibusdam 

d.   aliquis,  some 
Singular 

quibusdam 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

N. 

aliquis  (aliqul) 

aliqua 

aliquid  (aliquod) 

G. 

alicujus 

alicujus 

alicujus 

D. 

alicui 

alicui 

alicui 

Ac. 

aliquem 

aliquam 

aliquid  (aliquod) 

Ab. 

aliquo 

aliqua 

aliquo 

A  JUNIOR  LATIN 

READER 

Plural 

N. 

aliqul 

aliquae 

aliqua 

G. 

aliquorum 

aliquaruiu 

aliquorum 

D. 

aliquibus 

aliquibus 

aliquibus 

Ac. 

aliquos 

aliquas 

aliqua 

Ab. 

aliquibus 

aliquibus 

aliquibus 

343 


REGULAR  VERBS 
26.  FIRST  CONJUGATION 

ACTIVE  VOICE 

Principal  parts :   porto,  portare,  porta vi,  portatum 


PRESENT 

INDICATRTE 

Singular 

SUBJUNCTRHE 

porto,  I  carry 

portem 

portas,  you  carry 

portes 

portat,  he  carries 

Plural 

portet 

portamus,  we  carry 

portemus 

portatis,  you  carry 

portetis 

portant,  they  carry 

IMPERFECT 

Singular 

portent 

portabam,  I  was  carrying 

portarem 

portabas,  you  were  carrying 

port  ares 

port  ab  at,  he  was  carrying 

portaret 

Plural 

portabamus,  we  were 

carrying 

portaremus 

portabatis,  you  were 

carrying 

portaretis 

portabant,  they  were 

carrying 

portarent 

344 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


FUTURE 
Singular 
portabo,  /  shall  carry 
portabis,  you  will  carry 
portabit,  he  will  carry 

Plural 
portabimus,  we  shall  carry 
portabitis,  you  will  carry 
portabunt,  they  ivill  carry 

PERFECT 
Singular 
portavi,  I  have  carried,  I  carried 
portavisti,  you  have  carried,  etc. 
portavit,  he  has  carried,  etc. 

Plural 
portavimus,  we  have  carried,  etc. 
portavistis,  you  have  carried,  etc. 
portaverunt,  -ere,  they  have  carried,  etc. 

PAST  PERFECT 
Singular 
portaveram,  I  had  carried 
portaveras,  you  had  carried 
portaverat,  he  had  carried 

Plural 
portaveramus,  we  had  carried 
portaveratis,  you  had  carried 
portaverant,  they  had  carried 

FUTURE  PERFECT 
Singular 
portavero,  /  shall  have  carried 
portaveris,  you  will  have  carried 
portaverit,  he  will  have  carried 


portaverim 

portaveris 

portaverit 

portaverlmus 

portaverltis 

portaverint 


portavissem 

portavisses 

portavisset 

portavissemus 

portavissetis 

portavissent 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


345 


Plural 
portaverimus,  we  shall  have  carried 
portaveritis,  you  will  have  carried 
portaverint,  they  will  have  carried 


PRESENT 

Sing,  porta,  carry  (thou) 
Plur.  portatej  carry  (ye) 


IMPERATIVE 

FUTURE 

Sing.  2.  portato,  thou  shall  carry 

3.  portato,  he  shall  carry 

Plur.  2.  portatote,  ye  shall  carry 

3.  portanto,  they  shall  carry 


Pres. 

Past 

Put. 


INFINITIVES 


port  are,  to  carry 
portavisse,  to  have  carried 
portaturus  esse,  to  he  going  to  carry 


PARTICIPLES 

Pres.    portans,  carrying 

Put.     portaturus,  going  to  carry 


GERUND 


G. 
D. 
Ac. 
Ah. 


portandl,  of  carrying 
portando,  to  (for)  carrying 
portandum,  carrying 
portando,  from,  hy  carrying 


SUPINE 

Ac.   portatum,  to  carry 
Ah.  portatu,  to  carry 


27. 


PASSIVE  VOICE 

PRESENT 


INDICATIVE 


Singular 


portor,  I  am  carried 
portaris,  -re,  you  are  carried 
portatur,  he  is  carried 

portamur,  we  are  carried 
portamini.  you  are  carried 
portantur,  they  are  carried 


Plural 


SUBJUNCTFVE 

porter 
porteris,  -re 
portetur 

portemur 
portemini 
portentur 


346 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


IMPERFECT 
Singular 

portabar,  I  was  (being)  carried 
portabaris,  -re,  you  were  {being)  carried 
portabatur,  he  was  (being)  carried 

Plural 

portabamur,  we  were  (being)  carried 
portabamini,  you  were  (being)  carried 
portabantur,  they  were  (Jbeing)  carried 

FUTURE 
Singular 

portabor,  /  shall  be  carried 
portaberis,  -re,  you  will  be  carried 
portabitur,  he  will  be  carried 

Plural 
portabimur,  we  shall  be  carried 
portabimini,  you  will  be  carried 
portabuntur,  they  will  be  carried 

PERFECT 
Singular 

portatus  sum,  /  have  been  carried 
portatus  es,  you  have  been  carried 
portatus  est,  he  has  been  carried 

Plural 
portati  sumus,  we  have  been  carried 
portatT  est  is,  you  have  been  carried 
portati  sunt,  they  have  been  carried 

PAST  PERFECT 
Singular 

portatus  eram,  I  had  been  carried 
portatus  eras,  you  had  been  carried 
portatus  erat,  he  had  been  carried 


portarer 
portareris,  -re 
portaretur 

portaremur 
portaremini 
portarentur 


Singular 
portatus  sim 
portatus  sis 
portatus  sit 

Plural 
portati  simus 
portati  sitis 
portati  sint 

Singular 
portatus  essem 
portatus  esses 
portatus  esset 


A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER  347 

Plural  Plural 

portati  eramus,  we  had  been  carried         portati  essemus 
portati  eratis,  you  had  been  carried  portati  essetis 

portati  erant,  they  had  been  carried  portati  essent 

FUTURE  PERFECT 
Singidar 

portatus  ero,  I  shall  have  been  carried 
portatus  eris,  you  will  have  been  carried 
portatus  erit,  he  will  have  been  carried 

Plural 

portati  erimus,  we  shall  have  been  carried 
portati  eritis,  you  ivill  have  been  carried 
portati  erunt,  they  will  have  been  carried 

IMPERATIVE 
PRESENT 

Sing,  portare,  be  (thou)  carried 
Plur.  portamini,  be  (ye)  carried    . 

FUTURE 

Sing.  2.   portator,  thou  shall  be  carried 

3.  portator,  he  shall  be  carried 
Plur 


3.   portantor,  they  shall  be  carried 


INFINITIVES 


Pres.     amari,  to  be  loved 

Past      amatus  esse,  to  have  been  loved 

Fut.       amatum  iri,  to  be  about  to  be  loved 


PARTICIPLES 


Past      portatus,  having  been  carried 
Fut.       portandus,  to  be  carried 


348 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


28.     SECOND,   THIRD,   AND  FOURTH  CONJUGATIONS 

moneo,  monere,  monui,  monitum 
duco,  ducere,  duxi,  ductum 
capio,  capere,  cepi,  captum 
audio,  audire,  audivi,  auditum 

ACTIVE  VOICE 


INDICATIVE 

PRESENT 

Singular 

moneo 

duco 

capio 

audio 

mones 

ducis 

capis 

audls 

monet 

ducit 

• 

capit 

Plural 

audit 

monemus 

ducimus 

capimus 

audlmus 

monetis 

ducitis 

capitis 

audltis 

monent 

ducunt 

capiunt 

IMPERFECT 
Singular 

audiunt 

monebam 

dticebam 

capiebam 

audiebam 

monebas 

ducebas 

capiebas 

audiebas 

monebat 

ducebat 

capiebat 
Plural 

audiebat 

monebamus 

ducebamus 

capiebamus 

audiebamus 

monebatis 

ducebatis 

capiebatis 

audiebatis 

monebant 

ducebant 

capiebant 

FUTURE 
Singular 

audiebant 

monebo 

ducam 

capiam 

audiam 

monebis 

duces 

capies 

audies 

monebit 

dilcet 

capiet 

audiet 

A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


349 


Plural 


monebimus 

ducemus 

capiemus 

audiemus 

monebitis 

ducetis 

capietis 

audietis 

monebunt 

ducent 

capient 

PERFECT 

audient 

monul 

dux!         * 

cepi 

PAST  PERFECT 

audivi 

monueram 

duxeram 

ceperam 

audiveram 

FUTURE  PERFECT 

monuero 

duxero 

cepero 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

audivero 

\ 

PRESENT 
Singular 

moneam 

ducam 

capiam 

audiam 

moneas 

ducas 

capias 

audias 

moneat 

ducat 

capiat 
Plural 

audiat 

moneamus 

ducamus 

capiamus 

audiamur 

moneatis 

dticatis 

capiatis 

audiatis 

moneant 

ducant 

capiant 

IMPERFECT 
Singular 

audiant 

monerem 

ducerem 

caperem 

audirem 

moneres 

duceres 

caperes 

audlres 

moneret 

duceret 

caperet 
Plural 

audiret 

moneremus 

duceremus          caperemus 

audiremu^ 

moneretis 

duceretis 

caperetis 

audiretis 

monerent 

dticerent 

caperent 

PERFECT 

audirent 

monuerim 

duxerim 

ceperim 

audlverirn 

350 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


PAST  PERFECT 

monuissem        duxissem  cepissem  audivissem 


IMPERATIVE 

PRESENT 

Singular 

mone 

duc^ 

cape 

audi 

Plural 

monete 

ducite 

capite 

FUTURE 
Singular 

audite 

moneto 

ducito 

capito 

audito 

moneto 

ducito 

capito 
Plural 

audito 

monetote 

ducitote 

capitote 

auditote 

monento 

ducunto 

capiunto 

PARTICIPLES 

PRESENT 

audiunto 

monens 

ducens 

capiens 

FUTURE 

audiens 

moniturus 

ducturus 

capturus 

INFINITIVES 
PRESENT 

auditurus 

monere 

ducere 

capere 

PAST 

audire 

monuisse 

duxisse 

cepisse 

FUTURE 

audivisse 

moniturus 

esse  ducturus 

esse     capturus  esse 

auditurus  esse 

1  This  is  an  irregular  form.     The  imperative  of  mitto   is  mitte,  mittite,  etc.,   which 
illustrates  the  regular  formation  in  the  3d  conjugation. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


351 


GERUND 

monendi 

ducendl 

capiendi 

audiendi 

monendo 

ducendo 

capiendo 

audiendo 

etc. 

etc. 

etc. 

SUPINE 

etc. 

monitum 

ductum 

captum 

audltum 

monitu 

ductu 

captu 

audita 

29. 

PASSIVE  VOICE 

INDICATIVE 

PRESENT 

Singular 

moneor 

dticor 

capior 

audior 

moneris,  -re 

duceris,  -re 

caperis,  -re 

audlris,  -re 

monetur 

ducitur 

capitur 

audltur 

• 

Plural 

monemur 

ducimur 

capimur 

audlmur 

monemini 

ducimini 

capimini 

audlmini 

monentur 

ducuntur 

capiuntur 

audiuntur 

IMPERFECT 

Singular 

monebar 

ducebar 

capiebar 

audiebar 

monebaris,  -re 

ducebaris,  - 

re     capiebaris,  -re 

audiebaris,  -re 

monebatur 

dticebatur 

capiebatur 
Plural 

audiebatur 

monebamur 

ducebamur 

capiebamur 

audiebamur 

monebamini 

ducebamini 

capiebamini 

audiebaminl 

raonebantur 

ducebantur 

capiebantur 

FUTURE 
Singular 

audiebantur 

monebor 

ducar 

capiar 

audiar 

moneberis,  -re 

diSceris,  -re 

capieris,  -re 

audieris,  -re 

monebitur 

ducetur 

capietur 

audietur 

352 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


Plural 


monebimur  dticemur 
monebimini  ducemini 
monebuntur      ducentur 


capiemur 
capiemini 
capientur 

PERFECT 

monitus  sum     ductus  sum         captus  sum 

PAST  PERFECT 

monitus  eram   ductus  eram       captus  eram 

FUTURE  PERFECT 

monitus  ero       ductus  ero  captus  ero 

SUBJUNCTIVE 
PRESENT 
Singular 
capiar 
capiaris,  -re 
capiatur 

Plural 

capiamur 
capiamini 
capiantur 

IMPERFECT 
Singular 

caperer 
ducereris,  -re      capereris,  -re 
duceretur  caperetur 

Plural 

caperemur 
caperemini 
caperentur 

PERFECT 

captus  sim 


monear 
monearis,  -re 
moneatur 


moneamur 
moneamini 
moneantur 


ducar 

ducaris,  -re 
dticatur 

ducamur 
ducamini 
clucantur 


monerer 
monereris,  -re 
moneretur 


moneremur 
moneremini 
monerentur 


ducerer 


duceremur 
duceremini 
ducerentur 


audiemur 
audiemini 
audientur 

auditus  sum 

audltus  eram 

auditus  ero 


audiar 
audiaris,  -re 
audiatur 

audiamur 
audiamini 
audiantur 


monitus  sim      ductus  sim 


audlrer 
audlreris,  -re 
audiretur 

audiremur 
audlreminl 
audirentur 

auditus  sim 


A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 

PAST  PERFECT 


353 


monitus  esseir 

I  ductus  essem      captus  essem 

audltus  essem 

IMPERATIVE 

PRESENT 

Singular 

monere 

ducere 

capere 

Plural 

audire 

monemini 

ducimini 

capimini 

FUTURE 

Singular 

audlmini 

2.  monetor 

ducitor 

capitor 

auditor 

S.  monetor 

ducitor 

capitor 
Plural 

auditor 

2. 

3.  monentor 

ducuntor 

capiuntor 

PARTICIPLES 
PAST 

audiuntor 

monitus 

ductus 

captus 

FUTURE 

audltus 

monendus 

ducendus 

capiendus 

INFINITIVE 

audiendus 

PRESENT 

moneri 

duci 

capl 

PAST 

audiri 

monitus  esse 

ductus  esse         captus  esse 

audltus  esse 

FUTURE 

monitum  irl 

ductum  In 

captum  hi 

audltum  Irl 

a.  A  group  of  forms  representing  one  person  and  num- 
ber of  a  verb  in  all  the  tenses  is  called  a  Synopsis.  The 
synopsis  of  porto  in  the  first  person  singular  of  the  indica- 
tive and  subjunctive,  active  and  passive,  is  as  follows: 


354 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


ACTIVE 


DICATIVE 

* 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

Pres. 

porto 

portem 

Imperf. 

portabam 

portarem 

Fut. 

portabo 

Perf. 

portavl 

portaverim    . 

P.  PL 

portaveram 

portavissem 

F.Pf. 

portavero 

FASSIYE 

Pres. 

portor 

porter 

Imperf. 

portabar 

portarer 

Fut. 

portabor 

Perf. 

portatus  sum 

portatus  sim 

P.  Pf- 

portatus  eram 

portatus  essem 

F .  Pf.     portatus  ero 


30. 


DEPONENT  VERBS 

I.  Conor,  conari,  conatus  sum 

II.  polliceor,  poUiceri,  pollicitus  sum 

III.  sequor,  sequi,  secutus  sum 

IV.  potior,  potiri,  potitus  sum 


II. 


INDICATIVE 
PRESENT 


III. 


IV. 


Singular 


Conor 

polliceor 

sequor 

potior 

conaris,  -re 

polliceris,  -re 

sequeris,  -re 

potlris,  -re 

conatur 

poUicetur 

sequitur 

Plural 

potltur 

conamur 

poUicemur 

sequimur 

potlmur 

conamini 

poUiceminl 

sequimini 

potlmini 

conantur 

pollicentur 

sequuntur 

potiuntur 

A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


355 


IMPERFECT 

conabar  pollicebar  sequebar 

FUTURE 

conabor  pollicebor  sequar 

PERFECT 

conatus  sum      pollicitus  sum    secutus  sum 

PAST  PERFECT 

conatus  eram    pollicitus  eram  secutus  eram 

FUTURE  PERFECT 

conatus  ero       pollicitus  ero      secutus  ero 


potiebar 
potiar 

potltus  sum 
potltus  eram 
potltus  ero 


,  SUBJUNCTIVE 

PRESENT 

pollicear  sequar 

IMPERFECT 

pollicerer  sequerer 

PERFECT 

conatus  sim       pollicitus  sim     secutus  sim 

PAST  PERFECT 

conatus  essem  pollicitus  essem  secutus  essem     potltus  essem 


coner 


conarer 


potiar 
potirer 
potltus  sim 


conare 


conator 


IMPERATIVE 
PRESENT 

pollicere  sequere 

FUTURE 

poUicetor  sequitor 


pot  ire 
potltor 


INFINITIVE 
PRESENT 

conarl  poUicerl  sequi  potlrl 

PAST 

conatus  esse      pollicitus  esse       secutus  esse        potltus  esse 

FUTURE 

conaturus  esse  poUicittirus  esse    secuturus  esse     potiturus  esse 


356 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


conans 
conatus 
conaturus 
conandus 


pollicens 
pollicitus 


PARTICIPLE 

PRESENT 

sequens 

PAST 

secutus 

FUTURE  ACTIVE 

polliciturus         secuturus 

FUTURE  PASSIVE 

poUicendus         sequendus 

GERUND 


potiens 
potitus 
potlturus 
potiendus 


conandi,  etc.     poUicendl,  etc.   sequendl,  etc.     potiendl,  etc. 


conatum 
conatti 


pollicitum 
pollicitu 


SUPINE 

sectitum 
secutu 


potltum 
potltti 


a.  The  following  verbs  are  semi-deponent.     The  present 
system  is  active  and  the  perfect  system  is  passive: 

audeo,  audere,  ausus  sum,  dare 
gaudeo,  gaudere,  gavisus  sum,  rejoice 
soleo,  solere,  solitus  sum,  he  accustomed 
fido,  fidere,  fisus  sum,  trust 

IRREGULAR   VERBS 

31.  CONJUGATION  OF  SUM 

Principal  parts:     sum,  esse,  fui,  futurus 


INDICATIVE 
PRESENT 


Singular 
sum,  /  am 
es,  you  are 
est,  he,  she,  it  is 


Plural 
sumus,  toe  are 
estis,  you  are 
sunt,  they  are 


A   JUNIOR   LATi:s    READER 
IMPERFECT 

eram,  /  was 
eras,  you  were 
erat,  he,  she,  it  was 


35' 


eramus,  we  were 
eratis,  you  were 
erant,  they  were 


ero,  /  shall  be 

eris,  you  will  he 

erit,  he,  she,  it  icill  be 


FUTURE 

erimus,  we  shall  be 
erit  is,  you  tvill  be 
erunt,  they  will  be 


PERFECT 

ful,  /  have  been,  I  was  fuimus,  we  have  been,  we  were 

fuisti,  you  have  been,  you  were  fuistis,  you  have  been,  you  were 
fuit,  he,  she,  it  has  been,  was     fuerunt,  or  -ere,  they  have  been, 

they  were. 


PAST  PERFECT 


fueram,  /  had  been 
fueras,  you  had  been 
fuerat,  he,  she,  it  had  been 


fueramus,  we  had  been 
fueratis,  you  had  been 
fuerant,  they  had  been 


FUTURE  PERFECT 

fuero,  /  shall  have  been  fuerimus,  we  shall  have  been 

fueris,  you  will  have  been  fueritis,  you  will  have  been 

fuerit,  he,  she,  it  ivill  have  been     fuerint,  they  ivill  have  been 


PRESENT 

Singular  Plural 

sim  simus 

sis  sitis 

sit  sint 

PERFECT 

fuerim         fuerimus 
fueris  fueritis 

fuerit  fuerint 


SUBJUNCTIVE 

IMPERFECT 
Singular  Plural 

essem  essemus 

esses  essetis 

esset  essent 

PAST  PERFECT 

fuissem  fuissemus 

fuisses  fuissetis 

fuisset  fuissent 


358 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


M  pers.     es,  he  (thou) 


IMPERATIVE 
PRESENT 

FUTURE 


este,  he  (ye) 


2d  pers.     esto,  he,  thou  shalt  he  estote,  he,  ye  shall  he 
3d  pers.     esto,  let  him  he,  he     sunto,    let   them   he,   they   shall 
shall  he  he 

PARTICIPLE 

Fut.     futurus,  ahout  to  he 

INFINITIVE 

Pres.    esse,  to  he 

Past     fuisse,  to  have  heen 

Fut.      futurus  esse  or  fore,  to  he  ahout  to  he 


32. 


CONJUGATION  OF  POSSUM 
Principal  parts:     possum,  posse,  potui 

SUBJUNCTIVE 


INDICATIVE 


PRESENT 


Singular 
possum 
potes 
potest 

poteram 

poteras 

poterat 

potero 

potui 

potueram 


Plural 
possumus 
potestis 
possunt 

poteramus 

poteratis 

poterant 


IMPERFECT 


Singular 
possim 
possis 
possit 

possem 

posses 

posset 


FUTURE 

poterimus 

PERFECT 

potuimus  potuerim 

PAST  PERFECT 

potueramus  potuissem 


Plural 
posslmus 
possitis 
possint 

possemus 

possetis 

possent 


potuerimus 


potuissemus 


potuero 


33. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

FUTURE  PERFECT 

potuerimus 

INFINITIVE 

Pres.     posse  Past    potuisse 

CONJUGATION  OF  PROSUM 


359 


Principal  parts: 

prosum,  prodesse, 

profui 

] 

[NDICATIVE 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

PRESENT 

Singular 

Plural 

Singular 

Plural 

prosum 

prosumus 

prosim 

proslmus 

prodes 

prodestis 

prosis 

prosltis 

prodest 

prosunt 

prosit 

prosint 

The  remaining  forms  of  the  present  system  are  conjugated 
Hke  sum,  with  the  prefix  prod-.  The  perfect  system  is  regu- 
larly formed  with  the  stem  profu-. 


34.  CONJUGATION  OF  FERO 

Principal  parts:    fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum 


INDICATIVE 

• 

PRESENT 

Active 

Passive 

Singular 

Plural 

Singular 

Plural 

fero 

ferimus 

feror 

ferimur 

fers 

fertis 

ferris,  ■ 

-re 

ferimini 

fert 

ferunt 

fertur 

IMPERFECT 

feruntur 

ferebam 

ferebamus 

ferebar 

FUTURE 

ferebamur 

feram 

feremus 

ferar 

PERFECT 

feremur 

tuli 

tulimus 

latus  sum 

latl  sumus 

360 


tuleram 


tulero 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

PAST  PERFECT 

tuleramus  latus  eram    lati  eramus 

FUTURE  PERFECT 

tulerimus  latus  ero       lati  erimus 


feram 


ferrem 


tulerim 


tulissem 


SUBJUNCTIVE 

PRESENT 

feramus  ferar 

IMPERFECT 

ferremus  ferrer 


feramur 


ferremur 


PERFECT 

tulerimus  latus  sim       lati  simus 

PAST  PERFECT 

tulissemus  latus  essem  lati  essemus 


2  fer 

2  ferto 

3  ferto 


IMPERATIVE 

PRESENT 

ferte 

"erre 

FUTURE 

fertote 

fertor 

ferunto 

fertor 

ferimini 


feruntor 


INFINITIVE 
Active  Passive 

Pres.  ferre  ferri 

Past    tulisse  latus  esse 

Fut.     liiturus  esse    latum  iri 


Pres. 
Fut. 


PARTICIPLES 

Active  Passive 

ferens      Past  latus 
laturus    Fut.    ferendus 


GERUND 

ferendl,  etc. 


SUPINE 

Ace.     latum         Abl.     latu 


35. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

CONJUGATION  OF  EO 
Principal  parts:     eo,  ire,  ii  or  ivi,  itum 

PRESENT 


361 


INDICATIVE 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

Singular 

Plural 

Singular 

Plural 

eo 

Tmus 

earn 

eamus 

is 

Itis 

eas 

eatis 

it 

eunt 

eat 

IMPERFECT 

eant 

ibam 

ibamus 

Irem 

FUTURE 

iremus 

Ibo 

Ibimus 

PERFECT 

ii  or  Ivi 

iimus  or 

ierim  or 

ierlmus  or 

Ivimus 

iverim 

PAST  PERFECT 

iverlmus 

ieram 

ieramus 

issem 

Issemus 

(Iveram) 

(iveramus)                      (ivissem) 

(Ivissemus) 

-■r.   T 


FUTURE  PERFECT 

lero  or  ivero  '  lerimus  or  iverimus 

INFINITIVE 

Pres.  Ire 

Past  iisse  or  isse 

Fid.    ittirus  esse 


IMPERATIVE 

Pres.  I,         ite 
Fut.    ito,     itote 
Ito,     eunto 

GERUND 

eundi,  etc. 
36. 


PARTICIPLE 

Pres.    iens  {gen.  euntis) 
Fut.     ittirus 


CONJUGATION  OF  FIG 
Principal  parts:     fio,  fieri,  factus  sum 

PRESENT 


INDICATIVE 
Singular  Plural 

fio  — 

fis  — 

fit  fiunt 


SUBJUNCTIVE 
Singular  Plural 

fiam  flamus 

fias  fiatis 

fiat  fiant 


362 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


fiebam 

flam 

fact  us  sum 

factus  cram 
factus  ero 


IMPERFECT 

flebamus  fierem  fieremus 

FUTURE 

flemus 

PERFECT 

factus  sim 

PAST  PERFECT 

factus  essem 

FUTURE  PERFECT 


IMPERATIVE 

Pres.  fi,  fite 


INFINITIVE 

Pres.    fieri 
Past,    factus  esse 
Flit,     factum  iii 


PARTICIPLES 

Past,    factus 
Fut.     faciendus 


37.     CONJUGATION  OF  VOLO,  AND  ITS  COMPOUNDS 

volo,  velle,  volui,  he  willing. 
nolo,  nolle,  nolui,  be  unwilling. 
malo,  malle,  malui,  prefer. 


INDICATIVE 

Pres. 

volo 

nolo 

malo 

vis 

non  vis 

mavis 

• 

vult 

non  vult 

mavult 

volumus 

nolumus 

malumus 

vultis 

non  vultis 

mavultis 

volunt 

nolunt 

malunt 

Imperf. 

volebam 

nolebam 

malcbam 

Fut. 

volam 

nolam 

malam 

Peri. 

volul 

nolul 

malul 

Past  Perf. 

volueram 

nolueram 

malueram 

Fut.  Perf. 

voluero 

noluero 

maluero 

A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


363 


Pres. 
hnperf. 
Perf. 
Past  Perf. 

velim 
vellem 
voluerim 
voluissem 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

nolim 
noUem 
noluerim 
noluissem 

malim 
mallem 
maluerim 
maluissem 

Pres. 
Fut. 

IMPERATIVE 

noil               nolite 
nollto           nolltote 
nollto           nolunto 

1 

Pres. 
Past. 

velle 
voluisse 

INFINITIVE 

nolle 
noluisse 

malle 
maluisse 

Pres. 

volens 

PARTICIPLE 

nolens 

Note. — A  few  verbs  are  defective,  that  is,  they  lack  some 
forms  which  are  found  in  the  conjugation  of  other  verbs.  The 
most  important  are  aio,  I  say,  I  assent,  inquam,  /  say,  coepi, 
I  began,  memini,  /  reme-mher,  odi,  /  hate. 

(1)  The  forms  of  aio  most  commonly  used  are  found  in 
the  present  indicative,  and  are  as  follows: 

Singular        Plural 

1.  aio 

2.  ais 

3.  ait         aiunt 

A  few  other  forms,  including  the  whole  of  the  imperfect 
indicative  and  the  second  and  third  persons  singular  of  the 
present  subjunctive  are  sometimes  found. 

(2)  The  only  forms  of  inquam  in  common  use  are  found  in 
the  present  indicative.     They  are  as  follows: 

Singular         Plural 

inquam 

inquis 

inquit         inquiunt 


364  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

(3)  The  three  verbs,  coepi,  memini,  and  odi  have  no 
present,  imperfect,  or  future  forms.  The  perfects  of  memini 
and  odi  are  used  with  present  meanings,  the  past  perfects 
with  imperfect  meanings,  and  the  future  perfects  with  future 
meanings.  The  tenses  of  coepi  have  their  regular  meanings. 
The  present,  imperfect,  and  future  of  coepi  are  supphed  by 
the  forms  of  incipio. 

SYNTAX 

Note. — The  statement  of  grammatical  principles  which  fol- 
lows is  not  intended  to  be  in  any  sense  a  complete  outline  of 
Latin  grammar.  The  topics  presented  are  those  which 
are  especially  important  for  the  work  of  the  second  year. 
The  mood  and  case  uses  treated  are  limited  almost  entirely 
to  those  which  are  found  in  the  exercises  or  the  connected 
text  of  this  book. 

AGREEMENT 

38.  (1)  Adjectives  and  participles  agree  with  their  nouns 
in  gender,  number,  and  case. 

Magna  urbs;  magnae  partis;  magnis  periculis. 

(2)  A  relative  pronoun  agrees  with  its  antecedent  in  gen- 
der and  number,  but  its  case  depends  on  its  use  in  its  own 
clause. 

Homo  quern  vides  amicus  meus  est,  the  man  whom  you 
see  is  my  friend. 

39.  A  noun  in  apposition  is  put  in  the  same  case  as  the 
noun  which  it  explains. 

Agricola,  vir  benignus,  pueros  laudat,  the  farmer,  a  kind 
man,  praises  the  boys. 

40.  A  verb  agrees  with  its  subject  in  person  and  number. 

Puer    laborat,    the    hoy   works;   pueri    laborant,    the    hoys 
work. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  365 

NOUNS:  CASES 

THE  NOMINATIVE 

41.  The  nominative  is  the  case  of  the  subject  or  predicate 
of  a  finite^  verb. 

Puella  canit,  the  girl  sings. 

Prater  tuus  est  agricola^  your  brother  is  a  farmer. 

a.  The  predicate  nominative  is  used  with  the  verb 
sum  and  with  the  passive  voice  of  verbs  meaning  to 
name,  call,  appoint,  choose,  and  the  Uke. 

Is  rex  tyrannus  appellatus  est,  this  king  was  called    a 
tyrant. 

THE  GENITIVE 
GENITIVE  OF  POSSESSION 

42.  The  genitive  is  used  to  denote  the  possessor. 

Liber  pueri  repertus  est,  the  boy's  book  has  been  found. 

GENITIVE  OF  THE  WHOLE  (PARTITIVE  GENITIVE) 

43.  With  words  denoting  a  part,  a  dependent  genitive  is 
used  to  name  the  whole  of  that  to  which  the  part  belongs. 

Multi  amicorum  meorum  in  ea  urbe  habitant,  many  of 
my  friends  live  in  that  city. 

a.  The  ablative  with  de  or  ex  is  sometimes  used  in 
place  of  the  genitive  of  the  whole,  regularly  so  with  car- 
dinal numerals  and  quidam.  tJnus  e  filiis  tuis,  one  of 
your  sons. 

GENITIVE  OF  DESCRIPTION 

44.  The  genitive,  modified  by  an  adjective,  may  be  used 
to  describe  a  person  or  thing. 

Homo  magnae  virtUtiSy  a  man  of  great  courage. 

1  That  is,  any  verb  form  which  denotes  person  and  number. 


366  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

a.   The   genitive   is   often   employed   in   this   construc- 
tion to  denote  measure. 

Murus  quattuor  pedurriy  a  four-foot  wall  (a  wall  of  four 

feet). 

OBJECTIVE  GENITIVE 

45.  Nouns  and  adjectives  which  denote  action  sometimes 
take  a  dependent  genitive  in  a  relation  similar  to  that  of  a 
direct  object  to  the  verb  on  which  it  depends. 

Timor  pericuUy  fear  of  danger. 

SUBJECTIVE  GENITIVE 

46.  Nouns  which  denote  action  sometimes  take  a  genitive 
to  indicate  the  person  who  does  the  act. 

Adventus  Caesaris^  the  arrival  of  Caesar. 

GENITIVE  OF  MATERIAL  OR  COMPOSITION 

47.  The  genitive  may  be  used  to  denote  the  material  of 
which  something  is  composed,  or  the  persons  or  objects  mak- 
ing up  a  collective  noun. 

Exercitus  virdrum  fortium,  aii  army  of  hruve  men. 

GENITIVE  WITH  VERBS 

48.  The  verbs  memini  and  reminiscor,  'remember,  and  obli- 
viscor,  forget,  frequently  take  a  genitive  as  object.  Virtuiis 
vestrae  non  obliviscor,  I  do  not  forget  your  courage. 

a.    If  the  object  is  a  neuter  pronoun  or  a  neuter  ad- 
jective used  as  a  noun,  it  is  always  in  the  accusative. 

Romani    haec    semper    meminerint,    the    Romans   will 
always   remember  these   things. 

THE  DATIVE 
DATIVE  OF  INDIRECT  OBJECT 

49.  The  indirect  object  is  put  in  the  dative. 

Femina  puero  epistulam  dat,  the  woman  gives  the  boy  a 
letter. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER  367 

DATIVE  WITH  ADJECTIVES 

50.  The  dative  is  used  in  dependence  on  adjectives  mean- 
ing kind,  friendly,  pleasing,  dear,  useful,  near,  and  some 
others. 

Filius  tuus  sororibus  benignus  est,  your  son  is  kind  to 

(his)   sisters. 

DATIVE  WITH  SPECIAL  VERBS 

51.  Most  verbs  meaning  to  please,  displease,  trust,  distrust, 
believe,  persuade,  serve,  obey,  favor,  resist,  envy,  threaten,  par- 
don, and  spare  govern  the  dative. 

Illis  barbaris  nemo  nunc  confidit,  no  one  now  trusts  those 
barbarians. 

DATIVE  OF  POSSESSION 

52.  The  possessor  of  something  may  be  denoted  by  a  noun 
or  pronoun  in  the  dative,  with  the  word  denoting  the  thing 
possessed  in  the  nominative  as  the  subject  of  a  form  of  sum. 

Puero  gladius  est,  the  boy  has  a  sword. 

DATIVE  OF  PURPOSE 

53.  A  noun  in  tlie  dative  is  sometimes  used  to  denote  the 
purpose  or  end  which  something  serves  or  is  intended  to 
serve. 

Hunc  librum  ddno  misi,   I  sent  this  book  as  a  gift   (Ut. 
for  a  gift). 

DATIVE  OF  REFERENCE 

54.  The  dative  is  sometimes  used  to  denote  the  person 
with  reference  to  whom  an  act  is  said  to  be  done  or  a  situa- 
tion to  exist.  This  use  is  especially  common  in  expressions 
which  contain  a  dative  of  purpose. 

Legi5  equitdtui  auxilio  missa  est,  the  legion  was  sent  as 
aid  (ht.  for  aid)  to  the  cavalry. 


368  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

DATIVE  WITH  COMPOUNDS 

55.  Verbs  compounded  with  ante,  ob,  prae,  and  sub  fre- 
quently have  a  dependent  noun  or  pronoun  in  the  dative 
case.  This  construction  is  sometimes  found  also  with  com- 
pounds of  ad,  circum,  con-,  in,  inter,  post,  pro,  and  super. 

Legioni  praeest,  he  is  in  command  of  the  legion. 

a.  If  the  simple  verb  from  which  the  compound  is 
formed  is  a  transitive  verb,  the  compound  may  take 
both  the  accusative  and  the  dative. 

Labienum    castris    praefecit,    he    placed    Lahienus    in 
charge   of  the   camp. 

DATIVE  OF  AGENT 

56.  With  the  future  passive  participle,  the  person  by 
whom  the  act  must  be  done  or  ought  to  be  done  is  regularly 
denoted  by  the  dative. 

Epistula  mihi  mittenda  est,  a  letter  ought  to  be  sent  by  7ne. 

Note. — With  a  verb  which  has  a  dependent  dative  of  some 
other  kind,  the  dative  of  agent  is  sometimes  replaced  by  the 
ablative  of  agent  (66)  to  avoid  confusion  in  the  meaning  of 
the  sentence. 

ACCUSATIVE 
ACCUSATIVE  OF  DIRECT  OBJECT 

57.  The  direct  object  of  a  verb  is  put  in  the  accusative. 
Silvam  videmus,  ive  see  the  forest. 

ACCUSATIVE  OF  DURATION  OF  TIME 

58.  The  accusative  without  a  preposition  is  used  to  tell 
how  long  an  act  or  situation  continues. 

Multas  horas  in  insula  mansi,   I  remained  many  hours 
on  the  island. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  369 

ACCUSATIVE  OF  EXTENT  IN  SPACE 

59.  The  accusative  without  a  preposition  is  used  to  express 
extent  in  space. 

Puer  quinque   milia  passuum  ambulavit,  the  hoy  walked 

five  miles. 

ACCUSATIVE  OF  PLACE  TO  WHICH 

60.  The  accusative  of  domus  and  of  names  of  cities  and 
towns  is  used  without  a  preposition  to  denote  place  to 
which.  With  other  words  in  this  construction,  a  preposition, 
ad  or  in,  is  used. 

Exercitus  Romam  redibit,  the  army  will  return  to   Rome. 
Exercitus  in  urbem  redibit,  the  army  will  return  to  the 
city. 

ACCUSATIVE  WITH  PREPOSITIONS 

61.  Certain  prepositions  have  their  objects  in  the  accusa- 
tive case.  Among  the  most  important  of  these  are  ad,  ante, 
apud,  circum,  contra,  inter,  ob,  per,  post,  praeter,  propter,  trans. 

Is  poeta  inter   barbards  diu  habitavit,   this  poet  lived  a 
long    time    among    barbarians. 

ACCUSATIVE  AS  SUBJECT  OF  INFINITIVES 

62.  The  accusative  is  used  as  the  subject  of  the  infinitive. 

Explorator  dixit  urbem  incensam  esse,  the  scout  said  the 
city  had  been  burned. 

TWO  ACCUSATIVES 

63.  Verbs  of  naming,  calling,  appointing,  thinking,  and  the 
Uke,  may  have  in  addition  to  the  direct  object  a  second 
accusative  telhng  what  the  person  or  thing  denoted  by  the 
object  is  named,  called,  appointed  etc. 

Fratrem  tuum  praetor  em  creavimus,  we  have  elected  your 
brother  praetor. 


370  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

a.  Compounds  of  trans  sometimes  take  two  objects, 
one  governed  by  the  preposition,  the  other  by  the  simple 
verb.  With  the  passive  of  such  verbs  the  object  gov- 
erned by  the  preposition  may  be  retained. 

Legionem    flumen    traduxi,    I    led    the     legion     across 
the   river. 

Legio  flumen  traducta  est,  the    legion   was   led   across 
the   river. 

THE  ABLATIVE 
ABLATIVE  OF  SEPARATION 

64.  Verbs  meaning  to  separate,  rernove,  deprive  of,  he  absent, 
and  the  Hke,  take  the  ablative  of  separation,  often  with  ab 
or  ex. 

Hi  montes   Galliam   ab  Hispania   dividunt,   these   moun- 
tains separate  Gaul  from  Spain. 

ABLATIVE  OF  PLACE  FROM  WHICH 

65.  The  ablative  of  domus  and  of  names  of  cities  and 
towns  is  used  without  a  preposition  to  express  the  idea  of 
place  from  which.  With  other  words  in  this  construction  a 
preposition,  ab,  de,  or  ex,  is  used. 

Legatus    Genava   profectus    est,    the   envoy   set   out  from 
Geneva. 

Legatus   ex  oppido  profectus   est,   the   lieutenant  set  out 
from  the  town. 

ABLATIVE  OF  AGENT 

66.  With  passive  verbs  the  noun  or  pronoun  which  denotes 
the  person  by  whom  the  act  is  done  is  put  in  the  ablative 
with  a  or  ab. 

Explorator  a  militibus  captus  est,  the  scout  was  captured 
by  the   soldiers. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  371 

ABLATIVE  OF  COMPARISON 

67.  With  the  comparative  form  of  an  adjective  (occasion- 
ally of  an  adverb),  if  quam  is  omitted,  the  noun  or  pronoun 
denoting  the  person  or  thing  with  which  comparison  is  made 
is  put  in  the  ablative  without  a  preposition. 

Puella  altior  puero  est,  the  girl  is  taller  than  the  hoy. 

a.  If  quam  is  used,  the  word  denoting  the  person  or 
thing  with  which  comparison  is  made  stands  in  the  same 
case  as  the  thing  compared. 

Puella    est    altior    quam  puer,    the    girl  is   taller  than 
the   hoy. 

ABLATIVE  OF  PLACE  WHERE 

68.  The  ablative  with  in  denotes  the  place  where  some- 
thing is  or  where  some  act  occurs. 

In  eis  montibus  multa  animalia  reperiuntur,  many  ani- 
mals are  found  in  these  mountains. 

ABLATIVE  OF  TIME 

69.  The  time  at  which  or  within  which  some  act  takes 
place  is  regularly  expressed  by  a  noun  or  pronoun  in  the 
ablative  case  without  a  preposition. 

Ed  anno  pater  meus  tectum  novum  aedificavit,  my  father 
huilt  a  new  house  that  year. 

ABLATIVE  OF  ACCOMPANIMENT 

70.  The  ablative  with  the  preposition  cum  is  used  to 
denote  the  person  with  whom  one  is  associated  in  doing  an 
act. 

Cum.  amico  ambulo,  I  walk  with  a  friend. 

a.  The  ablative  of  accompaniment  also  denotes  the 
person  with  whom  one  is  contending. 


372  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

Cum   Germanis  bellum  gesserunt,   they  waged  war  with 
the  Germans. 

h.  The  preposition  cum  may  be  omitted  in  military 
expressions,  if  the  noun  in  the  ablative  is  modified  by 
an  adjective  other  than  a  numeral. 

Multis  militibus  flumen  transii,  I  crossed  the  river  with 
many  soldiers. 

Cum   iribus    legidnibus    flumen  transii,   I  crossed   the 
river  with  three  legions. 

ABLATIVE  OF  MANNER 

71.  The  ablative,  frequently  with  the  preposition  cum,  is 
used  to  express  manner. 

Magna  cum  euro,   {or  magna  cUra)   omnia  paravimus,   we 

have  prepared  everything  with  great  care. 

Note. — Some  words  of  frequent  occurrence  omit  the  prep- 
osition in  this  construction.  Among  these  are  jure,  justly 
{with  justice),  injuria,  unjustly  {with  injustice),  merito,  deserv- 
edly {with  merit),  casu,  accidentally  {by  chance),  and  some 
others. 

ABLATIVE  OF  MEANS 

72.  A  word  which  is  used  to  denote  the  means  employed 
in  accomplishing  an  act  is  put  in  the  ablative  without  a  prep- 
osition. 

Galli  gladiis  pugnabant,  the  Gauls  fought  with  swords. 

ABLATIVE  OF  ROUTE 

73.  The  way  or  route  by  which  one  goes  may  be  denoted 
by  the  ablative  without  a  preposition. 

Breviore  itinere  rediimus,  we  returned  by  a  shorter  route. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  373 

ABLATIVE  OF  DEGREE  OF  DIFFERENCE 

74.  The  ablative  without  a  preposition  is  used  to  express 
the  degree  or  measure  of  difference  beween  two  things. 

Arbor  decern,  pedibus  altior  muro  {or  quam  mums)  est, 

the  tree  is  ten  feet  higher  than  the  wall. 

ABLATIVE  ABSOLUTE 

75.  A  noun  or  pronoun  in  the  ablative,  together  with  an 
adjective,  a  participle,  or  another  noun  in  agreement,  may  be 
used  to  denote  some  circumstance  or  event  loosely  connected 
with  the  rest  of  the  sentence. 

Duce  captOy  hostes  fugerunt,  the  leader  having  been  cap- 
tured,  the  enemy  fled. 

a.  An  ablative  absolute  is  frequently  translated  by  a 
clause  introduced  by  ivhen,  after,  if,  since,  although,  or 
by  a  prepositional  phrase.  Thus,  the  ablative  absolute 
in  the  preceding  example  may  be  translated  luhen  the 
leader  had  been  captured  or  after  the  capture  of  the  leader. 

ABLATIVE  OF  RESPECT 

76.  The  ablative  without  a  preposition  is  used  to  indicate 
in  what  respect  a  statement  is  true. 

Helvetii   reliquos   Gallos   virtute   praecedunt,   the    Helve- 
tians surpass  the  rest  of  the  Gauls  in  courage. 

ABLATIVE  OF  DESCRIPTION 

77.  The  ablative  modified  by  an  adjective  may  be  used  to 
describe  a  person  or  thing. 

Homo  magna  virtute^  a  man  of  great  courage. 

Note. — In  many  phrases,  such  as  the  example  given  above, 
either  the  ablative  or  the  genitive  of  description  (44)  may  be 
used.  But  physical  characteristics  are  usually  expressed  by 
the  ablative  and  measure  always  by  the  genitive. 


374  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

ABLATIVE  OF  CAUSE 

78.  The  ablative  is  sometimes  used  to  express  cause. 

Hostes  timore  fugere  coeperunt,  the  enemy  began  to  flee 
on  account  of  fear. 

a.  Sometimes  a  preposition  (ab,  de  or  ex)  is  used  with 
the  ablative  of  cause. 

Ex  commutatione  rerum  dolent,  they  grieve  because  of 
the  charige  of  circumstances. 

b.  Cause    is    frequently    expressed    by    propter    or    ob 
with  the  accusative. 

Propter  timorem,  oji  account  of  fear. 

ABLATIVE  WITH   UTOR.  ETC. 

79.  The  deponents  utor,  fruor,  fungor,  potior,  and  vescor 
take  their  objects  in  the  ablative. 

Milites  nostri  hastis  non  utuntur,  our  soldiers  do  not  use 
spears. 

a.    Occasionally  the  genitive  is  used  with  potior  instead 
of  the  ablative. 

Urbis  potiri  cupiunt,  they  wish   to   gain   possessio7i   of 
the  city. 

THE  VOCATIVE 

80.  The  vocative  denotes  the  person  addressed. 

Ubi,  Mdrce,  pater  tuus  est,  Marcus,  where  is  your  father? 

Note. — The  vocative  regularly  stands  after  one  or  more 
words  of  the  sentence  in  which  it  is  found. 

THE  LOCATIVE 

81.  With  names  of  cities  and  towns  and  with  domus, 
place  where  is  denoted  by  the  locative  case,  which  in  the 
singular  of  nouns  of  the  first  and  second  declensions  has  the 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  375 

same  form  as  the  genitive  singular;  in  nouns  of  the  third 
declension  and  in  the  plural  of  nouns  of  the  first  and  second 
declensions  it  regularly  has  the  same  form  as  the  ablative. 

Romae,  at  Rome;  domi,  at  home;  Athenis,  at  Athens. 

ADJECTIVES 

ADHERENT  AND  PREDICATE  ADJECTIVES 

82.  An  adjective  which  is  directly  connected  with  the 
noun  which  it  modifies  is  called  an  adherent  adjective. 
Thus,  vir  fortisy  a  brave  man;  arbor  altOj  a  tall  tree. 

83.  An  adjective  which  is  connected  with  its  noun  by 
some  form  of  the  verb  meaning  to  be  is  called  a  predicate 
adjective.     Thus,  vir  fortis  est,  the  man  is  brave. 

SUBSTANTIVE  USE  OF  ADJECTIVES 

84.  Adjectives  and  participles  are  sometimes  used  as  sub- 
stantives (nouns  or  pronouns).  Words  meaning  many,  all, 
others,  few  and  the  like  are  especially  common  in  this  use. 
The  masculine  refers  to  men,  or  to  persons  in  general,  the 
feminine  to  women,  and  the  neuter  to  things. 

Multi  te  laudant,  many  praise  you. 

Omnia  parata  sunt,  all  things  are  prepared. 

a.  In  military  expressions  nostri  is  used  to  mean  our 
men  or  our  soldiers.  Other  possessives  are  sometimes 
used  with  a  similar  meaning.  Thus,  tui  or  vestri,  your 
men,  your  soldiers. 

ADJECTIVES  DENOTING  A  PART 

85.  There  are  a  few  adjectives  which  tell  what  part  of  an 
object  is  meant  instead  of  telling  what  kind.  Among  the 
most  important  are  summus,  medius,  extremus,  and  imus. 
Thus,  summus  mons,  the  highest  part  of  the  mountain,  the 
mountain  top;  medius  collis,  the  middle  of  the  hill,  medio  colle, 
half  way  up  the  hill  {on  the  middle  of  the  hill) . 


376  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

ADJECTIVES  WITH  ADVERBIAL  FORCE 

86.  Sometimes  an  adjective  modifying  the  subject  or  object 
is  best  translated  by  an  adverb. 

Inviti  venerunt,  they  came  unwillingly. 

MEANING  OF  THE  COMPARATIVE  AND  SUPERLATIVE 

87.  The  comparative  and  superlative  forms  of  adjectives 
and  adverbs  are  commonly  translated  by  the  corresponding 
EngHsh  forms.  But  sometimes  the  comparative  is  translated 
by  a  positive  form  preceded  by  too  or  rather,  and  the  superla- 
tive by  a  positive  form  preceded  by  very.  Thus,  altior  may 
mean  rather  high,  and  altissimus  may  mean  very  high. 

VERBS:   MOODS 

THE  INDICATIVE  IN  MAIN  CLAUSES 

88.  The  indicative  is  used  in  statements  of  fact  and  in  ques- 
tions which  imply  that  the  answer  expected  is  a  statement 
of  fact. 

Caesar  aciem  instruxit,  Caesar  drew  up  a  line  of  battle. 
Quid  Considius  dixit,  what  did  Considius  say? 

THE  INDICATIVE  AFTER  CERTAIN  CONJUNCTIONS 

89.  The  indicative  is  used  in  subordinate  clauses  after 
the  conjunctions  quamquam,  although,  postquam,  after,  ubi, 
when  or  where,  and  some  others. 

RELATIVE  CLAUSES 

90.  A  clause  introduced  by  a  relative  pronoun  commonly 
takes  its  verb  in  the  indicative,  except  in  the  special  uses 
described  later  (see  especially  94,  a,  and  102). 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  377 

SUBSTANTIVE  CLAUSES  WITH  QUOD 

91.  A  clause  introducod  by  quod  meaning  thai,  with  its 
verb  in  the  indicative,  is  sometimes  used  as  the  subject  or 
object  of  a  verb,  or  in  apposition  with  a  noun  or  pronoun. 

a.  Sometimes  quod  is  translated  as  to  the  fact  that, 
and  the  clause  it  introduces  then  serves  as  an  adverbial 
modifier,  loosely  connected  with  the  rest  of  the  sentence. 

SUBJUNCTIVE 
VOLITIVE  SUBJUNCTIVE 

92.  The  subjunctive  is  used  to  express  an  act  as  willed  by 
some  person. 

Epistulas  statim  mittdmus,  let  us  send  the  letters  at  once. 

a.  The  negative  used  with  the  volitive  subjunctive 
is  ne. 

Ne  diutius  manedmus,  let  us  not  remain  longer. 

OPTATIVE  SUBJUNCTIVE 

93.  The  subjunctive,  commonly  with  utinam,  is  used  to 
express  a  wish.     The  use  of  tenses  is  as  follows: 

(1)  A  wish  that  something  had  been  true  in  the  past  has 
the  past  perfect  subjunctive.  Utinam  hunc  locum  numquam 
vidissem,  ivould  that  I  had  never  seeii  this  place  (I  wish  I  had 
never  seen  this  place). 

(2)  A  wish  that  something  were  true  in  the  present  has 
the  imperfect  subjunctive.  Utinam  meliorem  ducem  hahere- 
mus,  woidd  that  we  had  a  better  leader  {I  wish  that  ice  had  a 
better  leader). 

(3)  A  wish  relating  to  the  future  has  the  present  subjunctive. 
(Utinam)  frater  tuus  salvus  redeat,  inay  your  brother  return 
safely  (7  hope  your  brother  may  return  safely). 


I 


378  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

Note  1. — The  imperfect  and  past  perfect  (and  sometimes 
the  present)  in  wishes  are  introduced  by  utinam. 

Note  2. — The  negative  used  with  wishes  is  sometimes  ne 
and  sometimes  non. 

CLAUSES  OF  PURPOSE 

94.  A  subordinate  clause  which  expresses  purpose  has  its 
verb  in  the  subjunctive.  Such  a  clause  is  commonly  intro- 
duced by  ut  or  (if  negative)  by  ne. 

Veni  ut  te  viderem,  I  came  to  see  you  (lit.  that  I  might 

see  you). 
Milites  missi  sunt  ne  urbs  caperetur,  soldiers  were  sent 

that  the  city  might  not  he  captured. 

a.  Sometimes  a  purpose  clause  is  introduced  by  a 
relative  pronoun.  This  form  of  purpose  clause  is  found 
chiefly  after  mitto  and  its  compounds,  and  after  relinquo 
and  a  few  other  verbs. 

Puerum  mittam  qui  te  adjuvet,  I  will  send  a  hoy  to  help 
you  (lit.  who  shall  help  you). 

h.  The  clause  of  purpose  may  be  translated  by  a 
simple  infinitive,  by  an  infinitive  with  in  order,  or  by  a 
clause  with  that  or  in  order  that.  The  following  transla- 
tions are  possible  for  the  sentence  Veni  ut  te  viderem : 

/  came  to  see  you. 

I  came  in  order  to  see  you. 

I  came  that  I  anight  see  you. 

I  came  in  order  that  I  might  see  you. 

95.  A  purpose  clause  which  contains  a  comparative  form 
of  an  adjective  or  adverb  is  introduced  by  quo  instead  of  ut. 
Pontem  faciunt  quo  facilius  trdnseant,  they  are  making  a 
bridge  that  they  may  cross  more  easily. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  379 

CLAUSES  OF  RESULT 

96.  A  subordinate  clause  which  expresses  result  has  its 
verb  in  the  subjunctive.  Such  a  clause  is  introduced  by  ut, 
or  occasionally  by  a  relative  pronoun.     The  negative  is  non. 

Milites  tarn  fortiter  restiterunt  ut  hostes  repellerentur^  the 

soldiers  resisted  so  bravely  that  the  enemy  were  driven  hack. 
Tempestates   tantae   erant   ut   ex   portu   proficisci    non 

auderemuSy  the  storms  were  so  great  that  we  did  not  dare 

to  set  out  from  the  harbor. 
Est  nemo  tain  sapiens  qui  numquam  erretj  there  is  no 

one  so  wise  that  he  never  errs. 

'  NOUN  (OR  SUBSTANTIVE)  CLAUSES  OF  DESIRE 

97.  Verbs  expressing  an  idea  of  desire,  such  as  those  mean- 
ing to  command,  urge,  persuade,  request,  and  the  like  may  take 
as  object  (or  as  subject  in  the  passive)  a  clause  introduced 
by  ut  or  ne  with  its  verb  in  the  subjunctive. 

Helvetiis  persuasit  ut  exirenty  he  persuaded  the  Helvetians 

to  emigrate. 
Militibus  imperavit  ne  saxa  jacerenty  he  ordered  the  soldiers 

not  to  throw  stones. 

Note  1. — These  clauses  are  frequently  translated  b}^  an 
infinitive  with  a  subject,  as  in  the  examples  above. 

Note  2. — Such  expressions  as  jus  est,  there  is  a  law,  and 
consilium  est,  the  plan  is,  may  be  followed  by  a  substantive 
clause  telling  what  the  law  or  plan  is  to  which  reference  is 
made., 

a.  The  verbs  jubeo,  I  order,  and  veto,  /  forbid,  regu- 
larly take  an  infinitive  with  subject  accusative,  instead 
of  a  subjunctive  clause.  Verbs  meaning  to  wish  some- 
times take  the  infinitive  with  subject  accusative. 

Legidnem  flumen  trdnsire  jussit,  he  ordered  the  legion 
to  cross  the  river. 


380  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

NOUN  (OR  SUBSTANTIVE)  CLAUSES  OF  FACT 

98.  Verbs  meaning  to  accomplish  and  impersonal  verbs 
meaning  it  happens,  it  results,  it  remains,  and  the  like,  take 
a  dependent  clause  with  the  subjunctive,  introduced  by  ut 
The  negative  is  non. 

Accidit  ut  duae  cohortes  ante  castra  essentf  it  happened 
that  there  were  two  cohorts  in  front  of  the  camp. 

a.  Such  expressions  as  mos  est,  the  custom  is,  may  be 
followed  by  a  substantive  clause  with  ut,  telling  what 
the  custom  is  to  which  reference  is  made. 

CLAUSES  OF  FEAR 

99.  Verbs  and  other  expressions  of  fear  may  take  a  de- 
pendent clause  with  the  subjunctive,  introduced  by  ne  mean- 
ing that  or  ut  meaning  that  .  .  .  not. 

Verebantur  ne  exercitus  noster  in  Gallia  manereiy  they 
feared  that  our  army  loould  remain  in  Gaul. 

Timeo  ut  se  fortiter  defendat,  I  fear  that  he  will  not  defend 
himself  bravely. 

a.  Sometimes  ne  .  .  .  non  is  used  instead  of  ut  after 
words  of  fear. 

Timeo  ne  se  non  defendat,  I  fear  that  he  will  not  defend, 
himself. 

b.  Such  expressions  as  periculum  est  may  take  the 
same  construction  as  that  used  with  words  of  fear. 

Periculum  est  ne  cohors  capiatur,  there  is  danger  that 
the  cohort  will  be  captured. 

c.  The  present  subjunctive  in  clauses  depending  on 
words  of  fear  is  often  translated  by  the  English  future 
indicative. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  381 

ANTICIPATORY  SUBJUNCTIVE 

100.  The  subjunctive  may  be  used  in  subordinate  clauses 
to  denote  an  act  which  is  anticipated  or  expected. 

Expectabam  dum  f rater  rediret,  I  was  waiting  until  my 
brother  should  return  {or  for  my  brother  to  return). 

a.  The  anticipatory  subjunctive  is  used  mainly  after 
words  meaning  until  or  before  (dum,  antequam,  prius- 
quam) . 

b.  Sometimes  the  indicative  is  used  after  words 
meaning  before  or  until,  to  state  a  new  fact  which  is  of 
importance  in  the  narrative  or  to  represent  an  actual 
event  as  looked  back  upon. 

CLAUSES  OF  PROVISO 

101.  The  conjunctions  dum,  mode,  and  dmnmodo,  when 
meaning  ^providedj  provided  that,  or  if  only,  take  the  subjunc- 
tive. Urbs  salva  erit,  dum  tu  exeds,  the  city  will  be  safe,  'pro- 
vided you  withdraw. 

SUBJUNCTIVE  IN  RELATIVE  CLAUSES  OF  DESCRIPTION 
(CHARACTERIZING'  CLAUSES) 

102.  A  relative  clause  with  its  verb  in  the  subjunctive  is 
sometimes  used  to  describe  the  antecedent  of  the  relative. 

Pauci  erant  qui  arma  ferre  non  possent,  there  were  a  few 
who  could  not  bear  arms. 

Note  1. — Such  clauses  are  used  with  indefinite  and  nega- 
tive antecedents,  and  with  expressions  of  existence  and  non- 
existence, such  as  sunt  qui,  there  are  those  who,  est  nemo  qui, 
there  is  no  one  who. 

Note  2. — Clauses  of  description  which  are  parenthetical  in 
character  or  which  have  a  personal  pronoun  as  antecedent 
take  the  indicative. 


382  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

CUM  CAUSAL  CLAUSES 

103.  A  subordinate  clause  introduced  by  cum  meaning 
since  has  its  verb  in  the  subjunctive. 

Cum  nulla  navis  in  conspectu  sit,  domum  revertar,  since 
there  is  no  ship  in  sight,  I  shall  return  home. 

a.  Sometimes  a  causal  clause  with  its  verb  in  the  sub- 
junctive is  introduced  by  a  relative  pronoun.  Felix  es 
qui  tot  amicos  habeas,  you  are  fortunate,  since  you  have 
so  many  friends. 

CUM  ADVERSATIVE  CLAUSES 

104.  A  subordinate  clause  introduced  by  cum  meaning 
although  has  its  verb  in  the  subjunctive. 

Cum  ea  urbs  parva  esset,  tamen  magnam  gloriam  habe- 
bat,  although  that  city  was  small,  nevertheless  it  had 
great  fame. 

a.  The  principal  clause  with  which  an  adversative 
clause  is  connected  frequently  (but  not  always)  contains 
the  adverb  tamen. 

h.  An  adversative  clause  is  sometimes  introduced 
by  a  form  of  the  relative  pronoun. 

Tmn  Cethegus,  qui  paulo  ante  aliquid  respondissetj 
repente  conticuit,  then  Cethegus,  although  he  (lit.  who) 
had  made  soine  reply  a  little  before,  sudderdy  became 
silent. 

CUM  DESCRIPTIVE  CLAUSES  OF  SITUATION  (CUM  TEMPORAL) 

105.  The  imperfect  or  past  perfect  subjunctive  is  often 
used  in  a  clause  introduced  by  cum  meaning  when.  Such  a 
clause  describes  the  situation  or  makes  known  the  time  of 
the  main  act. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  383 

Cum  pons  {actus  esset,  exercitus  traductus  est,  when  the 
bridge  had  been  made,  the  army  was  led  across. 

a.  If  the  clause  with  cum  is  used  to  make  definite  the 
time  denoted  by  the  adverb  tum  or  any  other  word  of 
time,  it  takes  the  indicative. 

Tum  cum  hostes  impetum  faciebant,  auxilium  non  mis- 
sum  est,  at  the  time  when  the  enemy  were  making  an 
attach,  help  was  not  sent. 

h.  If  the  verb  of  the  cum  clause  denotes  repeated 
action,  it  is  commonly  in  the  indicative.  In  such  clauses 
cum  is  sometimes  translated  whenever. 

Cuin   navem    hostium    viderantj    ad    eam    properabant, 

whenever  they  saw  a  ship  of  the  enemy,  they  hastened 
toward  it. 

c.  The  present  or  future  indicative,  and  occasionally 
the  perfect  indicative,  may  be  used  with  cum  meaning 
when. 

CLAUSES  WITH  QUIN  AFTER  EXPRESSIONS  OF  DOUBT 

106.  Words  and  phrases  of  doubt,   when  accompanied  by 
a  negative,  are  followed  b}^  quin  and  the  subjunctive. 

Non  dubito  quin  Belgae  fortes  sint,  I  do  not  doubt  that 
the  Belgians  are  brave. 

Non  dubium  est  quin  tuti  simus,  there  is  no  doubt  that 
we  are  safe. 

INDIRECT  QUESTIONS 

107.  An  indirect  question  has  its  verb  in  the  subjunctive. 
Quaesivl  quis  hoc  fecisset,  I  asked  who  had  done  this. 


384  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

SUBJUNCTIVE  BY  ATTRACTION 

108.  Sometimes  a  subordinate  clause  which  would  otherwise 
have  its  verb  in  the  indicative  takes  the  subjunctive  because 
it  is  closely  dependent  on  a  subjunctive  or  an  infinitive. 

Ita  acriter  pugnaverunt  ut  omnes  hostes  qui  fiumen 
transissent  celeriter  repellerentur,  they  fought  so  fiercely 
that  all  the  enemy  who  had  crossed  the  river  were  quickly 
driven  hack. 

IMPLIED   (OR  INFORMAL)   INDIRECT  DISCOURSE 

109.  The  subjunctive  may  be  used  in  a  subordinate  clause 
to  indicate  that  it  is  a  quotation,  although  no  main  clause 
of  indirect  discourse  stands  in  the  context. 

Servos  qui  ad  eos  perjugissent  poposcit,  he  demanded  the 
slaves  who  had  fled  to  them  (who  he  said  had  fled  to 
them) . 

The  use  of  the  subjunctive  in  this  clause  shows  that  the 
clause  was  a  part  of  the  utterance  of  the  person  who  made 
the  demand. 

CAUSAL  CLAUSES  WITH  QUOD,  QUIA,  AND  QUONIAM 

110.  Clauses  of  reason  introduced  by  quod,  quia,  and 
quoniam  take  the  indicative  to  denote  a  reason  as  given 
directly  by  the  speaker  or  writer.  These  conjunctions,  how- 
ever, take  the  subjunctive  if  the  reason  is  given  as  a  quotation 
from  someone  else  or  from  the  thought  or  utterance  of  the 
writer  or  speaker  at  another  time. 

Profectus  est  quod  verebatuTy  he  set  out  because  he  was 

afraid. 
Gratias  consuli  egerunt  quod  rem  piiblicam  servdvisset, 

they  thanked  the  consul  because   (as  they  said)   he  had 
saved  the  state. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  385 


THE  IMPERATIVE 


111.  The  imperative   mood  is  used  to  express  commands. 
Desilite,  commilitones,  jump  down,  comrades. 

Note. — The  English  imperative  is  used  only  in  the  present 
tense  and  in  the  second  person.  The  Latin  imperative  has 
a  future  as  well  as  a  present.  The  future  has  the  second 
and  third  persons,  the  present  has  only  the  second  person. 

NEGATIVE  COMMANDS 

112.  Negative  commands  (prohibitions)  in  the  second 
person  are  commonly  expressed  by  the  imperative  of  nolo 
(noli,  n5lite)  with  the  infinitive  of  the  verb  denoting  the  act 
forbidden. 

Noli  hie  manerey  do  not  remain  here. 

a.  Sometimes  the  perfect  subjunctive  with  ne  is  used 
to  express  a  negative  command. 

Ne  hie  mdnseriSf  do  not  remain  here. 

THE  INFINITIVE 
THE  COMPLEIMENTARY  INFINITIVE 

113.  x\n  infinitive  is  sometimes  used  to  complete  the  mean- 
ing of  another  verb.  When  thus  used,  it  denotes  another 
action  of  the  same  subject  as  that  of  the  verb  on  which  it 
depends. 

Omnes  redire  volunt,  all  wish  to  return. 

THE  INFINITIVE  AS  SUBJECT 

114.  An  infinitive,  with  or  without  subject  accusative, 
may  be  used  as  the  subject  of  many  impersonal  verbs  and 
also  of  est  with  a  predicate  adjective  or  noun. 

Eum  manere  oportet,  he  ou^ht  to  stay. 
Me  ire  necesse  est,  /  must  go. 


386  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

Note. — The  subjunctive  is  sometimes  used  with  necesse 
est  and  with  a  few  other  verbs  which  commonly  take  the 
infinitive. 

THE  INFINITIVE  WITH  SUBJECT  ACCUSATIVE 

115.  The  infinitive  with  subject  accusative  is  used  with 
words  of  saying,  hearing,  knowing,  thinking,  believing,  seeing, 
and  the  hke. 

(For  examples,  see  121.) 

116.  The  infinitive  with  subject  accusative  is  regularly 
used  after  jubeo,  I  order,  veto,  I  forbid,  and  sometimes  after 
patior,  I  permit,  cogo,  I  compel,  vol5,  I  wish,  nolo,  I  am  un- 
willing, malo,  I  prefer. 

Dux  milites  impetum  facere  jussit,  the  leader  ordered  the 
soldiers  to  make  an  attack. 

CONDITIONAL  SENTENCES 
NON-COMMITTAL  CONDITIONAL  SENTENCES 

117.  A  conditional  sentence  which  does  not  imply  that 
the  condition  is  either  true  or  false  has  both  verbs  in  the 
indicative. 

Si  pueri  in  silva  errant,  in  periculo  sunt,  if  the  boys  are 
wandering  in  the  forest,  they  are  in  danger. 

Si  hostes  tuti  effUgerunt,  nostri  eos  capere  non  cdndti 
sunt,  if  the  eneiny  have  escaped  safely  (lit.  safe),  our 
men  did  not  try  to  capture  them. 

a.  Sometimes  an  imperative  or  a  subjunctive  express- 
ing will  is  used  in  the  conclusion  of  a  conditional  sen- 
tence of  this  type  instead  of  an  indicative. 

Si  pacem  capitis,  arma  trddite,  if  ijou  wish  peace,  sur- 
render your  arihs. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  387 

FUTURE  MORE  VIVID  CONDITIONAL  SENTENCES 

118.  A  future  more   vivid   conditional  sentence  refers  to 
future  time  and  gives  no  indication  as  to  the  attitude  of  the 
speaker  or  writer  toward  the  fulfillment  of  the  condition. 
The  verbs  are  in  the  future  (or  future  perfect)  tense. 

Si  auxilium  mittetur^  oppidum  defendetur^  if  aid  is  (lit. 
shall  he)  sent,  the  town  will  he  defended. 

Note  1. — The  verb  of  the  condition  in  a  sentence  of  this 
type  is  commonly  translated  by  the  present  indicative  with 
future  meaning,  as  in  the  example  above.  Sometimes  the 
future  with  shall  is  used. 

Note  2. — The  future  perfect  may  be  used  in  either  clause 
to  represent  an  act  as  occurring  before  some  expressed  or 
implied  future  time. 

Note  3. — The  future  more  vivid  conditional  sentence  is 
merely  a  non-committal  conditional  sentence  in  future  time. 

future  less  vivid  conditional  sentences 

119.  A  future  less  vivid  conditional  sentence  refers  to 
future  time,  and  also  implies  doubt  on  the  part  of  the  writer 
or  speaker  as  to  the  fulfillment  of  the  condition.  The  con- 
clusion refers  to  a  future  act  or  situation  as  conceivable  or 
imaginable  without  asserting  that  it  will  take  place  or  be 
realized.  The  verbs  are  in  the  present  (or  perfect)  subjunc- 
tive. 

Si  milites  flumen  trdnseanty  multi  inter ficiantur ^  if  the 

soldiers  should  cross  the  river,  many  would  he  killed.        * 

Note. — The  perfect  may  be  used  in  either  clause  to  show 
that  an  act,  if  occurring,  would  take  place  before  some  ex- 
pressed or  implied  future  time. 


388  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

CONDITIONAL  SENTENCES  CONTRARY  TO  FACT 

120.  A  conditional  sentence  which  impUes  that  the  condi- 
tion is  not  true  has  its  verbs  in  the  imperfect  or  past  perfect 
subjunctive,  the  imperfect  to  refer  to  present  time  and  the 
past  perfect  to  refer  to  past  time. 

(a)   Si  Haedui  majores  copias  haberenty  oppida  defen- 

derenty  if  the    Haediians  had  larger  forces,  they  would 

defend  the  tow7is. 
(h)   Si  Haedui   majores   copias   habuissenty   oppida   de- 

fendissenty  if  the   Haeduans  had  had  larger  forces,  they 

would  have  defended  the  towns. 

Note. — Commonly  the  tense  of  the  verbs  in  the  two  clauses 
is  the  same,  but  the  imperfect  may  be  used  in  one  clause  and 
the  past  perfect  in  the  other,  if  the  sense  requires. 

INDIRECT  DISCOURSE 

121.  Indirect  discourse  is  used  with  words  of  saying,  hear- 
ing, knowing,  thinking,  believing,  and  the  like.  The  use  of 
moods  is  as  follows: 

(1)  A  main  clause  expressing  a  statement  has  its  verb  in 
the  infinitive  with  subject  accusative. 

(2)  A  main  clause  expressing  a  command  has  its  verb  in 
the  subjunctive. 

(3)  All  subordinate  clauses  have  their  verbs  in  the  sub- 
junctive. 

Ea  condicione  quae  a  Caesare  ferretur  se  usUrds  esse 
ostendebant;  sibi  tridui  spatium  daret,  they  stated  (lit. 
showed)  that  they  would  accept  the  terms  which  were  offered 
by  Caesar;   let  him  give  them  the  space  of  three  days. 

PARTICIPLES 

122.  The  Latin  verb  has  four  participles.  They  are  the 
present  active,  the  past  passive,  the  future  active,  and  the 
future  passive. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  389 

a.  Deponent  verbs  have  the  same  number  of  par- 
ticiples as  other  verbs.  The  past  participle  of  a  deponent 
is  usually  active  in  meaning,  but  it  is  occasionally  used 
as  a  passive. 

THE  PRESENT  PARTICIPLE 

123.  The  present  active  participle  denotes  an  act  taking 
place  at  the  same  time  as  the  main  verb.  It  is  less  frequently 
used  than  the  English  present  participle.  Its  declension 
is  given  in  section  8,  page  328. 

Nostri  in  hostes  advenientes  impetum  fecerunt,  our  men 
made  an  attack  on  the  enemy  coming  up  {i.  e.,  as  they 
were  coming  up). 

Note. — The  English  present  participle  is  used  with  a  form 
of  to  he  to  make  the  progressive  form  of  the  verb.  Thus, 
he  is  marching,  ive  were  standing.  The  Latin  present  participle 
is  never  so  used. 

THE  PAST  PARTICIPLE 

124.  The  past  passive  participle  denotes  an  act  taking 
place  before  the  time  of  the  main  verb.  It  is  declined  like 
bonus,  section  6,  page  325. 

Legio  a  Caesare  praemissa  castra  muniebat,  the  legion, 
having  been  sent  ahead  by  Caesar,  was  fortifying  the 
camp. 

THE  FUTURE  ACTIVE  PARTICIPLE 

125.  The  future  active  participle  is  used  chiefly  with  forms 
of  sum  to  denote  an  act  which  someone  intends  to  do  or 
is  about  to  do. 

Bellum  cum  Gallis  gesturi  erant,  they  intended  to  (or 
were  about  to)  ivage  war  with  the  Germans. 


390  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

THE  FUTURE  PASSIVE  PARTICIPLE 

126.  The  future  passive  participle  is  used  chiefly  with 
forms  of  sum  to  denote  an  act  which  ought  to  be  done  or 
must  be  done  by  someone. 

Epistula  mihi  miitenda  est,  a  letter  ought  to  he  sent  hy  me. 

Note. — The  future  passive  participle  of  a  deponent  verb 
is  passive  in  meaning. 

THE  GERUND 

127.  The  gerund  is  a  verbal  noun  of  the  second  declension, 
used  only  in  four  cases  and  only  in  the  singular  number.  Its 
cases  are  the  genitive,  dative,  accusative,  and  ablative. 

a.  The  genitive  of  the  gerund  is  used  chiefly  as  an 
objective  genitive  with  an  adjective  or  noun.  With  the 
ablative  causa  it  expresses  purpose. 

cupidus  bellandi,  desirous  of  engaging  in  war. 
resistendi  causa,  for  the  purpose  (sake)  of  resisting. 

h.   The  dative  of  the  gerund  is  little  used. 

c.  The  accusative  of  the  gerund  is  frequently  used  as 
the  object  of  the  preposition  ad  to  express  purpose.  It 
is  never  used  as  a  direct  object. 

ad  oppugnandum,  for  attacking,  to  attack. 

d.  The  ablative  of  the  gerund  is  used  to  express  means 
or  cause,  or  as  object  of  the  prepositions  ab,  de,  ex, 
or  in. 

pugnand5,  hy  fighting. 

in  quaerendo,  on  inquiring. 

Note. — The  infinitive  is  used  to  supply  the  nominative 
of  the  gerund  and  also  the  accusative  when  used  as  a  direct 
object. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  391 


THE  GERUNDIVE 


128.  The  gerundive  is  a  future  passive  participle  which  is 
used  in  agreement  with  a  noun  or  pronoun  in  a  phrase  equiva- 
lent in  meaning  to  a  gerund  with  an  object. 

spes  urbis  capiendae,  hope  of  capturing  the  city. 

a.   The  case  uses  of  the  gerundive  are  in  general  the 
same  as  those  of  the  gerund. 

cupidus  oppidi  expugnandi,  desirous  of  storming  the  town. 
auxilii  ferendi  causa,  for  the  purpose  (sake)  of  bringing 

aid. 
ad  eas  res  conficiendds,  for  accomplishing  these  things. 
de  auxilio  mittendo,  about  (concerning)  sending  aid. 
lapidibus  portandis,  by  carrying  stones. 

129.  The  following  distinctions  between  the  gerund  and 
the  gerundive  are  to  be  observed: 

Gerund  Gerundive 

A  noun  An  adjective 

Active  in  meaning  Passive 

Neuter  gender  All  genders 

Used  only  in  the  singular  Both  numbers 

Note  1. — The  genitive  of  the  gerund  and  also  the  abla- 
tive, when  used  without  a  preposition,  sometimes  take  a 
direct  object.  But  no  form  of  the  gerund  standing  as  the 
object  of  a  preposition  can  have  a  direct  object.  The 
gerundive  must  be  used  instead. 

THE  SUPINE 

130.  The  supine  is  a  verbal  noun  of  the  fourth  declension, 
used  only  in  the  accusative  and  ablative.  The  accusative  is 
used  to  express  purpose  in  clauses  in  which  the  finite  verb 
expresses  motion. 


392  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

Legates  pacem  petitum  miserunt,  they  sent  envoys  to  ask 
peace. 

a.   The  supine  of  a  transitive  verb  may  take  a  direct 
object. 

131.  The  ablative  of  the  supine  is  used  with  a  few  adjec- 
tives as  an  ablative  of  respect.  It  is  usually  translated  by 
the  English  present  infinitive. 

optimum  factu,  best  to  do  (the  best  thing  to  do) . 

TENSES 

132.  The  tenses  of  the  Latin  indicative  are  the  present, 
imperfect,  future,  perfect,  past  perfect,  and  future  perfect. 
In  the  subjunctive  only  the  present,  imperfect,  perfect,  and 
past  perfect  are  found. 

THE  PRESENT 

133.  The  present  tense,  as  in  English,  is  used  to  denote 
present  time. 

Note  1. — In  a  narrative  of  past  events  the  present  in- 
dicative is  sometimes  used  for  the  purpose  of  presenting  the 
situation  more  vividly  before  the  mind  of  the  reader  or  the 
hearer.     This  is  called  the  Historical  Present. 

Note  2. — The  present  subjunctive  is  sometimes  used  with 
future  force.     This  is  especially  common  in  clauses  of  fear. 

134.  A  clause  introduced  by  dum  meaning  while  takes 
its  verb  in  the  present  indicative. 

Dum  haec  geruntuYy  ex  urbe  profectus  sum,  ivhile  this 
was  going  on,  I  set  out  from  the  city. 

a.  Dum  meaning  as  long  as  may  take  any  tense  of  the 
indicative  which  the  sense  requires. 

the  imperfect 

135.  The  imperfect  tense  represents  a  past  act  as  in  progress 
or  a  past  situation  as  continuing. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  393 

Note  1. — The  imperfect  indicative  is  sometimes  used  to 
denote  an  act  as  customary  or  of  frequent  occurrence  in  past 
time. 

Note  2. — The  imperfect  indicative  is  often  translated  by 
the  progressive  form  of  the  EngHsh  past  tense — was  praising, 
was  warmiig,  etc.,  but  sometimes  the  simple  past  tense  is  used 
as  its  equivalent. 

Note  3. — The  imperfect  subjunctive  is  sometimes  used  to 
express  action  which  was  at  a  past  time  thought  of  as  future. 

the  future 

136.  The  future  tense,  as  in  English,  denotes  future  time. 
Note. — With  conjunctions  meaning  if  and  when  the  future 

tense  is  regularly  used  in  Latin  where  the  English  employs 
the  present  in  translation. 

THE  perfect 

137.  The  perfect  tense  has  two  uses.  (1)  It  may  be 
equivalent  in  meaning  to  an  English  present  perfect  (trans- 
hited  with  the  auxiliary  verbs  have  or  has),  or  (2)  it  may  be 
the  equivalent  of  the  English  past  tense,  referring  to  an  in- 
definite past  act. 

Note. — In  future  less  vivid  conditional  sentences  the  per- 
fect subjunctive  is  sometimes  used  to  refer  to  a  future  act 
which,  if  occurring,  would  take  place  before  some  ex- 
pressed or  implied  future  time. 

the  past  perfect 

138.  The  past  perfect  is  used  to  represent  an  act  as  hav- 
ing occurred  before  some  expressed  or  implied  past  time. 

Note  1.  — The  past  perfect  subjunctive  is  sometimes  used 
to  refer  to  an  act  which  was  thought  of  in  the  past  as  likely 
to  occur  before  some  expressed  or  implied  future  time. 

Note  2. —  The  past  perfect  is  sometimes  used  in  subordinate 
clauses  to  denote  repeated  action. 


394  A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 

THE  FUTURE  PERFECT 

139.  The  future  perfect  is  used  to  show  that  an  act  will 
occur  before  some  expressed  or  implied  future  time. 

Note. —  The  future  perfect  is  used  more  frequently  in 
Latin  than  in  English. 

THE  SEQUENCE  OF  TENSES 

140.  The  tense  of  the  subjunctive  in  a  dependent  clause 
usually  bears  a  definite  relation  to  the  tense  in  the  prin- 
cipal clause.     This  relation  is  called  the  Sequence  of  Tenses. 

1.  If  the  main  verb  is  present,  future,  or  future  perfect, 
the  dependent  subjunctive  is  present  or  perfect. 

2.  If  the  main  verb  is  imperfect,  perfect,  or  past  perfect, 
the  dependent  subjunctive  is  imperfect  or  past  perfect. 

Note  1. —  A  perfect  indicative  which  is  translated  by  an 
English  present  perfect  may  be  followed  by  a  present  or 
perfect  subjunctive. 

141.  Exceptions  to  the  rule  for  the  sequence  of  tenses  are 
sometimes  found. 

1.  In  a  clause  of  result  a  perfect  subjunctive  is  sometimes 
used  where  the  sequence  of  tenses  would  lead  us  to  expect 
an  imperfect. 

2.  The  historical  present  may  be  followed  either  by  the 
tenses  which  would  follow  a  perfect  or  by  the  tenses  which 
would  follow  a  present. 

3.  Sometimes  a  strongly  marked  difference  between  the 
time  ideas  of  the  subordinate  clause  and  the  main  clause 
leads  to  a  seeming  disregard  of  the  sequence  of  tenses. 

PREPOSITIONS 

142.  The  following  prepositions  take  their  objects  in  the 
ablative  case  : 

Si,  ab  prae 

cum  pr5 

de  sine 
e,  ex 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  395 

a.  Cum  is  used  as  an  enclitic  with  me,  te,  se,  nobis, 
and  vobis,  and  commonly  with  quo,  qua,  and  quibus. 
Mecum,  with  me,  tecum,  witK  you,  quibuscum,  with 
whom. 

143.  The  prepositions  in  and  sub  are  used  with  the  abla- 
tive in  expressions  denoting  existence  or  continuance  in  a 
place;  they  are  used  with  the  accusative  in  expressions 
denoting  motion  toward  a  place. 

In  urbe  mansi,  I  remained  in  the  city. 
In  urbem  veni,  I  came  into  the  city. 

144.  All  prepositions  found  in  this  book  except  those 
given  above  take  their  objects  in  the  accusative. 

145.  When  the  object  of  a  monosyllabio  preposition  is  a 
noun  modified  by  an  adjective,  the  preposition  sometimes 
stands  between  the  adjective  and  the  noun. 

magno  cimi  periculo,  with  great  danger. 


EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


LESSON   I 

1.  Predicate  Nominative,  App.  41,  a 

2.  Ablative  of  Means,  App.  72 

VOCABULARY 

brother,  frater,  -tris,  m.  kill,  interficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum. 

call,  name,  appello,  -are,  -avi,  -atum.  king,  rex,  regis,  m. 

choose,  deligo,  -ligere,  -legl,  -lectum.  leader,  dux,  ducis,  m. 

city,  urbs,  urbis,  f.  my,  meus,  -a,  -um. 

defend,   defendo,    -fendere,    -fendi,  soldier,  miles,  militis,  m. 

-fensum.  sword,  gladius,  -i,  m. 

elect,  creo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum.  weapon,  telum,  -i,  n. 
his,  her,  its,  their, ^  suus,  -a,  -um. 

EXERCISES 

1.  The  city  will  be  called  Rome.  2.  Romulus  had  been 
elected  king.  3.  The  king  was  killed  with  his  brother's 
sword.  4.  Romulus  killed  his  brother  with  a  weapon.  5.  I 
shall  defend  the  king  with  my  sword.  6.  My  brother  has 
been  chosen  leader  of  the  soldiers.  7.  Romulus  was  called 
the  king  of  Rome.  8.  The  soldiers  killed  their  leader  with 
their  swords.  9.  The  city  will  be  defended  by  the  weapons 
of  the  soldiers. 


1  In  reflexive  use. 

397 


398 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


LESSON   II 

1.  Apposition,  App.  39 

2.  Agreement  of  the  Relative  Pronoun,  App.  38  (2) 


ally,  socius,  -i,  m. 
army,  exercitus,  -us,  m. 
beautiful,   pulcher,    -chra, 
brave,  fortis,  forte, 
consul,  consul,  consulis,  m. 
father,  pater,  -tris,  m. 
found,  condo,  -dere,  -didi, 
man,  vir,  virl,  m. 


VOCABULARY 

many,  multi,  -ae,  -a. 

native    country,     country,    patria, 
-chrum.  -ae,  f. 

often,  saepe,  adv.  , 

our,  noster,  -tra,  -trum. 

send,  mitto,  -ere,  misi,  missum. 
-ditum.       who,  which,  what,  that,  qui,  quae, 
quod. 


EXERCISES 

L  The  brother  of  Romulus  the  king  had  been  killed.  2. 
Many  cities  which  the  Greeks  founded  were  beautiful.  3. 
The  consul  who  was  killed  was  a  brave  man.  4.  Rome  is  a 
city  of  Italy,  my  native  country.  5.  The  army  which  we 
have  sent  will  defend  the  cities  of  our  allies.  6.  Cicero,  the 
consul,  was  called  the  father  of  his  country.  7.  We  have 
often  defended  our  country  with  our  swords.  8.  The  brother 
of  the  man  who  was  killed  will  be  elected  consul. 


LESSON   III 


1.  Ablative  of  Place,  App.  68 

2.  Ablative  of  Agent,  App.  66 


VOCABULARY 


battle,  proelium,  -I,  n. 
by,  a,  ab,  prep,  with  abl. 
have,  habeo,  -ere,  -ul,  -itum, 
in,  on,  in,  prep,  with  abl. 
into,  in,  prep,  with  ace. 
stand,  sto,  stare,  steti,  staturus. 
stone,  lapis,  lapidis,  m. 
throw,  jacio,  -ere,  jeci,  jactum. 


town,  oppidum,  -i,  n. 

wage,  gero,  -ere,  gessi,  gestum. 

wall,  murus,  -i  m. 

war,  bellum,  -i,  n. 

woimd,  vulnero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 

your,  of  one  person,  tuus,  -a,   -um; 

of  more  than  one,    vester,    -tra, 

-trum. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  399 

EXERCISES 

1.  The  Greeks  founded  many  cities  in  Italy.  2.  The 
Romans  waged  many  wars  in  Gaul  and  Spain.  3.  Many 
wars  were  waged  in  Gaul  by  the  Romans.  4.  Weapons  were 
thrown  by  the  soldiers  who  were  standing  on  the  wall.  5. 
The  leader  of  our  allies  was  wounded  in  battle  by  the 
Germans.  6.  The  town  was  defended  by  the  consul,  who  had 
a  brave  army.  7.  The  towns  of  the  Gauls,  our  allies,  will  be 
defended  by  Roman  soldiers.  8.  I  have  been  wounded  by  a 
stone  which  was  thrown  by  your  brother.  9.  The  town  was 
defended  by  the  soldiers  who  had  been  sent  into  Spain. 


LESSON  IV 


1.  Ablative  of  Accompaniment,  App.  70 

2.  Ablative  of  Respect  (Specification),  App.  76 

VOCABULARY 

cavalry,  equitatus,  -us,  m.  nation,  gens,  gentis,  f. 

courage,  virtus,  -tutis,  f.  place,     locus,     -i,    m.    {pi.    usually 

cross,  transeo,  -Ire,  -ii,  -itum.  loca,  n.). 

destroy,  deleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etum.  river,  flumen,  fluminis,  n. 

differ,  differo,   -ferre,  distuli,  dlla-  suitable,  idoneus,  -a,  -um. 

turn.  surpass,   praecedo,    -cedere,    -cessi, 
drive  back,   repello,   -ere,   reppull,  -cessum. 

repulsum.  wisdom,  sapientia,  -ae,  f. 

enemy,  hostis,  hostis,  m.  with,  cum,  prep,  with  abl. 
knowledge,  scientia,  -ae,  f. 

EXERCISES 

1.  The  consul  crossed  the  river  with  the  cavalry.  3.  The 
enemy  will  send  cavalry  into  Italy  with  the  army.  3.  Many 
nations  surpass  us  in  knowledge  of  war.  4.  Men  differ  from 
one  another  (inter  se)  in  courage  and  in  wisdom.  5.  The 
Gauls  waged  many  wars  with  the  Germans,  who  often 
crossed   into   Gaul.      6.  We   have   chosen    a   place   which   is 


400  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

suitable  in  many  respects  (res).  7.  Our  soldiers  drove  back 
with  their  weapons  the  Gauls  who  had  crossed  the  river. 
8.  The  Gauls  who  have  crossed  the  river  will  be  driven  back 
by  our  soldiers.  9.  Our  army  has  destroyed  many  cities  of 
our  enemies,  the  Germans. 


LESSON   V 


1.  Ablative  with  Certain  Deponent  Verbs,  App.  79 

2.  Ablative  of  Route,  App.  73 

VOCABULARY 

bridge,  pons,  pontis,  m.  legion,  legio,  -onis,  f. 

can,  am  able,  possum,  posse,  potui,  lieutenant,  legatus,  -i,  M. 

custom,  mos,  moris,  m.  mountain,  mons,  montis,  m. 

difficult,  difficilis,  -e.  narrow,  angustus,  -a,  -um. 

gain  possession  of,  potior,  -iri,  po-  road,  iter,  itineris,  n. 

titus  sum.  set  out,  proficlscor,  proficlscl,  pro- 
grain,  frumentum,  -I,  n.  fectus  sum. 

language,  lingua,  -ae,  f.  this,  hie,  haec,  hoc. 

lead  across,  traduco,  -ducere,  -dtixi,  use,  utor,  titl,  usus  sum. 

-ductum. 

EXERCISES 

1.  The  legion  will  use  the  grain  which  is  in  the  town. 
2.  We  gained  possession  of  a  town  of  the  enemy,  and  we 
killed  their  leader.  3.  The  army  crossed  the  mountains  by 
a  road  which  was  narrow  and  difficult.  4.  This  is  the  road 
by  which  the  Roman  legions  often  set  out  from  the  city.  5. 
The  Germans  could  not  gain  possession  of  this  city  of  the 
Gauls.     6.  The  lieutenant  led  the  army  across  by  a  bridge. 

7.  The   legion   could   not   cross   the   river  with   the   cavalry. 

8.  The  Helvetians  differ  from  the  Germans  in  language  and 
in  customs.  9.  The  consul  was  wounded  by  the  weapons  of 
the  enemy. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER  401 

LESSON  VI 

1.  Ablative  Absolute,  App.  75 

2.  Ablative  of  Time,  App.  69 

VOCABULARY 

another,  alius,  alia,  aliud.  number,  numerus,  -i,  m. 

because,  quod,  conj.  return,  rcvertor,  revertl,    (reverto, 

bum,  incendo,  -ere,  incendi,  incen-  revert  ere),  revertl,  reversum. 

sum.  same,  idem,  eadem,  idem, 

camp,  castra,  -orum,  n.  pi.  that,  is,  ea,  id;  ille,  ilia,  illud. 

capture,  capio,  -ere,  cepi,  captum.  twelve,  duodecim,  indecl.  num. 

come,  veni5,  -Ire,  veni,  ventum.  village,  vicus,  -I,  m. 

day,  dies,  diei,  m.,  f.  year,  annus,  -i,  m. 
defeat,  supero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 

EXERCISES 

1.  After  defeating  the  army  of  the  consul  (the  army  of 
the  consul  having  been  defeated),  the  enemy  crossed  the 
river.  2.  When  the  towns  of  the  Gauls  had  been  burned 
{not  a  clause),  we  returned  to  camp.  3.  Many  cities  of  our 
allies  were  burned  that  year.  4.  The  leader  of  the  enemy 
and  the  Roman  consul  came  into  the  town  on  the  same  day. 
5.  After  capturing  the  camp  of  the  king,  the  legion  returned 
to  the  town.  6.  Our  fathers  waged  many  wars  in  those 
3^ears.  7.  You  cannot  defend  your  country  because  you  can- 
not use  weapons.  8.  We  shall  cross  the  mountains  by  an- 
other road.  9.  They  burned  their  towns,  twelve  in  number, 
and  many  villages. 


402  A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


LESSON   VII 


1.  Ablative  of  Separation,  App.  64 

2.  Ablative  of  Manner,  App.  71 

VOCABULARY 

absent,  be  absent,  absum,  abesse,      guard,    custodio,    -Ire,    -Ivi,    -itum. 

aful.  separate,  divide,  -ere,  divisi,  divi- 

attack,  oppugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum.          sum. 

but,  sed,  conj.  several,  complures,   -ia,   gen.   com- 

care,  cura,  -ae,  f.  pliirium. 

deep,  altus,  -a,  -um.  speed,  celeritas,  -tatis,  f. 

forces,  copiae,  -arum,  f.  pi.  time,  tempus,  temporis,  n. 

great,  magnus,  -a,  -um.  wide,  latus,  -a,  -um. 

EXERCISES 

1.  The  river  Rhine,  which  separates  the  Gauls  from  the 
Germans,  is  wide  and  deep.  2.  The  mountains  which  sepa- 
rate Gaul  from  Spain  are  called  the  Pyrenees.  3.  Our  forces 
attacked  the  camp  of  the  enemy  with  great  courage.  4.  Our 
cavalry  crossed  the  river  with  great  speed  and  drove  back  the 
cavalry  of  the  enemy.  5.  The  lieutenant  was  absent  from 
the  camp  at  that  time.  6.  The  Britons  guard  their  territory 
(fines)  with  great  care.  7.  When  we  had  driven  back  the 
cavalry  {not  a  clause)  ^  we  captured  several  villages.  8.  But 
we  were  not  able  to  gain  possession  of  the  large  towns. 


LESSON   VIII 


1.  Dative  of  Indirect  Object,  App.  49 

2.  Dative  with  Adjectives,  App.  50 

VOCABULARY 

cut  off,  intercludo,  -cludere,  -clusl,      flee,  fugio,  -ere,  fugi,  fugiturus. 

-clusum.  friendly,  amicus,  -a,  -um. 

dear,  carus,  -a,  -um.  give,  do,  dare,  dedi,  datum. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


403 


help,  juvo,  -arc,  juvl,  jutum. 
live,  habito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 
reward,  praemium,  -I,  n. 
say,  dico,  -ere,  dixi,  dictum, 
supplies,  commeatus,  -us,  m. 


supreme  power,  imperium,  -i,  n. 

two,  duo,  duae,  duo. 

very  near,  nearest,   proximus,   -a, 

-um. 
why,  cur,  adv. 


EXERCISES 

1.  The  Romans  gave  supreme  power  to  two  consuls.  2.  I 
will  give  you  a  reward  because  j^ou  have  helped  my  brother. 
3.  Hannibal  attacked  a  city  which  was  friendly  to  the 
Romans.  4.  Italy,  my  native  country,  is  dear  to  me.  5. 
Why  did  you  say  this  to  your  father?  6.  These  mountains 
are  very  near  to  the  town  in  which  I  live.  7.  The  legion 
which  w^as  in  the  mountains  was  cut  off  from  supplies.  8. 
The  soldiers  defended  the  city  on  that  day  with  the  greatest 
courage.  9.  When  the  king  had  been  captured  {abl.  ahs.)y 
the  army  fled. 


LESSON   IX 

1.  Dative  with  Special  Verbs,  App.  51 

2.  Dative  of  Possession,  App.  52 

VOCABULARY 


v 


always,  semper,  adv. 
book,  liber,  -bri,  m. 
boy,  puer,  puerl,  m. 
centurion,  centurio,  -onis,  m. 
favor,    faveo,    -ere,    favl,    fautum. 
new,  nevus,  -a,  -um. 
persuade,    persuadeo,    -suadere, 
-suasi,  -suasum. 


please,  placeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum. 

remain,  maneo,  -ere,  mansi,  man- 
sum. 

sister,  sorer,  seroris,  f. 

son,  filius,  -i,  m 

unwilling,  be  unwilling,  nolo,  nolle, 
nolui. 


EXERCISES 

1.  This  place  which  the  centurions  have  chosen  will  not 
please  the  Heutenant.  2.  We  favor  this  man  because  he  was 
a  brave  leader.    3.  Crassus  had  two  sons,  who  were  brave  sol- 


-) 


404 


A.  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


diers.  4.  The  boy  has  a  sword,  which  his  father  gave  him. 
5.  This  boy  is  unwilhng  to  remain,  and  I  cannot  persuade 
him.  6.  The  Helvetians  have  many  towns  and  villages  which 
we  shall  burn.  7.  I  gave  your  sister  two  new  books.  8.  The 
city  in  which  I  live  is  dear  to  me.  9.  Our  allies  will  always 
defend  their  native  country  with  great  courage. 


LESSON   X 


1.  Dative  of  Purpose,  App.  53 

2.  Dative  of  Reference,  App.  54 


VOCABULARY 


aid,  auxilium,  -i,  n. 
cohort,  cohors,  cohortis,  f. 
danger,  periculum,  -I,  n. 
displease,   displiceo,   -ere, 

-itum. 
fear,  timeo,  -ere,  -ui. 
fleet,  classis,  classis,  f. 
guard,  praesidium,  -i,  n. 


-ui. 


leave,    reHnquo,    -linquere,    -liqul, 

-lictum. 
no,  nullus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  nullius. 
peace,  pax,  pacis,  f. 
present,  donum,  -I,  n. 
reenforcements,    subsidium,    -I,   n. 
see,  video,  -ere,  vidi,  visum, 
townspeople,  oppidani,  -orum,  m.  pi. 


EXERCISES 

1.  The  boy  sent  these  beautiful  books  as  a  present  (for  a 
present)  to  his  sister.  2.  The  legion  came  to  reenforce  (as 
reenforcements  to)  the  cavalry,  who  were  in  danger.  3. 
Caesar  left  two  cohorts  as  a  guard  for  the  bridge.  4.  Two 
legions  will  be  sent  to  the  aid  of  the  townspeople  (for  aid  to 
the  townspeople).  5.  The  cohorts  which  were  left  as  a 
guard  for  the  camp  did  not  see  the  battle.  6.  We  do  not 
fear  the  Romans,  because  they  have  no  fleet  (Lesson  IX,  2). 
7.  This  peace  displeased  the  consuls,  and  they  sent  another 
army  into  Spain.  8.  After  burning  the  villages  {ahl.  abs.), 
the  cavalry  returned  to  camp. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  405 

LESSON   XI 

1.  Dative  of  Agent,  App.  56 

2.  Dative  with  Compound  Verbs,  App.  55 

VOCABULARY 

assemble,  convenio,  -venire,  -venT,  neighbors,   finitimi,    -orum,   m.   pi. 

-ventum.  place    in    command    of,    praeficio, 
build,  aedifico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum.  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum. 

envoy,  legatus,  -i,  m.  prison,  career,  carceris,  m. 

hostage,  obses,  obsidis,  m.  senate,  senatus,  -Qs,  M. 

if,  si,  conj.  slave,  servus,  -I,  m, 

make  war  on,  bellum  infero,  -ferre,  wish,  volo,  velle,  volui. 

etc. 

EXERCISES 

1.  Gaius  Marius  ought  not  to  be  killed  by  a  slave.  2. 
Hostages  ought  to  be  sent  by  the  enemy,  if  their  king  wishes 
peace.  3.  We  are  brave  men,  but  we  do  not  make  war  on 
our  neighbors.  4.  The  Ueutenant  has  placed  the  centurion 
in  conomand  of  the  cohort.  5.  The  village  ought  to  be  de- 
fended by  the  soldiers.  6.  The  lieutenant  was  placed  in 
command  of  the  legion.  7.  The  fleet  which  had  assembled 
was  an  aid  (for  an  aid)  to  the  army.  9.  When  the  fleet 
had  been  built  {ahl.  abs.),  the  army  set  out  to  Britain.  8. 
The  envoys  will  not  be  able  to  persuade  the  senate. 


LESSON   XII 


1.  Genitive  of  the  Whole,  App.  43 

2.  Genitive  of  Possession,  App.  42 

VOCABULARY 

arrow,  sagitta,  -ae,  f.  find,  reperio,  -ire,  repperi,  repertum. 

ascend,     ascendo,     -ere,  ascendi,       fortification,  mGnitio,  -onis,  f. 
ascensum.  god,  deus,  dei  (nom.  pi.  di),  M. 

citizen,  civis,  civis,  m.,  f.  hill,  collis,  coUis,  m. 


406 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


house,  tectum,  -I,  n. 
make,  facio,  -ere,  feci,  factum. 
part,  pars,  partis,  f. 
prisoner,  captivus,  -I,  m. 


retain,  detineo,  -tinere,  -tinul,  -ten- 

tum. 
temple,  templum,  -I,  n. 
try,  Conor,  -ari,  -atus  sum. 


EXERCISES 

,  1.  Part  of  the  town  was  burned  by  the  enemy.  2.  The 
bravest  of  the  Gauls  tried  to  ascend  the  hill  and  attack  the 
camp.  3.  Many  weapons  of  the  Germans  were  found  in  the 
camp.  4.  We  have  defended  the  temples  of  the  gods  and  the 
houses  of  the  citizens.  5.  Many  of  the  prisoners  were  unwil- 
ling to  return  to  Africa.  6.  The  centurion  was  wounded  by 
the  arrows  of  the  Spaniards,  and  his  brother  was  killed. 
7.  Peace  has  been  made,  and  the  prisoners  ought  not  to  be 
retained  by  the  Romans.  8.  The  consul's  brother  was  placed 
in  command  of  the  fortifications  (singular)  which  had  been 
made. 


LESSON   XIII 

1.  Objective  Genitive,  App.  45 

2.  Genitive  of  Description,  App.  44 


VOCABULARY 


ally  omnis,  -e. 

children,  liberi,  -5rum,  m.  pL 
depth,  altitudo,  -dinis,  f. 
desirous,  cupidus,  -a,  -um. 
foot,  pes,  pedis,  m. 
founder,  conditor,  -oris,  m. 
horseman,  eques,  equitis,  m. 


influence,  auctoritas,  -tatis,  p. 
pirate,  praedo,  -onis,  m. 
praetor,  praetor,  -oris,  m. 
sort,  kind,  modus,  -I,  m. 
state,  civitas,  -tatis,  f. 
three,  tres,  tria. 


EXERCISES 


1.  Romulus  was  called  the  founder  of  this  city.  2.  The 
leader  of  the  horsemen  was  wounded  by  an  arrow.  3.  This 
prisoner  was  a  citizen  of  great  influence  in  his  state.  4.  The 
depth  of  the  river  which  we  crossed  was  (of)  three  feet.     5. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  407 

We  are  desirous  of  peace,  but  we  do  not  fear  your  army. 
6.  A  man  of  this  sort  ought  not  to  have  been  sent  into  Asia 
by  the  Romans.  7.  The  Tiber  is  the  largest  of  all  the  rivers 
of  Italy.  8.  The  children  of  the  praetor  were  captured  by 
the  pirates.  9.  Caesar  made  war  on  the  Helvetians  and  de- 
feated them.  10.  The  horsemen  were  sent  to  the  aid  of  (as 
aid  for)  the  cohorts  which  were  crossing  the  river. 


LESSON   XIV 


1.  Ablative  with  a  Preposition  in  Place  of  the  Genitive  of  the 

Whole,  App.  43  a 

2.  Construction  with  mz7/e,  App.  16  a 

VOCABULARY 

arrive,     pervenio,     -venire,     -veni,       one,  unus,  -a,  -um. 

-ventum.  rest,  the  rest  of,  reliquus,  -a,  -um. 

boat,  navis,  navis,  f.  senator,  senator,  -oris,  m. 

flight,  fuga,  -ae,  f.  small,  parvus,  -a,  -um. 

hope,  spes,  spei,  f.  certain,  a    certain,    quidam,  quae- 

injure,  noceo,  -ere,  -ul,  -itum.  dam,   quoddam,  or  quiddam. 

march,  iter  facio,  facere,  etc.  stature,  statura,  -ae,  f. 

mile,  niille  passus  or  passuum,  pi.      thousand,  niille,  pi.  mllia. 

milia  passuum. 

EXERCISES 

1.  One  of  my  brothers  lives  in  Ireland.  2.  Some  of  the 
senators  were  killed  by  the  Gauls  who  captured  Rome.  3. 
Three  thousand  men  arrived  in  the  town  from  (ex)  the  flight. 
4.  On  that  day  we  made  a  march  of  twelve  miles  into  the 
territory  of  the  enemy.  5.  Two  of  the  hostages  remained  in 
Italy,  but  the  rest  returned  to  Africa.  6.  Three  thousand 
horsemen  crossed  the  mountains  with  the  legions.  7.  The 
hope  of  peace  is  greater,  because  the  enemy  have  sent  envoys. 
8.  The  Romans  were  [men]  of  small  stature,  but  they  were 
brave  soldiers.  9.  Our  boats  could  not  injure  the  boats 
(Lesson  IX,  1)  of  the  Veneti. 


408 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


LESSON   XV 

1.  Accusative  of  Duration  and  Extent,  App.  58,  59 

2.  Two  Accusatives  with  Compounds  of  trans y  App.  63  a 

VOCABULARY 


after,  post,  prep,  with  ace. 
ancestors,  maj5res,  -um,  m.  pi. 
barbarous,  barbarus,  -a,  -um. 
bring  back,  reduce,  -ducere,  -duxl, 

-ductum. 
exile,  exilium,  -i,  n. 
four,  quattuor,  indecl.  num. 


friend,  amicus,  -i,  m. 

infantry  (adj.),  pedester,  -tris,  -tre. 

month,  mensis,  mensis,  m. 

tired,  defessus,  -a,  -um. 

today,  hodie,  adv. 

tribune,  tribunus,  -i,  m. 

walk,  ambulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 


EXERCISES 

1.  My  friends  remained  in  Spain  for  three  months.  2.  We 
have  walked  four  miles  today,  and  we  are  tired.  3.  The 
lieutenant  led  the  infantry  forces  across  the  river  and  at- 
tacked a  town  of  the  Gauls.  4.  Part  of  our  forces  had  been 
led  across  the  Rhine  by  the  tribune  of  the  soldiers.  5.  Our 
ancestors  waged  war  with  these  barbarous  nations  for  many 
years.  6.  The  centurion  who  had  led  the  cohort  across 
the  river  Allia  was  killed  in  battle.  7.  Some  of  my  friends 
have  set  out  into  exile.  8.  The  Romans  brought  back 
many  thousand  slaves  to  Italy  after  this  war. 


LESSON   XVI 


1.  Accusative  of  Place  to  Which,  General  Rule,  App.  60^ 

2.  Expressions   of   Place   to   Which   Without   a   Preposition, 

App.  602 

VOCABULARY 


before,  ante,  prep,  with  ace. 
bravely,  fortiter,  adv. 
consulship,  consulatus,  -us,  m. 
death,  mors,  mortis,  f. 


go,  eo,  ire,  ii  (Ivi),  itum. 

hasten,  contends,  -tendere,  -tendl, 

-tentum. 
home,  domus,  -us,  (-i)  r. 


'  See  also  section  7(1),  page  59 
2  See  also  section  8  (Ij,  page  o9 


A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


409 


hour,  hora,  -ae,  f. 
kingdom,  regnum,  -I,  n. 
province,  provincia,  -ae,  f. 
resist,  resisto,  -ere,  restiti. 


send  back,  remitto,  -mittere,  -misi, 

-missum. 
summer,  aestas,  -tatis,  f. 
there,  ibi,  adv. 


EXERCISES 


1.  Why  did  not  the  praetor  hasten  to  Gaul  with  the  army? 
2.  We  shall  go  to  Geneva  this  summer,  and  we  shall  remain 
there  several  days.  3.  The  tribune  returned  to  Rome  after 
the  death  of  his  friend.  4.  Cicero  set  out  to  Asia  after  his 
consulship.  5.  Our  friends  returned  home  before  the  war. 
6.  The  hostages  who  are  in  Italy  will  be  sent  back  into  the 
province.  7.  The  legion  resisted  bravely  for  four  hours,  and 
many  were  killed.  8.  The  Helvetians  had  led  a  large  part  of 
their  forces  across  the  river.  9.  The  king  returned  into  his 
kingdom  with  three  thousand  men. 


LESSON   XVII 


1.  Expressions   of  Place   in  Which   with  Names   of  Towns, 

etc.,  App.  81 

2.  Expressions  of  Place  from  Which,  App.  65 


VOCABULARY 


delay,  moror,  -ari,  -atus  sum. 
demand,  postulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 
escape,  effugio,  -fugerc,  -fugi,  -fu- 

giturus. 
few,  pauci,  -ae,  -a. 
following,  posterus,  -a,  -um. 
forest,  silva,  -ae,  f. 


general,  imperator,  -5ris,  m. 

give  back,  reddo,  -dere,  -didi,  -di- 

tum. 
prepared,  paratus,  -a,  -um. 
where,  ubi,  adv. 
withdraw,   discedo,    -cedere,    -cessi, 

-cessum. 


EXERCISES 

1.  The  general  is  returning  from  Asia,  and  he  will  not 
delay  at  Corinth.  2.  The  Roman  citizens  who  are  in  Sagun- 
tum  demand  our  aid.     3.  Cicero  set  out  from  Rome  with  a 


410  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

few  friends.  4.  The  envoys  withdrew  from  Corinth  on  the 
following  day.  5.  Many  citizens  were  not  able  to  escape 
from  Saguntum.  6.  The  army  is  prepared,  but  the  consul  is 
delaying  at  Rome.  7.  I  shall  set  out  to  Marseilles,  where  my 
friends  live.  8.  The  king  sent  his  son  to  Italy  before  the 
war.  9.  Two  of  the  boys  had  been  in  the  forest  three  hours. 
10.  Many  thousand  prisoners  who  have  been  captured  by  the 
Romans  will  be  given  back. 


LESSON   XVIII 

1.  The  Gerund,  App.  127 

2.  The  Gerundive,  App.  128,  129 

VOCABULARY 

accomplish,     efficio,     -ficere,     -feci,  lose,  amitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -mis- 

-fectum.  sum. 

collect,  cogo,  -ere,  coegi,  coactum.  much,  multus,  -a,  -um. 

conquer,  vinco,  -ere,  vici,  victum.  nothing,  nihil,  indecL,  n. 

fight,  piigno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum.  still,  tamen,  adv. 

girl,  puella,  -ae,  f.  wife,  uxor,  -oris,  f. 
hurl,  conjicio,  -jicere,  -jeci,  -jeetum. 

EXERCISES 

1.  The  enemy  have  no  hope  of  conquering,  but  still  they 
fight  bravely.  2.  We  have  collected  all  our  forces,  and  we 
are  prepared  for  (ad)  setting  out.  3.  The  Germans  were 
desirous  of  capturing  the  town,  because  there  was  much  grain 
in  it.  4.  In  capturing  the  town  we  lost  many  men.  5. 
Divico  accomplished  nothing  by  delaying.  6.  The  Gauls 
drove  back  our  men  by  hurling  weapons.  7.  Brutus  had  left 
his  wife  and  children  in  Rome.  8.  This  girl  wishes  to 
remain  at  home  with  her  brothers  and  sisters.  9.  We  shall 
return  from  Geneva  in  a  few  days.  10.  We  shall  send  two 
cohorts  to  Marseilles. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  411 

LESSON   XIX 

1.  Participles  of  Deponent  Verbs,  App.  122  a 

2.  Position  of  Monosyllabic  Prepositions,  App.  145 

VOCABULARY 

arrival,  adventiis,  -us,  m.  perish,  pereo,  -ire,  -ii  (-ivi),  -iturus. 

catch  sight  of,  conspicor,  -ari,  -atus  reason,  causa,  -ae,  f. 

sum.  ten,  decern,  indecl.  num. 

eighth,  octavus,  -a,  -um.  trader,  mercator,  -oris,  m. 

follow,  sequor,  -I,  secutus  sum.  undertake,  suscipio,  -cipere,  -cepi, 
fort,  castellum,  -i,  n.  -ceptum. 

lead  back,  reduce,  -dticere,  -duxi,  wait  for,  expecto,  -are,  -avi,  -alum. 

-ductum. 

EXERCISES 

1.  The  cavalry,  having  followed  the  enemy  for  ten  miles, 
returned  to  camp.  2.  Having  caught  sight  of  the  Gauls  who 
were  in  the  Roman  camp,    Labienus   sent  aid  to  our  men. 

3.  Caesar   feared   danger   for    (de   with   abl.)    many   reasons. 

4.  The  Helvetians  undertook  this  war  with  great  hope,  but 
they  were  conquered.  5.  Having  gained  possession  of  the 
fort  (Lesson  V,  1),  we  waited  for  the  arrival  of  the  eighth 
legion.  6.  The  traders  went  by  this  road  (Lesson  V,  2)  w^ith 
great  danger.  7.  The  lieutenant  led  back  his  men  into  camp 
because  he  was  not  desirous  of  fighting.  8.  The  praetor 
remained  to  defend  Italy  (ad  with  gerundive  constr.).  9. 
Many  who  perished  at  Messina  were  Roman  citizens. 


412  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

LESSON   XX 

1.  Reflexive  Pronouns,  App.  18 

2.  Possessive  Adjectives,  App.  19 

VOCABULARY 

barbarians,  barbari,  -orum,  m.  pi.      promise,    polliceor,    -eri,    pollicitus 

chief,  princeps,  principis,  m.  sum. 

embassy,  legatio,  -onis,  f.  surrender,   dedo,   -dere,   -didi,   -di- 

famous,  clarus,  -a,  -um.  turn. 

field,  ager,  agri,  m.  ,        swamp,  paliis,  -udis,  f, 

grandfather,  avus,  -!,  m.  terrify,  perterreo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum. 

(of)  himself,   herself,   themselves,      wealthy,  dives,  divitis,  superl.  ditis- 

reflex.,  sul,  etc.  simus,  -a,  -um. 
name,  nomen,  nominis,  n. 

EXERCISES 

1.  Many  in  Italy  surrendered  themselves  to  Hannibal. 
2.  The  boy  to  whom  the  sword  has  been  given  will  injure 
himself  (Lesson  IX,  1).  3.  Your  name  and  your  father's  name 
are  famous  in  Gaul.  4.  The  barbarians,  terrified  by  our 
arrival,  fled  into  the  forest  and  swamps.  5.  The  chiefs  of  the 
embassy  brought  (ducere)  with  them  several  wealthy  men  as 
(pro  with  abl.)  hostages.  6.  My  grandfather  had  been  in 
Africa  with  the  army.  7.  The  Britons,  having  promised  hos- 
tages, returned  to  (in)  their  fields.  8.  Hannibal  crossed  the 
Alps  with  great  danger.  9.  He  was  desirous  of  destroying 
Rome. 

LESSON   XXI 
Indirect  Discourse,  App.  121 

VOCABULARY 

announce,  nuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum.  hear,  audio,  -Ire,  -ivi,  -Itum. 

arrest,   comprehendo,    -hendere,  know,  scio,  scire,  scivl,  scitum. 

-hendl,  -hensum.  lay  waste,  vasto,  -are,  -avI,  -atum. 

believe,  credo,  -dere,  -didI,  -ditum.  money,  pecunia,  -ae.  f. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER  413 

sailor,  nauta,  -ae,  m.  sink,    cieprimo,    -primere,    -press!, 

scout,  explorator,  -oris,  m.  -pressum. 

ship,  navis,  navis,  f.  valley,  valles,  vallis,  f. 

EXERCISES 

1.  The  scout  says  that  the  enemy  are  crossing  the  valley. 
2.  We  know  that  many  sailors  are  being  sent  from  (ex) 
Spain.  3.  I  hear  that  you  have  built  a  new  house.  4.  All 
believe  that  the  ship  was  sunk  by  the  pirates.  5.  The  scouts 
say  that  the  enemy  (plural)  will  cross  the  valley.  6.  The 
Romans  heard  that  the  Gauls  were  laying  waste  the  fields  of 
their  allies.  7.  The  centurion  announced  that  two  men  had 
been  arrested.  8.  I  believed  that  you  would  send  back  the 
money.  9.  My  friend  said  that  the  house  which  his  brother 
had  built  had  been  burned. 


LESSON   XXII 


1.  Causal  Clauses  with  cum,  App.  103 

2.  Clauses  of  Result,  App.  96 

VOCABULARY 

any,  ullus,  -a,  -um.  now,  nunc,  adv. 

here,  hie,  adv.  seize,  occupo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 

long,  longus,  -a,  -um.       •  shore,  litus,  litoris,  n. 

messenger,  nuntius,  -i,  m.  since,  cum,  conj. 

never,  numquam,  adv.  so,  ita,  tam. 
no  one,  nemo,  dat.  nemini  (no  gen.       without,  sine,  prep,  with  abl. 
or  abl.). 

EXERCISES 

1.  Why  do  you  remain  here,  since  you  have  no  friends? 
2.  The  danger  of  the  Roman  citizens  was  so  great  that  the 
consul  sent  an  army.  3.  Since  I  saw  no  danger,  I  set  out 
without  any  weapons.  4.  The  legion  fought  so  fiercely  that 
the  Gauls  fled.     5.  The  enemy  resisted  so  bravely  that  we 


414  A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 

lost  many  rnqn.  6.  Since  no  one  has  sent  aid,  we  shall  not 
try  to  defend  the  camp.  7.  The  messenger  says  that  our 
men  have  driven  back  the  barbarians  and  seized  the  bridge. 
8.  We  knew  that  many  who  set  out  to  the  war  would  never 
return.  9.  The  sailors  said  they  had  found  this  boy  on  the 
shore. 


LESSON   XXIII 


1.  Descriptive  Clauses  of  Situation,  App.  105 

2.  Adversative  Clauses  with  cum^  App.  104 

VOCABULARY 

although,  cum,  conj.  invite,  invito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 

animal,  animal,  -alis,  n.  leap,    leap    down,    desilio,    -silire, 

at  once,  statim,  adv.  -silui. 

break    down,    rescindo,  -scindere,       neighboring,  vicinus,  -a,  -um. 

-scidi,  -seissum,  not  yet,  nondum,  adv. 

delay,  mora,  -ae,  f.  summon,  arcesso,  -ere,  -Ivi,  -Itum. 

honor,  honor,  -oris,  m.  when,  cum,  conj. 
interpreter,  interpres,  -pretis,  m. 

EXERCISES 

1.  The  Gauls  captured  Rome  when  Camillus  was  in  a 
neighboring  city.  2.  Although  I  summoned  the  interpreter 
at  once,  he  has  not  yet  arrived.  3.  Although  w^e  were  tired, 
still  we  returned  without  delay.  4.  When  his  friends  had 
broken  down  the  bridge,  Horatius  leaped  into  the  river. 
5.  When  we  were  walking  in  the  forest,  we  saw  a  large 
animal.  6.  Although  all  else  (omnia  reliqua)  has  been  lost, 
still  honor  has  not  been  lost.  7.  Since  you  are  unwilling  to 
go,  I  shall  invite  your  brother.  8.  No  one  could  cross  the 
river,  because  the  bridge  had  been  broken  down.  9.  The 
praetor  said  that  he  had  arrested  the  leader  of  these  men. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIX    READER  415 

LESSON   XXIV 

1.  Purpose  Clauses  with  ut  and  Tie,  App.  94 

2.  Relative  Purpose  Clauses,  App.  94  a 

VOCABULARY 

buy,  emo,  -ere,  emi,  emptum.  letter,  epistula,  -ae,  f. 

commonwealth,  res  publica,  rei  pub-  people,  populus,  -I,  m. 

licae.  quaestor,  quaestor,  -oris,  m. 

conspirators,  conjuratl,  -orum,  m.  pi.  read,  lego,  -ere,  legl,  lectum. 

disloyal,  improbus,  -a,  -um.  six,  sex,  indecl.  num. 

harbor,  portus,  -us,  m.  through,  per,  prep,  with  ace. 

horse,  equus,  -i,  m.  villa,  villa,  -ae,  f. 
lead,  dtico,  -ere,  diixl,  ductum. 

EXERCISES 

1.  The  quaestor  set  out  to  a  neighboring  town  to  buy 
grain  (that  he  might  buy  grain).  2.  We  arrested  the  man  in 
order  that  he  might  not  set  out  with  the  conspirators.  3. 
The  lieutenant  will  send  a  scout  to  lead  (who  shall  lead)  the 
horsemen  through  the  forest.  4.  The  praetor  left  six  cohorts 
to  defend  the  harbor.  5.  I  have  come  to  see  (that  I  may 
see)  your  new  horse.  6.  We  gave  hostages,  that  our  towns 
might  not  be  burned.  7.  When  my  brother  had  read  the 
letter,  he  set  out  to  the  villa  at  once.  8.  Although  your 
grandfather  was  a  consul,  you  wish  to  destroy  the  common- 
wealth. 9.  The  Roman  people  know  (singular)  that  you  are 
a  disloyal  citizen. 

LESSON   XXV 

1.  Purpose  Clauses  with  quo^  App.  95 

2.  Indirect  Questions,  App.  107 

VOCABULARY 

ask,  quaero,  -ere,  quaeslvi,  quaesi-      fortify,  munio,  -Ire,  -ivi,  -itum. 

turn.  honorable,  honestus,  -a,  -um. 

baggage,  impedimenta,  -orum,  n.  pi.       island,  Insula,  -ae,  f. 


416 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


long,  for  a  long  time,  diu,  adv. 
queen,  regina,  -ae,  f. 
rapid,  celer,  celeris,  celere. 
safely,  tut5,  adv. 


send    ahead,    praernitto,    -mittere, 

-misi,  -missum. 
traveler,  viator,  -oris,  m. 
write,  scribo,  -ere,  scrips!,  scriptum. 


EXERCISES 

1.  The  cohorts  left  their  baggage  in  camp,  that  they  might 
make  a  more  rapid  flight.  2.  Many  ask  why  the  king  and 
queen  are  setting  out  from  the  city.  3.  No  one  knew  who 
had  written  this  book.  4.  The  travelers  constructed  (made) 
a  bridge  in  order  to  cross  (that  they  might  cross)  the  river 
more  safely.  5.  I  said  this  in  order  that  you  might  remain 
longer.  6.  I  do  not  know  in  what  part  of  the  island  you 
live.  7.  We  broke  down  the  bridge,  that  the  enemy  might 
not  cross.  8.  The  general  sent  ahead  several  soldiers  to  for- 
tify (who  should  fortify)  the  camp.  9.  I  have  heard  that 
this  boy's  father  was  not  an  honorable  man. 


ENGLISH-LATIN  VOCABULARY 


able,  be  able,  possum,  posse,  potul. 
absent,  be  absent,  absum,  abesse, 

aful,  afuturus. 
accomplish,   conficio,   -ficere,   -feci, 

-fectum;     efficiS,     -ficere,     -feci, 

-fectum. 
across,  trans,  prep,  with  ace. 
address,  alloquor,  -loqul,  -locutus 

sum. 
afraid,  be  afraid,  timeo,  -ere,  -ul. 
Africa,  Africa,  -ae,  /. 
after,  post,  prep,  with  ace. 
again,  iterum,  adv. 
aid,  auxilium,  -i,  n. 
all,  omnis,  omne. 
Allia,  Allia,  -ae,  /. 
ally,  socius,  -i,  m. 
alone,  solus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  solius. 
Alps,  Alpes,  -ium,  /.  pi 
although,  cum,  conj. 
always,  semper,  adv. 
among,  inter,  prep,  with  ace. 
ancestors,  majores,  -um,  m.  pi. 
and,  et,  -que,  atque,  conjs. 
animal,  animal,  animalis,  n. 
announce,  nuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 
another,  alius,  alia,  aliud. 
answer,  responsum,  -i,  n. 
any,  uUus,  -a,  -um. 
anyone,    quisquam,    quicquam    or 

quidquam. 
armed,  armatus,  -a,  -um. 
arms,  arma,  -orum,  n.  pi. 
army,  exercitus,  -us,  m. 
arrest,      comprehendo,      -hendere, 

-hendi,  -hensum. 
arrival,  adventus,  -us,  m. 
arrive,    pervenio,    -venire,     -veni, 
-ventum. 

arrow,  sagitta,  -ae,  /. 

Ascanius,  Ascanius,  -i,  m. 


ascend,  ascendo,  -ere,  ascend!,  as- 

censum. 
Asia,  Asia,  -ae,  /. 
ask,  rogo,  -Jire,  -avi,  -atum;  quaero, 

-ere,  quaes! vl,  quaesitum. 
assemble,  convenio,  -vemre,  -ven!, 

-ventum. 
Athens,  Athenae,  -arum,  /.  pi. 
at  once,  statim,  adv. 
attack  {noun),  impetus,  -us,  m. 
attack  (verb),   oppugno,   -are,  -av!, 

-atjiim. 
attempt,  conor,  -ar!,  -atus  sum. 
await,  expecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 

B 

baggage,  impedimenta,  -5rum,  n.  pi. 
barbarian,  barbarus,  -i,  m. 
barbarous,  barbarus,  -a,  -um. 
battle,  proelium,  -!,  n. 
be,  sum,  esse,  fui,  futurus. 
beautiful,  pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum. 
because,  quod,  conj. 
before  (adverb),  antea. 
before  (preposition),  ante,  with  ace. 
before  (conjunction),  priusquam. 
began,  coepi,  coepisse,  coeptum. 
beg  for,  peto,  -ere,  -ivi,  -itum. 
behind,  post,  prep,  with  ace. 
believe,  credo,  -dere,  -did!,  -ditum. 

better,  melior,  melius   (compar.  of 

bonus). 
between,  inter,  prep,  with  ace. 
boat,  navis,  navis,  /. 
book,  liber,  libri,  m. 
booty,  praeda,  -ae,  /. 
bom,  be  bom,  nascor,  nasci,  natus 

sum. 
boy,  puer,  pueri,  m. 
brave,  fortis,  forte. 
bravely,  fortiter,  a^v. 
break    down,    rescindo,    -scindere, 

-scidi,  -scissum. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


bridge,  pons,  pontis,  m. 

bring,  fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum. 

bring  back,  reduce,  -ducere,  -duxi, 
-ductum. 

Britain,  Britannia,  -ae,  /. 

Britons,  Britannl,  -orum,  m.  pi. 

broad,  latus,  -a,  -um. 

brother,  frater,  fratris,  m. 

Brutus,  Brutus,  -I,  m. 

build,  aedifico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 

burn,    incendo,    -cendere,     -cendi, 
-censum. 

but,  sed,  conj. 

buy,  emo,  -ere,  emi,  emptum. 

by,  a,  ab,  prep,  with  abl. 

C 

Caesar,  Caesar,  Caesaris,  m. 

call,  voco,  -are,  -avI,  -atum;  appello, 
-are,  -avi,  -atum. 

Camillus,  Camillus,  -I,  m. 

camp,  castra,  -orum,  n.  pi. 

can,  am  able,  possum,  posse,  potui. 

capture,  capio,  -ere,  cepi,  captum. 

care,  cura,  -ae,  /. 

carry,  porto,  -are,  -avI,  -atum. 

catch  sight  of,  conspicor,  -ari,  -atus 
sum. 

cause,  causa,  -ae,  /. 

cavalry,  equitatus,  -us,  m. 

censure,  accuso,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 

centurion,  centurio,  -onis,  771. 

certain,  a  certain,  quidam,  quaedam, 
quiddam  or  quoddam. 

change,  muto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 

check,  retardo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 

chief,  princeps,  prlncipis,  m. 

children,  liberi,  -orum,  m.  pi. 

choose,  deligo,  -ligere,  -legl,  -lectum. 

Cicero,  Cicero,  -onis,  m. 

citadel,  arx,  arcis,  /. 

citizen,  civis,  civis,  m. 

city,  urbs,  urbis,  /. 

cohort,  cohors,  cohort  is,  /. 


collect,  conduco,  -ducere,  -duxi, 
-ductum;  cogo,  cogere,  coegl, 
coactum. 

come,  venio,  -Ire,  veni,  ventum. 

command,  impero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 

common  people,  plebs,  plebis,  /. 

commonwealth,  res  publica,  rei 
publicae,  /. 

companion,  comes,  comitis,  ?w. 

complain,  queror,  querl,  questus 
sum. 

conceal,  celo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 

confess,  confiteor,  -eri,  confessus 
sum. 

conquer,  vinco,  -ere,  vicl,  victum. 

conspirators,  conjurati,  -orum,  m. 
pi. 

consul,  consul,  consulis,  m. 

consulship,  consulatus,  -us,  m. 

Corinth,  Corinthus,  -i,  /. 

Cornelius,  Cornelius,  -I,  m. 

cottage,  casa,  -ae,  /. 

country,    native     country,     patria, 

-ae,  /. 
country,  territory,  fines,  -ium   {pi. 

of  finis,  finis,  m.). 

courage,  virtus,  virtutis,  /. 

course,  iter,  itineris,  n. 

cowardly,  ignavus,  -a,  -um. 

Crassus,  Crassus,  -I,  m. 

cross,  transeo,  -Ire,  -il  (-IvI),  -itum. 

custom,  mos,  moris,  m. 

cut  off,  intercliido,  -cludere,  -clusl, 
-clusum. 

D 

danger,  perlculum,  -I,  n. 

dangerous,  perlculosus,  -a,  -um. 

dare,  audeo,  -ere,  ausus  sum. 

daughter,  filia,  -ae,  /. 

day,  dies,  diel,  m.,f. 

dear,  carus,  -a,  -um. 

death,  mors,  mortis,  /. 

decide,    decerno,    -cernere,    -crevi, 
-cretum. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


deep,  altus,  -a,  -um. 

defeat,    supero,    -are,  -avi,  -atum; 
vinco,   -ere,   vicl,   victum. 

defend,   defendo,    -fendere,   -fendi, 
-fensum. 

delay  (noun),  mora,  -ae, /. 

delay  (verb),  moror,  -ari,  -atus  sum. 

delighted,  be  delighted,  laetor,  -ari, 
-atus  sum. 

demand,  postulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 

depth,  altitude,  -dinis,  /. 

descend,       descends,       -scendere, 
-scendi,  -scensum. 

desire,  cupio,  -ere,  cupivi,  cupitum. 

desirous,  cupidus,  -a,  -um. 

despise,  contemno,  -temnere,  -temp- 
si,  -temptum. 

destroy,  deleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etum. 

differ,  differo,  -ferre,  distuli,  dila- 
tum. 

difficult,  difficilis,  -e. 

disloyal,  improbus,  -a,  -um. 

displease,  displiceo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum. 

ditch,  fossa,  -ae,  /. 

Divico,  Divico,  -onis,  m. 

do,  facio,  -ere,  feci,  factum. 

dog,  canis,  canis,  m. 

draw  up,  instruo,  -struere,  -struxi, 
-structum. 

drive  back,   repello,   -ere,    reppuli, 

repulsum. 
drive   out,   expello,   -pellere,   -pull, 

-pulsum. 

E 
each,  quisque,  quaeque,  quidque. 
easily,  facile,  adv. 
easy,  facilis,  facile. 
eighth,  octavus,  -a,  -um. 
elect,  creo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 
embassy,  legatio,  -onis,  /. 
end,  finis,  finis,  m. 
enemy,  hostis,  hostis,  m.;  inimicus. 


-1,  w. 


energetically,  impigre,  adv. 


enroll,  conscribo,  -scribere,  -scripsi, 
-scriptum. 

envoy,  legatus,  -i,  m. 

escape,  effugio,  -fugere,  -fugi. 

ever,  umquam,  adv. 

except,  praeter,  prep,  with  ace. 

exile,  exilium,  -i,  n. 

explore,  explore,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 


faithful,  fidelis,  -e. 

fame,  gloria,  -ae,  /. 

famous,  clarus,  -a,  -um. 

farmer,  agricola,  -ae,  m. 

father,  pater,  patris,  m. 

favor,  faveo,  -ere,  favi,  fautum. 

fear  {noun),  timor,  timoris,  m. 

fear  (verb),  timeo,  -ere,  -ui;  vereor, 
-eri,  veritus  sum. 

few,  pauci,  -ae,  -a. 

field,  ager,  agri,  m. 

fierce,  ferus,  -a,  -um. 

fiercely,  acriter,  adv. 

fight,  pugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 

find,  invenio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ven- 
tum;  reperio,  -ire,  repperi, 
repertum. 

find  out,  reperio,  -ire,  repperi, 
repertum. 

fire,  ignis,  ignis,  ni. 

first,  primus,  -a,  -um. 

five,  quinque;  indeel.  num. 

flee,  fugio,  -ere,  fiigi,  fugiturus. 

fleet,  classis,  classis,  /. 

flight,  fuga,  -ae,/. 

follow,  sequor,  sequi,  secutus  sum. 

following,  posterus,  -a,  -um. 

foUy,  stultitia,  -ae,  /. 

foot,  pes,  pedis,  m. 

for,  on  behalf  of,  pro,  prep,  with  abl. 

forces  (of  soldiers),  copiae,  -ariun, 

/•  Pl. 
foreigner,  peregrinus,  -i,  77i. 


A  jujnIOR  latin  reader 


forest,  silva,  -ae  /. 
forget,  obllvlscor,  -i,  oblitus  sum. 
formerly,  antea,  adv. 
fort,  castellum,  -i,  n. 
fortification,  muniti5,  -onis,  /. 
fortify,  munio,  -Ire,  -ivi,  -Itum. 
found,  condo,  -dere  -didi,  -ditum. 
founder,  conditor,  -oris,  m. 
four,  quattuor,  indecl.  num. 
friend,  amicus,  -I,  m. 
friendly,  amicus,  -a,  -um. 
friendship,  amicitia,  -ae,  /. 
frighten,  terreo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum. 
from,  a,  ab;  e,  ex;  de,  preps,  with  abl. 

G 

gain  possession  of,  potior,  potlrl, 
potitus  sum. 

Gains,  Gaius,  -I,  m. 

garrison,  praesidium,  -I,  n. 

Gaul  (a  country),  Gallia,  -ae,  /. 

Gaul  (an  inhabitant  of  the  country 
of  Gaul),  Gallus,  -i,  m. 

general,  imperator,  -oris,  m. 

Geneva,  Genava,  -ae,  /. 

Germans,  GermanI,  -5rum,  m.  pi. 

girl,  puella,  -ae,  /. 

give,  do,  dare,  dedi,  datum;  give 
back,  reddo,  -dere,  -didI,  -ditum. 

go,  eo,  ire,  ii  (ivi),  itum;  go  out, 
exeo,  -ire,  -ii  (-ivi),  -itum;  go 
away,  abeo,  -ire,  -ii  (-ivi),  -itum. 

god,  deus,  -i,  m. 

gold,  aurum,  -i,  n. 

good,  bonus,  -a,  -um. 

grain,  frumentum,  -I,  n. 

grandfather,  avus,  -i,  m. 

grandson,  nepos,  nepotis,  m. 

great,  magnus,  -a,  -um. 

Greeks,  Graeci,  -orum,  m.  pi. 

guard  {noun),  praesidium,  -i,  n. 

guard  (verb),  custodio,  -ire,  -Ivi, 
-itum. 


H 

Hannibal,  Hannibal,  -alis,  m. 

happen,  accido,  -ere,  accidi. 

harbor,  portus,  -lis,  m. 

hasten,  propero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum; 
contendo,  -tendere,  -tendi,  -ten- 
tum. 

have,  habeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum. 

hear,  audi5,  -Ire,  -ivi,  -Itum. 

height,  altitudo,  -dinis,/. 

help  (noun),  auxilium,  -i,  72. 

help  (verb),  juvo,  -are,  juvi,  jutum. 

Helvetians,  the  Helvetians,  Hel- 
vetii,  -orum,  m.  pi. 

here,  hie,  adv. 

high,  altus,  -a,  -um. 

hill,  collis,  collis,  m. 

(of)  himself,  herself,  themselves, 
reflex.,  sui,  etc. 

his,  her,  its,  their,  when  reflexive, 
suus,  -a,  -um;  wheri  not  reflexive, 
ejus,  eorum,  earum. 

home,  domus,  -lis  (-1),  /. 

honor,  honor,  honoris,  m. 

honorable,  honestus,  -a,  -um. 

hope,  spes,  spei,  /. 

Horatius,  Horatius,  -I,  m. 

horse,  equus,  -I,  m. 

horseman,  eques,  equitis,  m. 

hospitality,  hospitium,  -i,  n. 

hostage,  obses,  obsidis,  m. 

hour,  hora,  -ae,  /. 

house,  tectum,  -i,  n. 

hunt,  venor,  -ari,  -atus  sum. 

hurl,  jacio,  -ere,  jeci,  jactum;  con- 
jicio,  -jicere,  -jecl,  -jectum. 

I 

I,  ego,  mei. 

if,  si,  conj. 

in,  in,  prep,  with  abl. 

increase,  grow  greater,  cresc5,  -ere, 
crevi,  cretum. 

industrious,   impiger,   -gra,   -grum. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


industriously,  impigre,  adv. 

infantry  (noun),  pedites,  -um  (pi. 
o/ pedes,  peditis,  m.);  (adjective), 
pedester,  -tris,  -tre. 

influence,  auctoritas,  -tatis,  /. 

injure,  noceo,  -ere,  -ul,  -ituin. 

interpreter,  interpres,  interpretis,  m. 

into,  in,  prep,  icith  ace. 

invite,  invito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 

Ireland,  Hibernia,  -ae,  /. 

island,  Insula,  -ae,  /. 

Italy,  Italia,  -ae,  /. 


javelin,  pllum,  -i,  n. 
journey,  iter,  itineris,  n. 
joy,  gaudium,  -i,  n. 
just,  Justus,  -a,  -um. 
justice,  justitia,  -ae,  /. 


kill,  interficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum; 
neco,  -are,  -avI,  -atum. 

king,  rex,  regis,  m. 

kingdom,  regnum,  -I,  n. 

know,  scio,  scire,  sclvi,  scltum;  not 
know,  ignore,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 

knowledge,  scientia,  -ae,  /. 


Labienus,  Labienus,  -i,  m. 

lake,  lacus,  -iis,  m. 

language,  lingua,  -ae,  /. 

large,  magnus,  -a,  -um. 

Laurentum,  Laurentum,  -I,  n. 

Lavinia,  Lavinia,  -ae,  /. 

lay  waste,  vasto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 

lead,  duco,  -ere,  diixl,  ductum. 

lead  across,  traduco,  -ducere,  -duxl, 
-ductum. 

lead  back,  reduco,  -ducere,  -duxl, 
-ductum. 

leader,  dux,  ducis,  m. 


leap  down,  desilio,  -silire,  -silui. 

leave,  relinquo,  -ere,  rellqui,  relic- 
tum. 

legion,  legi5,  -onis,  /. 

letter,  epistula,  -ae,  /. 

liberty,  llbertas,  -tatis,  /. 

lieutenant,  legatus,  -i,  m. 

life,  vita,  -ae,  /. 

light,  lux,  lucis,  /. 

live,  habito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 

long  (adverb),  diu. 

long  (adjective),  longus,  -a,  -um. 

lose,  amitto,  -ere,  amisi,  amissum. 

love,  amo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 

low,  humilis,  -e. 

M 

make,    facio,    -ere,    feci,    factum; 

make  war  on,  bellum  Infero,  etc. 

(with  dative). 
man,  vir,  virl,  m. ;  homo,  hominis,  m. 
many,    multl,    -ae,    -a    (plural    of 

midtus). 
march,  iter  facio,  facere,  etc. 
Marius,  Marius,  -i,  m. 
Marseilles,  Massilia,  -ae,  /. 
master,  dominus,  -i,  m. 
messenger,  nuntius,  -i,  m. 
Messina,  Messana,  -ae,  /. 
middle,  middle  of,  medius,  -a,  -um. 
migrate,  migro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 
mile,  mille   passus,    pi.   milia  pas- 

suum. 
military,  mllitaris,  -e. 
mob,  turba,  -ae,  /. 
money,  pecunia,  -ae,  /. 
month,  mensis,  mensis,  m. 
mother,  mater,  matris,  /. 
mountain,  mons,  montis,  m. 
much,  multus,  -a,  -um. 
multitude,  multitudo,  -dinis,  /. 
my,  meus,  -a,  -um. 


6 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


N 

name,  nomen,  nominis,  n. 

narrow,  angustus,  -a,  -um. 

nation,  gens,  gentis,  /. 

native  country,  patria,  -ae,  /. 

nature,  natura,  -ae,  /. 

necessary,  it  is  necessary,  oportet, 
-ere,  oportuit. 

neighboring,  vlcinus,  -a,  -um. 

neighbors,   finitiml,  -orum,  m.   pi. 

Neptune,  Neptunus,  -I,  m. 

never,  numquam,  adv. 

new,  nevus,  -a,  -um. 

next,  proximus,  -a,  -um. 

night  (adjective),  nocturnus,  -a,  -um. 

no,  nullus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  nullius. 

no  one,  nemo,  dat.  neminl. 

nor,  neque,  conj. 

not,  non,  adv. 

nothing,  nihil,  indecL,  n. 

not  yet,  nondum,  adv. 

now,  nunc,  adv. 

number,  numerus,  -I,  m. 

O 

obey,  pareo,  -ere,  parul. 

observe^  specto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 

ocean,  Oceanus,  -I,  m. 

often,  saepe,  adv. 

old,  vetus,  gen.  veteris. 

old  man,  senex,  senis,  m. 

on,  in,  -prep,  with  abl. 

on  account  of,  propter,  prep,  with  ace. 

once,  at  once,  statim,  adv. 

one,  unus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  unius. 

oi*der,  jubeo,  -ere,  jussi,  jussum. 

other,  another,  alius,  -a,  -ud;  the 

/  other,  reliquus,  -a,  -um. 

ought,    one    ought,    oportet,    -ere, 
oportuit,  impersonal. 

our,  noster,  -tra,  -trum. 

outside,  outside  of,  extra,  prep,  with 
ace. 


-are,    -avi, 


impermm, 


part,  pars,  partis,  /. 

peace,  pax,  pacis,  /. 

people,  populus,  -I,  m. 

perish,  pereo,  -Ire,  -ii,  -iturus. 

permit,  it  is  permitted,  licet,  -ere, 
licuit.  

persuade,  persuaded,  -suadere,  -sua- 
sl,  -suasum. 

picture,  picttira,  -ae,  /. 

pirate,  praedo,  -onis,  m. 

place,  locus,  -i,  m.  (pi.  loca,  -orum, 

n.). 

place    in    command    of,    praeficio, 
-ficere,  -feci,  -fectum. 

plan,  consilium,  -I,  n. 

please,  placeo,  -ere,  -uL 

poet,  poeta,  -ae,  m. 

point    out,    demonstro, 
-atum. 

power,  potentia,  -ae,  /. 
-I,  n. 

praetor,  praetor,  -oris,  m. 

praise,  laudo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 

prefer,  malo,  malle,  malul. 

prepared,  paratus,  -a,  -um. 

present,  donum,  -I,  n. 

prison,  career,  carceris,  m. 

prisoner,  captivus,  -i,  m. 

promise,    polliceor,    -eri,    pollicitus 
sum. 

province,  provincia,  -ae,  /. 

purpose,  for  the  purpose  of,  causa, 

preceded  by  genitive. 

Pyrenees,  Pyrenael,  -orum,  m.  pi. 

Q 

quaestor,  quaestor,  -oris,  m. 
queen,  regina,  -ae,  /. 
quickly,  celeriter,  adv. 

R 

rampart,  vallum,  -i,  n. 
rapid,  celer,  celeris,  celere. 
read,  lego,  -ere,  legl,  lectum. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


rear,   bring   up,   educo,   -are,   -avi, 

-atum. 
reason,  causa,  -ae,  /. 
receive,  accipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -cep- 

tum. 
reenforcements,    subsidium,   -I,    n. 
regain,  recupero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 
reject,  repudio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 
remain,  maneo,  -ere,  mansi,  man- 
sum. 
remember,  memini,  meminisse. 
Remus,  Remus,  -I,  m. 
renew,  renovo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 
repulse,  repello,   -ere,  reppull,  re- 

pulsum. 
residence,  domicilium,  -I,  n. 
resist,  resisto,  -sistere,  -stiti. 
resources,  opes,  opum  (pL  of  ops, 

opis, /.). 
rest,  the  rest  of,  reliquus,  -a,  -um. 
result,  it  results,  fit,  fieri,  factum 

est. 
retain,  detineo,  -tipere,  -tinui,  -ten- 

tum. 
return,  redeo,  -Ire,  -il  (-Ivi), -itum; 
reverter,   reverti,   reversus   sum. 
reward,  praemium,  -i,  n. 
Rhine,  Rhenus,  -i,  m. 
right,  jus,  juris,  n. 
rise,  orior,  orlrl,  ortus  sum. 
river,  flumen,  fiuminis,  n. 
road,  iter,  itineris,  n. 
robber,  latro,  -onis,  m. 
rock,  saxum,  -i,  n. 
Roman    {adjective),    Romanus,    -a, 

-um. 
Roman  (noun),  Romanus,  -i,  m;  the 
Romans,  Rdmani,  -orum,  m.  pi. 
Rome,  Roma,  -ae,  /. 
Romulus,  Romulus,  -i,  m. 
rose,  rosa,  -ae,  /. 
route,  iter,  itineris,  n. 
royal  power,  regnum,  -I,  n. 


rule,  rego,  -ere,  rexl,  rectum. 
Rutulians,  Rutuli,  -orum,  m.  pi. 


sacred,  sacer,  -era,  -crum. 
safe,  tutus,  -a,  -um. 
safely,  tuto,  adv. 
Saguntum,  Saguntum,  -I,  n. 
sailor,  nauta,  -ae,  m. 
same,  Idem,  eadem,  idem, 
satisfied,  contentus,  -a,  -um. 
say,  dico,  -ere,  dixl,  dictum. 
scout,  explorator,  -oris,  m. 
sea,  mare,  maris,  n. 
see,  vide5,  -ere,  vidi,  visum;  con- 
spicio,  -spicere,  -spexl,  -spectum. 
seek,  peto,  -ere,  petlvl,  petltum. 
seize,  occupo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 
self,    himself,    herself,    itself,    pi, 
themselves,    when   reflexive,    sul, 
sibi,  etc.;  when  not  reflexive,  ipse, 
ipsa,  ipsum. 
senate,  senatus,  -us,  m. 
senator,  senator,  -oris,  m. 
send,  mitto,  -ere,  misl,  missum. 
send    ahead,    praemitto,    -mittere, 

-misl,  -missum. 
send  back,  remitto,  -mittere,  -misl, 

-missum. 
separate,  divid5,  -ere,  divisi,  dlvi- 

sum. 
set  out,  proficlscor,  proficisci,  pro- 

fectus  sum. 
several,  complures,  -ia,  gen.   com- 

plurium. 
shepherd,  pastor,  -oris,  m. 
shield,  scutum,  -i,  n. 
ship,  navis,  navis,  /. 
shore,  lltus,  lltoris,  n. 
short,  brevis,  breve, 
sight,  conspectus,  -us,  m. 
signal,  signum,  -i,  n. 
since,  cum,  conj. 


8 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


sink,    deprimo,    -primere,    -pressi, 
-pressum. 

sister,  soror,  sororis,  /. 

six,  sex,  indecl.  num. 

slave,  servus,  -i,  m. 

small,  parvus,  -a,  -um. 

so,  tarn,  ita,  advs. 

so  great,  tantus,  -a,  -um. 

soldier,  miles,  militis,  m. 

so  many,  tot,  indeclinahle. 

some,  quldam,  quaedam,  quoddam 
or  quiddam. 

son,  filius,  -i,  m. 

soon,  mox,  adv. 

sort,  kind,  modus,  -i,  m. 

sound,  sonus,  -i,  m. 

Spain,  Hispania,  -ae,  /. 

Spaniards,  HispanI,  -orum,  m.  pi. 

speed,  celeritas,  -tatis,  /. 

spend  the  winter,  hiemo,  -are,  -avi, 
-atum. 

stand,  sto,  stare,  steti,  staturus. 

state,  civitas,  -tatis,  /. 

statue,  statua,  -ae,  /. 

stature,  statura,  -ae,  /. 

stay,  maneo,  -ere,  mansi,  mansum. 

still,  tamen,  adv. 

stone,  lapis,  lapidis,  m.;  saxum,  -i,  n. 

storm,  tempestas,  -tatis,  /. 

street,  via,  -ae,  /. 

strong,  firmus,  -a,  -um. 

struggle,  certamen,  -minis,  n. 

suitable,  idoneus,  -a,  -um. 

summer,  aestas,  -tatis,  /. 

simmion,  arcesso,  -ere,  -Ivi,  -Itum. 

sun,  sol,  solis,  m. 

supplies,  commeatus,  -us,  m. 

supreme  power,  imperium,  -i,  n. 

surpass,    praecedo,  -cedere,  -cessi, 
-cessum. 

surrender,  trado,  -dere^  -did!,  -di- 
tum;   dedo,  -dere,  -didl,  -ditum. 
swamp,  palus,  -udis,  /. 


swift,  celer,  celeris,  celere. 
swiftly,  celeriter,  adv. 
sword,  gladius,  -i,  m. 

T 

take,  capio,  -ere,  cepi,  captum. 

talk,  loquor,  loqul,  locutus  sum. 

temple,  templum,  -i,  n. 

ten,  decern,  indecl.  num. 

terrify,  perterreo,  -ere,  -ul,  -itum. 

terror,  terror,  terroris,  m. 

that  (demonstrative),  ille,  ilia,  illud; 
is,  ea,  id;  iste,  ista,  istud. 

that  (conj.),  ut. 

that  not,  ne. 

their,  when  reflexive,  suus,  sua, 
suum;  when  7iot  reflexive,  eorum, 
earum  {gen.  pi.  of  is). 

then,  tum,  adv. 

there,  ibi,  adv. 

think,  arbitror,  -arl,  -atus  sum. 

this,  hie,  haec,  hoc;  is,  ea,  id. 

thousand,  mllle,  pi.  milia. 

threats,  minae,  -arum,  /.  pi. 

three,  tres,  tria. 

through,  per,  prep,  with  ace. 

throw,  jacio,  -ere,  jeci,  jactum. 

Tiber,  Tiber,  Tiberis,  m. 

time,  tempus,  temporis,  n. 

tired,  tired  out,  defessus,  -a,  -um. 

today,  hodie,  adv. 

top  of,  highest  part  of,  summus,  -a, 

-um. 
toward,  ad,  prep,  with  ace. 
town,  oppidum,  -I,  n. 
townspeople,  oppidani,  -orum,  m.  pi. 
trader,  mercator,  -oris,  m. 
traveler,  viator,  -oris,  m. 
treason,  proditio,  -onis,  /. 
treaty,  foedus,  foederis,  n. 
tree,  arbor,  arboris,  /. 
tribune,  tribunus,  -i,  m. 

Trojan,  Trojanus,  -i,  m.,  the  Tro- 
jans, TrojanI,  -orum,  m.  pi. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


9 


Troy,  Troja,  -ae,  /. 
true,  verus,  -a,  -um. 
trumpet,  tuba,  -ae,  /. 
trust,  confido,  -fidere,  -fisus  sum. 
try,  Conor,  -arl,  -atus  sum. 
turn,  flecto,  -ere,  flexi,  flexum. 
twelve,  duodecim,  indecl.  num. 
two,  duo,  duae,  duo. 

U 
undertake,  suscipio,  -cipere,  -cepi, 

-ceptum. 
unjust,  injustus,  -a,  -um. 
until,  dum. 
unwilling,    in  Vitus,    -a,    -um;    be 

unwilling,  n5l6,  nolle,  nolul. 

urge,  hortor,  -ari,  -atus  sum. 
use,  utor,  uti,  usus  sum. 

V 
valley,  valles,  vallis,  /. 
Veneti,  Venetl,  -orum,  m.  pi. 
very  near,  nearest,  proximus,   -a, 

-um. 
victory,  victoria,  -ae,  /. 
villa,  villa,  -ae,  /. 
village,  vicus,  -i,  m. 
violate,  violo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 
vow,  voveo,  -ere,  vovi,  votum. 

W 
wage,  gero,  -ere,  gessi,  gestum. 
wait,  wait  for,  expecto,  -are,  -avi, 

-atum. 
walk,  ambulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 
wall,  miirus,  -i,  m. 
war,  bellum,  -i,  n. 
ward    off,    depello,    -ere,     depuli, 

depulsum. 
warn,  moneo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum. 
wave,  fluctus,  -iis,  m. 
way,  via,  -ae,  /. 
wealth,  divitiae,  -arum,  /.  pi. 
wealthy,  dives,  divitis,  superl.  ditis- 

simus,  -a,  -um. 


weapon,  telum,  -i,  n. 

when,  cum,  ubi,  conjs. 

where,  ubi,  adv. 

who,  which,  what,  that,  rel.  pron., 

qui,  quae,  quod, 
who,  which,  what,  interrogative  pron. 

and  adj.,  quis  (qui),  quae,  quid 

(quod). 

why,  ciir,  adv. 

wide,  latus,  -a,  -um. 

wife,  uxor,  uxoris,  /. 

wind,  ventus,  -i,  m. 

winter,  hiems,  hiemis,  /.;  spend  the 
winter,  hiemo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 

wisdom,  sapientia,  -ae,  /. 

wise,  sapiens,  gen.  sapientis. 

wish,  cupio,  -ere,  cupivi,  cupitum; 
volo,  velle,  volui;  not  wish,  be 
unwilling,  nolo,  n5lle,  nolui. 

with,  cum,  prep,  with  abl. 

withdraw,   exccdo,   -cedere,   -cessi, 

-cessum;  discedo,  -cedere,  -cessi, 

-cessum. 
without,  sine,  prep,  with  abl. 
woman,    femina,    -ae,    /.;    mulier, 

mulieris,  /. 
word,  verbum,  -i,  n. 
work,  laboro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum. 
wound  {noun),  vulnus,  vulneris,  n. 
wound   {verb),  vulnero,  -are,  -avi, 

-atum. 
write,  scribo,  -ere,  scripsi,  scriptum. 
wrong,  injuria,  -ae,  /. 


year,  annus,  -i,  m. 

yearly,  quotannis,  adv. 

yesterday,  heri,  adv. 

you,  tu,  tui;    pi.   vos,    vestrum  or 

vestri 
young  man,  juvenis,  juvenis,  m. 
your,  of  one  person,  tuus,  -a,  -um; 

of  more  than  one  person,  vester, 

-tra,  -trum. 


LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


A.,  abbr.  for  Aulus. 

a,  ab,  prep,  with  abl.,  from,  by. 

ab-do,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditum,  tr.,  put 
away,  hide,  conceal. 

ab-duco,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductum, 

tr.,  lead  away,  bring  away. 

ab-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  intr.,  go  away, 
depart. 

abjicio,  -jicere,  -jeci,  -jectum,  tr. 
[ab+jacio],  throw  away,  throw 
aside. 

Aborigines,  -um,  m.  pi.,  the  Aborig- 
ines, the  original  inhabitants  of 
Rome  and  vicinity. 

abripio,  -ripere,  -ripui,  -reptum,  tr. 
[ab+rapio],  snatch  away,  steal. 

ab-rogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  annul; 
take  away  {an  office). 

abscido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisum,  tr. 
[abs+caedo],  cut  off. 

absens,  -entis,  adj.  [absuml,  absent. 

ab-solv6,  -solvere,  -solvi,  -solutum, 

tr.,  set  free;  acquit. 

abs-tergeo,  -tergere,  -tersi,  -tersum, 
tr.,  wipe  off  or  away. 

abstineo,    -tinere,    -tinui,  — ,    intr. 

[abs+teneo],     keep     or     remain 

away. 
ab-sum,  abesse,  afui,  afuturus,  intr., 

be  away,  be  distant,  be  absent. 

ab-sumo,  -sumere,  -sumpsi,  -sump- 
tum,  tr.,  consume,  destroy. 

Absyrtus,  -i,  m.,  Absyrtus,  brother  of 
Medea. 

ab-undo,  -are,  -avi,  — ,  intr.  [unda, 
wave],  overflow. 

ac,  see  atque. 

Acastus,  -i,  m.,  Acastus,  son  of 
Pelias. 

accedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessum, 
intr.  [ad+cedo],  approach,  draw 
near;  be  added. 


accendo,  -cendere,  -cendi,  -censum, 

tr.  [ad+cendo,  burn],  kindle,  Hght. 
acceptus,  -a,  -um,  adj.    [p.   part,  of 

accipio],  acceptable. 
accipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptum,  tr. 

[ad+capio],  receive,  accept, 
accido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  — ,  intr.'  [ad  + 

cado],   fall   upon;   happen,    come 

about. 

accingo,  -cingere,  -cinxi,~-cinctum, 
tr.  [ad+cingo],  gird  to, "gird. 

accommodo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr. 
[ad+commodo,  lend],  fit  to,  adapt. 

accumbo,  -cumbere,  -cubui,  -cubi- 
tum,  intr.  [ad+cumbo,  recline], 
recline  {at  table). 

accurro,  -currere,  -curri,  -cursum, 
intr.  [ad+curro],  run  to,  come  up 
hurriedly. 

accuse,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [ad  + 
causa],  accuse,  blame,  reprimand. 

acer,  acris,  acre,  adj.,  spirited,  bold, 
sharp. 

acies,  -ei, /.,  line  of  battle;  flash  of 
the  eye. 

Acrisius,  -i,  m.,  Acrisius,  grand- 
father of  Perseus. 

acriter,  adv.  [acer],  fiercely,  severely. 

actum,  -i,  n.  [p.  part,  of  ago],  deed, 
transaction. 

aciitus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
acuo,  sharpen],  sharp. 

ad,  prep,  with  ace,  to,  toward;  near, 
in  the  vicinity  of;  according  to. 

ad-amo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  fall  in 
love  with. 

ad-aequo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
make  equal  to;  equal,  keep  up 
with. 

ad-do,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditum,  tr.,  add. 

ad-duco,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductum, 

tr.,  lead  to,  conduct,  bring;  incite, 
induce. 


10 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


11 


ad-eo,  -ire,  -ii  or  -ivi,  -itum,  intr., 
go  or  come  up  to,  come  up, 
approach. 

ad-eo,  adv.,  to  such  a  degree,  so. 

ad-equito,  -are,  -avi,  — ,  intr.,  ride 
up  to,  gallop  to. 

adhibeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  tr.  [ad  + 
habeo],  apply;  summon,  admit, 
employ. 

ad-huc,  adv.,  until  now,  as  yet. 

adipiscor,  adipisci,  adeptus  sum,  tr. 
[ad+apiscor,  reach],  attain,  ob- 
tain, win. 

aditus,  -us,  m.  [adeo,  -ire],  entrance, 
means  of  approach,  access. 

adjicio,   -jicere,   -jeci,   -jectum,    tr. 

[ad+jacio],   hurl    to,    hurl    upon, 

throw, 
ad-jungo,   -jungere,   -jiinxi,   -junc- 

tum,  tr.,  join  to,  attach. 
ad-juv6,  -juvare,  -jiivi,  -jiitum,  //•., 

help,  assist. 
Admeta,  -ae,/.,  Admeta,  daughter  of 

Eurystheus. 
ad-ministro,  -are,  -avI,  -atum,  tr., 

manage,  direct. 
admirandus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [admirer], 

admirable,  wonderful. 
admiratio,  -onis,  /.    [admirer],   ad- 
miration, surprise. 

ad-miror,   -ari,   -atus  sum,    tr.,    be 

astonished  at,  admire, 
ad-mitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missum, 

tr.,  send  to,  let  go;  admit. 
ad-modum,  adv.,  fully,  very,  quite. 

ad-moneo,  -monere,  -monui,  -moni- 

tum,  tr.,  remind,  admonish. 
adolesc5,  adolescere,  adolevi,   ad- 

ultum,  intr.,  grow    up,    grow    to 

maturity. 
ad-orior,  -oriri,  -ortus  sum,  tr.,  fall 

upon,  attack. 
ad-6ro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  ir.,  worship. 

ad-scribo,  -scribere,  -scripsi,  -scrip- 
tum,  tr.,  write  in  addition,  add. 

ad-stringo,  -stringere,  -strinxi, 
-strictum,  tr.,  bind  to,  bind. 


ad-sum,  -esse,  -fui,  -futunis,  intr., 
be  at  hand,  be  near. 

adulescens,  adulescentis,  -ium,  adj. 

[pr.  part,  of  adolesco],  youthful; 
suhst.,  m.,  a  young  man,  a  youth. 

adulescentia,    -ae,  /.    [adulescens], 

youth. 

adulescentulus,  -i,  m.  [dim.  of 
adulescens],  a  very  young  man. 

adultus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
adolesco],  grown  up,  mature. 

ad-uro,  -iirere,  -ussi,  -ustum,  tr., 
burn,  sear. 

ad-venio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventum, 
intr.,  come  to,  come  up,  approach. 

advento,  -ventare,  — ,  — ,  intr. 
[intens.  of  advenio],  advance, 
approach. 

adventus,  -us,  m.  [advenio],  ap- 
proach, coming,  arrival. 

adversarius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [adverser], 
opposed,  hostile;  subst.,  adversari- 
us, -i,  m.,  an  opponent,  adver- 
sary. 

adverser,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  intr.  [ad- 

versus],      takes      dative,       resist, 
oppose. 

adversus,  prep,  with  ace,  opposed 
to,  against. 

adversus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
adverto,  turn  to],  opposing;  un- 
favorable; in  front. 

ad-vert5,  -vertere,  -verti,  -versum, 
tr.,  turn  to,  direct  to;  animiun 
advertere,  observe,  notice. 

Aeacus,  -i,  m.,  Aeacus,  a  judge  in 
the  lower  world. 

aedes,  aedis,  -ium,  /.  sing.,  temple, 
sanctuar}^;    pi.,    dwelling,    house. 

aedificium,  -i,  n.  [aedifico],  a  build- 


ing. 


aedifico,     -are,     -avi,     -atum,     tr. 
[aedes+facio],  build. 

aedilis,   aedUis,    -ium,    m.,   aedile, 

title  of  a  Roman  magistrate.      ^ 

aedilitas,  -atis,  /.  [aedilis],  the  oflBee 
of  an  aedile,  aedileship. 


12 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


Aeetes,  -ae,  m.,  Aeetes,  a  king  of 
Colchis. 

aeger,  -gra,  -grum,  adj.,  ill,  sick. 

aegre,  adv.  [aeger],  painfully;  with 
difficulty;  with  grief;  with  resent- 
ment. 

aegroto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr. 
[aegrotus,  sick],  be  sick. 

Aegyptius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Egyptian; 
subst.,  Aegyptius,  -i,  m.,  an 
Egyptian. 

Aegyptus, -i,/.,  Egypt. 

Aemilius,  -i,  in.,  L.  Aemilius,  a 
cavalry  officer  in  Julius  Caesar  s 
army. 

aemulatio,  -onis,  /.  [aemulor,  to 
rival],  rivalry. 

Aeneas,  -ae,  m.,  Aeneas,  a  Trojan 
hero. 

aeneiis,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [aes],  of 
copper,  of  bronze. 

aequalis,  -e,  adj.,  equal;  suhsl., 
aequalis,  -is,  vi.,  one  of  the  same 
age. 

aeque,  adv.  [aequus],  equally. 

Aequi,  -orum,  ?/?.,  the  Aequi,  a 
people  of  Latium. 

aequitas,  -atis,  /.  [aequus],  equitj^, 
fairness. 

aequo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  Ir.  [aequus], 
make  equal,  equahze. 

aequus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  level,  even; 
equal. 

aer,  aeris,  m.,  the  air. 

aerarium,  -I,  n.  [aes],  treasury. 

aes,  aeris,  u.,  copper,  bronze;  aes 
alienum,  debt. 

Aeson,  -onis,  m.,  Aeson,  father  of 
Jason. 

aestas,  -atis,/.,  summer. 

aestivus,  -a,  -um,   adj.    [aestas],  of 
summer,  summer    {as    adjective). 
aetas,  -atis,  /.,  age. 

aetemus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  eternal, 
undying. 


Aethiopes,  -um,  m.   pi.,   the  Ethi- 
opians, a  people  of  Africa. 
Afer,  -fra,  -frum,  adj.,  African. 

afifecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.[freq.  of 
afficio],  strive  after,  aim  at. 

aflfero,  afferre,  attuli,  allatum,  tr. 
[ad+fero],  bring  to,  bring. 

afRcio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum,  tr. 
[ad+facio],  do  to;  treat;  affect. 

affinis,  -e,  adj.  [ad+finis],  related  by 
marriage;  subst.,  affinis,  affinis, 
-ium,   m.   and  /.,    a   relative   by 


marriage. 


afifinitas,  -atis,  /.  [affinis],  relation- 
ship by  marriage. 

Africa,  -ae,  /.,  Africa. 

Africanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Africa, 
African;  subst.,  Africanus,  -i,  m., 
Africanus,  a  cognomen  of  P. 
Corneli us  Scip io . 

agellus,  -i,  m.  [dim.  of  ager],  a  httle 
field. 

ager,  agri,  m.,  field,  land,  estate. 

aggredior,  -gredi,  -gressus  sum,  tr, 
[ad+gradior,  step],  attack. 

agito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [frcQ-  of 
ago],  drive;  impel,  instigate. 

agmen,  -inis,  n.  [ago],  a  marching 
army,  a  column. 

agnosco,  -noscere,  -novi,  -nitum,  tr. 

[ad  +  (g)n6sc6],  recognize. 

ago,  agere,  egi,  actum,  tr.,  drive,  do, 
act;  spend,  pass. 

agrestis,  -e,  adj.  [ager],  of  the 
country;  subst.  agrestis,  agrestis, 
-ium,  ?/?.,  a  countryman,  a 
peasant. 

agricola,  -ae,  m.  [ager+colo],  farmer. 

Agrippa,  see  Menenius. 

aio,  difictive  verb,  say,  affirm. 

ala,  -ae,  /.,  wing. 

alacritas,  -atis,  /.  [alacer,  eager], 
eagerness,  alacrity. 

alarius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [ala],  on  or  of 
the  wings;  subst.,  alarii,  -orum, 
m.  pi.,  auxiliary  troops. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


13 


Alba  Longa,  Albae  Longae,  /.,  Alba 
Longu,  a  city  of  Latium. 

Albanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Alban,  of 
Alba;  subst.,  Albani,  -orum,  rn.  pi., 
the  people  of  Alba,  the  Albans. 

albus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  white. 

Alcmena,  -ae,/.,  Alcmena,  mother  of 
Hercules. 

alea,  -ae,/.,  a  game  with  dice;  a  die. 

alienus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [alius],  an- 
other's; out  of  place;  unfavorable. 

alimenta,  -orum,  ?i.  pi.  [alo],  food, 
provisions;  support. 

aliquamdiu,  adv.,  for  a  while. 

allquando,   adv.,    at   some   time   or 

other,  once, 
aliquantum,  -i,  71.  [aliquantus,  some], 

something. 

aliqui,  aliqua,  aliquod,  indef.  pro- 
no  tn.  adj.,  some,  any. 

aliquis,  aliquid,  indef.  pron.,  some- 
one, something. 

aliquot,  indecl.  adj.,  several. 

aliquotiens,    adv.    [aliquot],    several 

times. 
aliter,  adv.  [alius],  otherwise, 
alius,  -a,  -ud,  adj.,  another,  other. 

Allia,  -ae,  /.,  the  AUia,  a  small  river 
near  Rome. 

Alliensis,  -e,  adj.,  of  the  Alha. 

alligo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  //•.  [ad  + 
ligo,  bind],  bind  to,  tie  to. 

Allobroges,  -um,  m.  pi.,  the  Allobro- 
ges,  a  Gallic  tribe  on  the  Rhone. 

alloquor,  -loqui,  -locutus  sum,  tr. 
[ad+loquor],   speak   to,    address. 

Allucius,  -i,  m.,  Allucius,  the  name  of 
a  certain  Spaniard. 

alo,  alere,  alui,  altum,  tr.,  nourish, 

sustain. 
Alpes,  -ium,  /.  pi.,  the  Alps. 
Alpinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Alpine. 

alter,  altera,  alterum,  adj.,  the  other 
(0/  two),  a  second,  another. 

altitude,  -inis,  /.  [altus],  height, 
depth. 


altus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of  aid], 
high,  deep;  subst.,  altum,  -I,  n., 
the  deep,  the  sea. 

alveus,  -i,  m.,  trough. 

amans,  amantis,  adj.  [pres.  part,  of 
amo],  loving,  fond. 

Amazones,  -um,/.  pi.,  the  Amazons. 

Ambarri,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  the  Ambarri, 
a  Gallic  tribe. 

ambitio,  -onis,/.  [ambio,  go  around], 
ambition. 

ambitus,  -us,  m.  [ambio,  go  around], 
canvassing  for  votes,  bribery. 

ambo,  -ae,  -6,  num.  adj.,  both. 

ambulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr., 
walk. 

amentia,  -ae,  /.  [amens,  out  of  one's 
mind],  madness. 

amicitia,  -ae,/.  [amicus],  friendship. 

amicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [amo],  friendly. 

amicus,  -i,  m.  [amicus,  adj.],  a  friend. 

amita,  -ae,/.,  {paternal)  aunt. 

a-mitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missum, 
tr.,  lose. 

amnis,  amnis,  -ium,  m.,  river. 

amo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  love. 

amoenitas,  -atis,  /.,  pleasantness, 
charm. 

amor,  -oris,  m.,  love. 

a-moveo,  -movere,  -movi,  -mdtum, 
tr.,  move  away. 

amphora,  -a.e,f.,  jar,  flagon. 

ample,  adv.  [amplus,  ample],  abun- 
dantly, hberalh;  conipar.,  am- 
plius,  more. 

AmiJlius,  -i,  /«.,  Amulius,  a  king  of 
Alba. 

an,  conj.,  or,  used  in  double  questions. 

anceps,  -cipitis,  adj.,  two-headed, 
double. 

ancora,  -ae,  /.,  anchor. 

Ancus,  -i,  771.,  Ancus  Marcius, 
fourth  king  of  Rome. 

Andromeda,  -ae,  /.,  Andromeda, 
the  daughter  of  Cepheus. 


14 


A   JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


angor,  -oris,  m.,  anguish,  torment. 

anguis,  anguis,  -ium,  m.  and  /.. 
serpent,  snake. 

angulus,  -i,  m.,  corner. 

angustiae,  -arum,  /.  -pi.  [angustus], 
narrowness,  a  narrow  place  or 
pass,  defile. 

angustus,    -a,    -um,    adj.,    narrow. 

anima,  -ae, /.,  air,  breath;  life. 

animadverto,  -vertere,  -verti,  -ver- 
sus, tr.  [animus+adverto],  direct 
the  mind  to,  observe,  notice; 
punish. 

animal,  animalis,  -alium,  n.,  an 
animal. 

animus,  -i,  m.,  mind,  courage, 
spirit. 

Anio,  Anienis,  m.,  the  Anio,  a  river 
near  Rome. 

annona,  -ae,  /.  [annus],  the  year's 

produce;  supphes,  provisions, 
annus,  -i,  m.,  year. 

annuus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [annus] 
annual,  lasting  a  year. 

anser,  -eris,  w.,  goose. 

ante,  prep,  with  ace,  before,  in  front 
of. 

antea,  adv.,  formerly,  before. 

ante-eo,  -ire,  -ii  or  -ivi,  intr.,  go 
before  or  ahead. 

ante-quam,  conj.,  before. 

Antiochus,  -i,  m.,  Antiochus,  a  Greek 
philosopher. 

antiquus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  ancient,  of 
long  ago. 

Antonius,  -i,  m.,  (1)  C.  Antonius, 
consul  in  63  B.C.;  {2)  M. 
Antonius,  consul  in  J^Jf.  B.C., 
afterwards  triumvir. 

antrum,  -i,  n.,  cave. 

anxius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  anxious. 

Ap.,  abbr.for  Appius. 

aper,  apri,  m.,  a  wild  boar. 

aperio,  aperire,  aperui,  apertum,  tr., 
open;  reveal. 


apertus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
aperio],  open,  exposed,  unpro- 
tected. 

Apoll5,  Apollinis,  m.,  Apollo. 

Apollonius,  -i,  m.,  Apollonius  Molo, 
a  celebrated  teacher  of  oratory  at 
Rhodes. 

apparatus,  -us,  m.  [apparo,  prepare], 
apparatus,  equipment. 

apparatus,    -a,    -um,    adj.    [apparo, 

prepare],  prepared,  splendid, 
apparitor,  -oris,  m.,  servant. 

appello,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  call, 
name. 

appello,  -pellere,  -puli,  -pulsum,  tr. 
[ad+pell6],  drive  to,  bring  to; 
with  or  without  navem,  land,  put  in. 

Appenninus,    -i,   m.,    the    Appen- 

nines. 

appeto,  -petere,  -petivi,  or  -petii, 
-petitum,  tr.  and  intr.  [ad+peto], 
strive  after,  seek;  approach. 

Appius,  -i,  m.,  Appius,  a  Roman 
praenomen. 

appono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -positum, 
tr.  [ad+pono],  place  near;  serve, 
set  before. 

apprehend©,  -hendere,  -hendi,  -hen- 
sum,  tr.  [ad+prehendo],  take  hold 
of,  seize. 

appropinquo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr. 
[ad+propinquo,  draw  near],  ap- 
proach. 

Apr.,  abbr.  for  Aprilis,  -e,  adj.,  of 

April. 
aptus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  fit,   adapted. 
apud,  prep,  with  ace,  among,  with; 

near;   at   the   house   of;   on   the 

bank  of. 
Apulia,  -ae,  /.,  Apulia,  a  region  of 

southern  Italy. 

aqua,  -ae,  /.,  water. 

aquila,  -ae,  /.,  eagle. 

Aquileia,  -ae,  /.,  a  city  of  Cisalpine 
Gaul,  modern  Aquileia. 

Aquitania,  -ae,  /.,  Aquitania,  one  of 

the  divisions  of  Gaul. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


15 


Aquitanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Aqui- 

tania,   Aquitanian;   subst.,   Aqui- 

tani,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  the  Aquitani- 

ans. 

ara,  -ae,  /.,  altar. 

Arar,  -aris,  m.,  the  Arar,  a  river  in 

Gaul,  now  called  the  Saone. 
arbitrium,  -i,  n.   [arbiter,  witness, 

judge],  judgment,  pleasure. 
arbitror,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr.  [arbiter, 

judge],  think,  suppose. 
arbor,  -oris,/.,  tree. 
area,  -ae,  /.,  chest,  box. 
Arcadia,  -ae,  /.,  Arcadia,  a  district 

in  Greece. 
arcesso,  -cessere,  -cessivi,  -cessi- 

tiim,  tr.,  send  for,  summon. 
arcus,  -us,  m.,  bow,  arch. 
Ardea,  -ae,  /.,  Ardea,  a  town  of  the 

Rutuli,   in   Latium. 
Ardeates,  -ium,  m.  -pi.,  the  people  of 

Ardea. 
ardeo,  -ere,  arsi,  arsum,  intr.,  be  on 

fire,  burn,  burn  up. 
argenteus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [argentum], 

of  silver, 
argentum,  -i,  n.,  silver. 
Argo,  -us,  /.,  the  ship  Argo. 
Argolicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Argolis 

(a  district  of  Greece) . 
Argonautae,  -arum,  m.  pi.,  the  crew 

of  the  Argo,  the  Argonauts. 
Argus,  -i,  m.,  Argus,  builder  of  the 

Argo. 
Aricinus,  -a,   -imi,  adj.,   of  Aricia 
(a  town  of  Latium). 

aries,  -etis,  m.,  ram. 
Ariovistus,  -i,  m.,  Ariovistus,  king  of 
the  Suevi,  a  German  people. 

anna,  -drum,  n.  pi.,  arms,  weapons. 

aquila,  -ae,  /.,  eagle. 

armamentariimi,  -i,  n.  [anna]  arsen- 
al, armory. 

armatus,  -a,  -imi,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
armo],  armed,  equipped;  subst., 
armati,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  armed  men. 


Armenia,  -ae,  /.,  Armenia. 

armo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [arma], 

arm,  equip. 
aro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  plough. 
Arpinum,  -i,  n.,   Arpinum,   a  town 

of  Latium.  ■ 

arripio,  -ripere,  -ripui,  -reptum,  tr. 

[ad+rapio],  grasp,  seize. 
anoganter,  adv.  [anogans,  arrogant], 

presumptuously. 
anogantia,  -ae,  /.  [arrogans,  arro- 
gant], arrogance,  pride. 
Arruns,    -untis,    m.,    Arruns    Tar- 
quinius,     a    son    of     Tarquinius 
Priscus. 
ars,  artis,  -ium,/.,  art. 
artifex,  -ids,  m.,  artificer,  artisan, 
artus,  -us,  m.,  joint,  Umb. 
Arvemi,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  the  Arverni, 
a  tribe  of  Celtic  Gaul. 

arx,  arcis,  -ium,/.,  citadel. 
Ascanius,  -i,  m.,  Ascanius,  ^efirendary 

founder  of  Alba  Longa. 
ascendo,  -scendere,  -scendi,  -scen- 

sum,     tr.     [ad+scando,     climb], 

ascend,  climb, 
ascensus,  -us,  m.  [ascendo],  way  up, 

ascent. 
Asia,  -ae,  /.,  Asia. 
Asiaticus,   -a,   -um,   adj.,   of   Asia, 

Asiatic. 
aspicio,  aspicere,"aspexi,  aspectum, 

tr.    [ad+specio,    look],    look    at, 

behold,  look  on. 
assido,     -sidere,    -sedi,    — ,    intr. 

[ad+sido,    sit],    take   a   seat,    sit 

down, 
assurgo,    -surgere,    -sunexi,    -sur- 

rectimi,    intr.     [ad+surgo,    rise], 

rise  up. 
asylum,  -i,  n.,   a  place  of  refuge, 

asylum. 
at,  conj.,  but. 
Athenae,  -arum,  /.  pi.,  Athens. 

Atilius,  -i,  m.,  M.  Atihus  Regulus, 
consul  in  256  B.  C. 


16 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


Atlas,  -antis,  w.,  Atlas. 

atque,  conj.,  and  also,  and. 

atrium,  -I,  n.,  atrium,  the  principal 
room  or  hall  of  a  house. 

atrociter,  adv.  [atrox,  savage],  fierce- 

ly. 

attingo,  -tingere,  -tigi,  -tactum,  (r. 
[ad+tango],  touch;  arrive  at. 

auctor,  -oris,  m.  [augeo],  promoter, 
instigator. 

auctoritas,  -atis,  /.  [auctor],  influ- 
ence, authority. 

auctus,  -a,  -um,  see  augeo. 

audacia,  -ae,  /.   [audax],   boldness. 

audacter,  adv.  [audax],  boldly. 

audax,  -acis,  adj.,  daring,  bold. 

audeo,  -ere,  ausus  sum,  tr.  and  inir., 
dare,  venture. 

audio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  tr.,  hear. 

aufero,  auferre,  abstuli,  ablatum, 
tr.  [ab+fero],  carry  away,  carry 
off. 

aufugid,  -fugere,  -fugi,  — ,  intr. 
[ab+fugio],  flee  away,  run  away. 

Augeas,  -ae,  m.,  Augeas,  a  king  of 
Elis. 

augeo,   augere,   auxi,   auctum,   tr., 

increase;  auctus,  -a,  -um,  p.  part. 

as     adj.,     increased;     abundant, 

ample, 
augurium,    -i,    n.    [augur,    augur], 

augury,  divination. 

Aulus,  -i,  m.,  Aulus,  a  Roman 
praenomen. 

aureus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [aurum],  of 
gold,  golden. 

aurum,  -i,  n.,  gold. 

aut,  conj.,  or;  aut  .  .  .  aut,  either 
...  or. 

autem,  conj.,  but,  on  the  other  hand, 
however;  furthermore. 

auxilium,  -i,  n.  [augeo],  help,  aid. 

avaritia,    -ae,   /.,    [avarus],    greed, 

avarice, 
avarus,     -a,     -um,     adj.,     greedy, 

covetous. 


a-veho,  -vehere,  -vexi,  -vectum,  tr., 

carry  off,  take  away. 

a-verto,  -vertere,  -verti,  -versus,  tr., 
turn  away,  avert. 

avis,  avis,  -ium,  /.,  bird. 

a-volo,  -are,  -avi,  -aturus,  intr.,  fly 

away. 

avunculus,  -i,  m.  [avus],  (maternal) 
uncle. 

avus,  -i,  7n.,  grandfather. 

B 

baculum,  -i,  n.,  staff. 

balteus,  -i,  m.,  girdle,  belt. 

barba,  -ae,  /.,  beard. 

barbari,   -orum,   m.   pi.    [barbarus, 
adj.,  barbarian],  barbarians. 

beatus,     -a,     -um,     adj.,     happy, 
prosperous. 

Belgae,  -arum,  m.  pi.,  the  Belgae, 
the  Belgians. 

bellicosus,  -a,  -um,   adj.    [bellum], 
warlike,  martial. 

bello,     -are,     -avi,     -atum,     intr. 
[bellum],  carry  on  war. 

bellum,  -i,  ?i.,  war. 

belua,  -ae,  /.,  wild  beast,  monster. 

bene,  adv.  [bonus],  well. 

beneficium,     -i,     n.     [bene+facio], 

kindness,  favor. 

benigne,  adv.  [benignus],  kindly. 

benignitas,     -atis,     /.     [benignus], 
kindness. 

benignus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  kind. 

bestia,  -ae,  /.,  beast. 

bibliotheca,  -ae, /.,  library. 

bibo,  bibere,  bibi,  — ,  tr.  and  intr., 
drink. 

Bibracte,    -is,    n.,    Bibracte,    chiej 
town  of  the  Haedui. 

Bibulus,    -1,    m.,     M.     Calpurnius 
Bibulus,  consul  in  59  B.  C. 

biceps,  -cipitis,  adj.,  two-headed. 

biduum,  -i,  n.  [bis+dies],  a  period  of 
two  days,  two  days. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


17 


bieiinium,   -i,   n.    [bis+annus],   two 

years. 
bipertito,  adv.  [bis+partior,  divide], 

in  two  divisions. 

bis,  adv.,  twice. 

Bituriges,  -um,  m.  pi.,  the  Bituriges, 

a  tribe  in  central  Gaul. 
Bocchus,  -i,  m.,  Bocchus,  a  king  of 

Mauretania. 

Bol  (Boil),  -orum,  m.  pi.,  the  Boii, 

a  Gallic  tribe. 
bonitas,  -atis,  /.  [bonus],  goodness, 

fertihty. 

bonus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  good;  subst., 
bonum,  -i,  n.,  what  is  good, 
good;  bona,  -drum,  n.,  pi.,  goods, 
property. 

bos,  bovis,  m.  and  /.,  ox,  cow;  pi., 
cattle. 

bracchium,  -I,  n.,  the  fore-arm,  arm. 

Brennus,  -i,  m.,  Brennus,  a  Gallic 
king. 

brevis,  -e,  adj.,  short. 

brevitas,  -atis,/.  [brevis],  shortness, 
brevity. 

breviter,  adv.  [brevis],  briefly. 

Britannia,  -ae,  /.,  Britain,  Great 
Britain. 

Brundisium,  -i,  n.,  Brundisium,  a 
city  on  the  east  coast  of  Italy,  now 
Brindisi. 

Brutus,  -i,  m.,  (2)  L.  Junius  Brutus, 
one  of  the  first  two  consuls  at 
Rome;  (3)  M.  Jvinius  Brutus,  one 
of  Julius  Caesar's  assassins. 

Busiris,  -idis,  m.,  Busiris,  a  king  of 
Egypt. 


C,  abbr.  for  Gaius. 

Cacus,  -i,  rn.,  Cacus,  a  giant  slain  by 
Hercules. 

cadaver,    -eris,    n.,    a    dead    body, 
corpse. 

cado,  cadere,  cecidi,  casurus,  intr., 
fall;  be  killed. 


caecus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  blind. 

caedes,  caedis,  -ium,  /.  [caedo], 
murder,  slaughter,  massacre. 

caedo,  caedere,  cecidi,  caesum,  fr., 

cut,  cut  down,  kill. 

caelestis,  -e,  adj.  [caelum],  from 
heaven,  celestial. 

caelum,  -i,  n.,  sky,  heaven, 

Caere,  no  gen.,  n.,  Caere,  a  city  of 

Etrurin. 

caerimonia,  -ae,  /.,  ceremony,  rite. 

Caesar,  -aris,  m.,  C.  Julius  Caesar, 
consul  in  59  B.  C.,  later  dictator. 

Calais,  -is,  m.,  Calais,  one  of  the 
Argonauts. 

calamitas,  -atis,  f.,  disaster,  calam- 
ity. 
calcar,  calcaris,  -ium,  n.,  spur, 
calceus,  -i,  m.,  shoe. 

callidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [calleo,  be 
callous,  be  skilled],  shrewd,  adroit. 

calor,  -oris,  ni.,  heat. 

calvus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  bald. 

Camers,  -ertis,  m.,  a  citizen  of 
Camerinum  (a  city  in  Italy). 

Camillus,  -i,  m.,  M.  Furius  Camillus, 
a  famous  Roman  general  of  the 
fourth  century  B.  C. 

campus,  -i,  m.,  plain. 

cancer,  -cri,  w.,  a  crab. 

candidatus,  -i,  m.  [candidus,  white], 
candidate. 

Caninius,  -i,  m.,  C.  Caninius 
Rebilus,  a  lieutenant  of  Julius 
Caesar's  and  later  consul. 

canis,  -is,  m.  andf.,  dog. 

Cannae,  -arum,  /.  pi.,  Cannae,  a 
town  in  southeastern  Italy. 

Cannensis,  -e,  adj.,  of  Cannae. 

cano,  canere,  cecini,  cantum,  intr.. 


smg. 


canto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr.  [freq. 
of  cano],  sing. 

Canusium,  -i,  n.,  Canusium,  a  toum 
in  southeastern  Italy. 


18 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


capesso,  -ere,  — ,  — ,  tr.  [capio],  seize 
(eagerly),  undertake,  undergo. 

capio,  capere,  cepi,  captum,  tr., 
take,  capture. 

capitalis,  -e,  adj.  [caput],  of  the  head; 
of  the  hfe,  capital. 

Capitolinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [Capito- 
lium],  of  the  Capitol,  Capitohne. 

Capitolium,  -i,  n.,  the  Capitol,  the 
temple  of  Jupiter  in  Rome;  or,  the 
hill  on  which  the  Capitol  stood. 

captivus,  -I,  m.,  [capio],  prisoner. 

caput,  capitis,  7i.,  head;  chief  city, 
capital. 

Carbo,  -onis,  m.,  Cn.  Papirius 
Carbo,  consul  in  85,  84,  82  B.C. 

career,  -eris,  m.,  prison. 

carmen,  -inis,  n.,  a  song;  charm, 
incantation. 

caro,  camis,  /.,  flesh. 

carpo,  carpere,  carpsi,  carptum,  tr., 
pluck, 

carpentum,  -i,  n.,  a  carriage  {with 
two  wheels). 

carrus,  -i,  m.,  cart. 

Carthaginiensis,  -e,  adj.  [Carthago], 
of  Carthage,  Carthaginian;  subst. 
Carthaginienses,  -ium,  m.  pi., 
the  Carthaginians. 

Carthago,  -inis,/.,  Carthage,  a  city  of 
northern  Africa;  Nova  Carthago, 
New  Carthage,  a  city  of  Spain. 

cams,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  dear,  precious. 

casa,  -ae,  /.,  cottage. 

Casca,  -ae,  m.,  C.  Servihus  Casca, 
one  of  the  assassins  of  Julius 
Caesar. 

Cassianus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Cassius, 
with  Cassius. 

Cassius,  -i,  m.,  (1)  C.  Cassius 
Longinus,  one  of  the  assassins  of 
Julius  Caesar;  {2)  L.  Cassius 
Longinus,  consul  in  107  B.C. 

castellum,  -i,  n.,  fort,  redoubt. 

Casticus,  -i,  m.,  Casticus,  a  promi- 
nent Sequanian. 


Castor,  -oris,  m..  Castor,  son  of  Leda 
and  twin  brother  of  Pollux. 

castra,  -onim,  n.  pi.,  camp. 

casus,  -us,  m.  [cado],  fall;  accident, 
occurrence,  mischance. 

catena,  -ae, /.,  chain. 

Catilina,  -ae,  m.,  L.  Sergius  Catilina, 
organizer  of  a  conspiracy  against 
the  Roman  government  in  63  B.C; 
usually  Anglicized  as  Catihne. 

Cato,  -onis,  m.,  ]VI.  Porcius  Cato,  a 
Roman,  promi7ient  towards  the 
close  of  the  republic. 

Caturiges, -um,  m.pl. , the  Caturiges, 
a  Gallic  tribe  in  the  Alps. 

Cauda,  -ae,  /.,  tail. 

causa,  -ae, /.,  cause,  reason;  causa, 
with  preceding  gen.,  for  the  sake  of, 
for  the  purpose  of. 

caveo,  cavere,  cavl,  cautum,  tr.  and 

intr.,  beware  of,  beware. 

cedo,  cedere,  cessi,  cessum,  intr., 
withdraw,  retire,  yield. 

celeber,  -bris,  -bre,  adj.,  thronged; 
renowned,  famous. 

celebro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr. 
[celeber],  throng;  celebrate. 

celer,  celeris,  celere,  adj.,  swift, 
speedy. 

celeritas,  -atis,  /.  [celer],  speed, 
swiftness. 

celeriter,  adv.  [celer],  swiftly,  quick- 

ly. 

celo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  conceal, 
hide. 

Celtae,  -arum,  m.  pi.,  the  Celts. 

Celtiberi,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  the  Celtiberi, 

a  Spanish  tribe. 

cena,  -ae,  /.,  dinner. 

cenaculum,  -i,  n.  [cena],  dining- 
room. 

Cenaeum,  -i,  n.,  Cenaeum,  a 
promontory  of  Euboea. 

ceno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr.  and  tr. 
[cena],  dine,  dine  upon. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


19 


censeo,   censere,    censui,   censum, 

tr.,  estimate;  think,  believe. 

census,  -us,  m.  [censeo],  census, 
enumeration. 

centaunis,  -i,  m.,  Centaur,  a  mythical 
creature  with  a  horse's  body  and  a 
man's  head. 

centum,  indecl.  num.  adj.,  hundred. 

centurio,  -onis,  m.  [centuria,  hun- 
dred men],  centurion. 

Cepheus,  -i,  m.,  Cepheus,  a  king  of 

Ethiopia. 
Cerberus,  -i,   m.,   Cerberus,  fabled 

watch-dog  of  the  Lower  World. 

Ceres,  -eris,  /.,  Ceres,  goddess  of 
agriculture. 

cerno,  cemere,  crevi,  cretum,  /r., 
distinguish;  discern,  perceive. 

certamen,  -inis,  n.  [certo],  struggle, 
contest,  rivalry. 

certe,  adv.  [certus],  assuredly,  cer- 
tainly. 

certo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr.  [freq.  of 
cerno],  contend,  strive. 

certus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
cerno],  fixed,  certain. 

cervix,  -icis,  /.,  neck,  throat. 

cervus,  -i,  m.,  stag. 

ceteri,  -ae,  -a,  adj.,  pi.,  the  other,  the 

rest  of. 
Ceutrones,  -um,  m.  pi.,  the  Ceu- 

trones,  a  Gallic  tribe  in  the  Alps. 

Charon,  -ontis,  m.,  Charon,  the 
ferryman  over  the  river  Styx. 

Chrysogonus,  -i,  m.,  L.  Cornehus 
Chrysogonus,  a  freedman  of  Sulla. 

cibarius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [cibus],  given 
as  rations;  subst.,  cibaria,  -drum, 
n.  pi.,  provisions,  rations. 

cibus,  -i,  m.,  food. 

Cicero,  -onis,  m.,  M.  TulUus  Cicero, 
the  famous  orator. 

Ctmber,  -bri,  m.,  a  Cimbrian; 
Cimbri,  -onmi,  pL,  the  Cimbri,  a 
people  of  northern  Germany. 

Cimberius,  -i,  m.,  Cimberius,  a  leader 
of  the  Suebi  and  brother  of  Nasua. 


Cimbricus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [Cimber], 
of  the  Cimbri,  Cimbrian. 

Cincinnatus,  -i,  m.,  L.  Quinctius 
Cincinnatus,  a  famous  Roman  of 
the  fifth  century  B.C. 

Cineas,  -ae,  m.,  Cineas,  a  minister 
of  king  Pyrrhus  of  Epirus. 

cingo,  cingere,  cinxi,  cinctum,  tr., 
surround,  encircle. 

cinis,  cineris,  m.,  ashes. 

Cinna,  -ae,  m.,  L.  Cornelius  Cinna, 

consul  in  87-84-  B.C. 
circa,    adv.    and    prep,    with    ace, 

around,  round  about. 

Circeii,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  Circeii,  a 
town  of  Latium. 

circinus,  -i,  m.,  a  pair  of  compasses. 

circiter,  adv.  [circus],  about,  nearly. 

circuitus,  -us,  m..  [circumeo],  a  going 
around,  a  circuit. 

circum,  prep,  with  ace.  [circus], 
around,  about. 

circum-aro,  -arare,  -aravi,  tr., 
plough  around. 

circum-do,  -dare,  -dedi,  -datum,  tr., 
place  around,  surround. 

circimi-duco,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -duc- 
tum,  tr.,  lead  around. 

circum-eo,  -ire,  -ii  or  -ivi,  -itum,  tr. 
and  intr.,  go  around,  go  from  one 
to  another. 

circum-fundo,  -fundere,  -fudi,  -fu- 
sum,  tr.,  pour  around. 

circum-saepio,  -saepire,  -saepsi, 
-saeptum,  tr.,  hedge  around, 
encircle. 

circum-sisto,  -sistere,  -steti,  — ,  tr., 
surround. 

circum-sto,  -stare,  -steti,  — ,  intr., 
stand  around,  surround. 

circum-venio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ven- 
tum,  tr.,  come  around,  surround. 

circus,  -i,  m.,  a  circle;  a  circus. 

citerior,  -ius,  comp.  adj.  [cis,  this 
side  of],  on  this  side;  nearer, 
hither. 


20 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


cithara,  -ae,/.,  cithara,  guitar. 
citharoedus,    -i,    w.,     citharoedus, 

one  who  plays  on  the  cithara  and 

sings  at  the  same  time. 
cito,    adv.    [citus,    swift],    quickly, 

speedily. 
citro,  adv.  [cis,  this  side  of],  to  this 

side;   ultro   citroque,   hither   and 

thither,  backwards  and  forwards. 

civicus,    -a,    -um,    adj.    [civis],    of 

citizens;  civic, 
civilis,  -e,  adj.   [civis],   of  citizens, 

civil, 
civis,  civis,  -ium,  m.,  citizen. 
civitas,  -atis,  /.  [civis],  citizenship; 

the  state,  a  state. 
clades,    cladis,    -ium,  /.,    disaster, 

misfortune;  defeat. 
clam,  adv.,  secretly. 
clamito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr.  [freg. 

of  clamo],  call  out  loudly,  cry  out. 
clamd,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr.,  cry 

out,  shout. 
clamor,    -oris,    m.    [clamo],    shout, 

shouting,  noise. 
clangor,  -oris,  m.,  noise. 
clarus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  famous;  bright, 

clear;  loud. 
classis,  classis,  -ium,  /.,  class,  fleet. 

Claudius,  -i,  m.,  Ap.  Claudius,  a 
tribune  of  the  soldiers  in  216  B.C. 

claudo,  claudere,  clausi,  clausum, 
tr.,  close;  agmen  claudere,  to 
bring  up  the  rear. 

clava,  -ae, /.,  staff,  club. 

Clemens,  -entis,  adj.,  merciful. 

clementer,  adv.  [clemens],  merci- 
fully. 

dementia,  -ae,/.  [clemens],  forbear- 
ance, mercy. 

Cleopatra,  -ae,  /.,  Cleopatra,  a 
gueen  of  Egypt. 

cliens,  -entis,  m.,   client,  follower. 

cloaca,  -ae,/.,  sewer. 

Clodius,  -i,  m.,  ^another  form  of 
Claudius;   P.  Clodius   Pulcher,  a 


Roman  of  Cicero's  time  and  an 
enemy  of  Cicero. 

Cluilius,  -i,  m.,  Cluilius,  a  king  of 

Alba. 
Cliisinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [Clusium],  of 

Clusium  (a  city  of  Etruria) . 

Cn.,  abbr.  for  Gnaeus. 

co-emo,  -emere,  -emi,  -emptum,  tr., 
purchase,  buy  up. 

coepi,    coepisse,   coeptum,    tr.    and 

intr.,  defective  verb,  began. 

coerceo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  tr.  [com- 
+arceo,  enclose],  restrain,  curb. 

cogitatio,  -onis,/.  [cogito],  reflection, 

meditation. 
cogito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [com-+ 

agito],  ponder;  plan. 

cognatus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [com-+ 
(g)nascor],  related. 

cognomen,  -inis,  n.  [com-+(g)n6- 
men],  cognomen,   surname. 

cognosco,  -noscere,  -novi,  -nitum, 
tr.  [com-+(g)n6sco,  learn],  find 
out,  learn;  pf.,  know. 

cogo,  cogere,  coegi,  coactum,  tr. 
[com-+ago],  drive  together,  bring 
together,    collect;   compel,   force. 

cohors,  cohortis,  -ium,  /.,  cohort,  a 
division  of  the  Roman  army. 

co-hortor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr., 
encourage,    rally,    admonish. 

Colchis,  -idis,  /.,  Colchis,  a  district 
in  Asia  to  the  east  of  the  Black  Sea. 

coUega,  -ae,  m.,  colleague. 

coUigo,  -ligere,  -legi,  -lectum,  tr. 
[com-+leg6],  gather  together,  col- 
lect. 

coUigo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [com- 
+ligo,  Ijind],  bind  together. 

collis,  coUis,  -ium,  m.,  hill. 

colloco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [com- 
+loc6,  place],  station,  arrange; 
give  in  marriage. 

colloquium,  -i,  n.,  [coUoquor],  inter- 
view, conference. 

coUoquor,  -loqui,  -locutus  sum,  intr. 
[com-+loquor],   converse,    confer. 


A  JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


21 


coUum,  -i,  n.,  neck, 

colo,  -ere,  colui,  cultum,  tr.,  culti- 
vate, till. 

colonus,  -i,  m.  [colo],  farmer;  settler, 
colonist. 

color,  -oris,  m.,  color. 

columba,  -ae,  /.,  dove,  pigeon. 

columna,  -ae, /.,  column,  pillar. 

com-,  (also  con-  ai^d  co-),  forms  of 
the  preposition  cum  employed  in 
composition  only. 

comburo,  -urere,  -ussi,  -ustum,  tr. 
[com-+uro],  burn  up,  consume. 

comes,  -itis,  m.  and  /.,  companion. 

comitas,  -atis,  /.  [comis,  courteous], 
courteousness,  affability. 

comitium,  -i,  n.  [com-+eo],  a  place 
of  assembly;  the  Comitium,  a 
meeting-place  adjoining  the  old 
Roman  Forum;  comitia,  -orum, 
pL,  public  assembly,  election. 

commeatus,  -us,  m.  [commeo], 
going  to  and  fro;  furlough;  pro- 
visions, supplies. 

com-memoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
mention. 

commentarius,  -i,  m.,  note-book, 
memorandum;  pi.,  memoirs,  rec- 
ords. 

com-meo,   -are,   -avi,    -atum,   intr. 

[meo,    go,    pass],    go   and    come; 

resort  to. 
comminus,  adv.  [com-+manus],  hand 

to  hand,  at  close  quarters. 

com-mitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missum, 
tr.,  send  together;  undertake; 
bring  about;  proelium  commit- 
tere,  to  begin  battle. 

commode,  adv.  [commodus,  con- 
venient], conveniently,  advanta- 
geous! J^ 

commonefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -fac- 
^tum,  tr.  [commoneo+facio],  re- 
"mind,  impress  upon. 

com-moror,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  intr., 
tarry,  linger. 

com-moveo,  -movere,  -movi,  -mo- 


[commuto], 

-atum,    tr., 
nge. 

-atum,    tr., 


turn,    tr.,    move    deeply,    excite, 
arouse,  alarm. 

com-munio,    -ire,    -ivi,    -itum,    tr., 
fortify,  establish  strongly. 

communis,  -e,  adj.,  common. 

communiter,  adv.  [communis],  com- 
monly, in  common. 

commutatio,    -onis,    /. 
change. 

com-muto,    -are,    -avi, 

change   (entireljO,  e 
com-paro,    -are,    -avi, 

prepare. 

compare,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr. 
[compar,  like],  compare. 

com-pello,  -pellere,  -puli,  -pulsum, 

ir.,  drive  together,  collect. 
comperio,    -perire,    -peri,    -pertum, 

tr.  and  intr.,  find  out,  ascertain, 
com-plector,  -plecti,  -plexus  sum,  tr. 

[com-+plector,    embrace],    clasp, 

embrace, 
compleo,     -ere,     -evi,     -etum,     tr. 

[com-+ple6,  fill],  fill,  fill  up. 

com-plures,  -plura  or  -pluria,  adj., 
several,  a  number  of,  many. 

com-pono,   -ponere,   -posui,   -posi- 

tum,  tr.,  place  together;  compose, 
settle. 

com-port5,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
carry  together,  bring  together, 
collect. 

com-prehendo,  -hendere,  -hendi, 
-hensum,  tr.,  seize,  arrest. 

comprimo,  -primere,  -pressi,  -pres- 
sum,  //•.  [com-+prem6],  press 
together,   squeeze;  suppress. 

conata,    -orum,  n.  pi.    [p.  part,  of 

Conor],  undertaking,  enterprise, 
conatus,  -us,   m.   [conor],  attempt, 
con-cedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessum, 

intr.  and  tr.,  yield;  grant,  concede, 
concido,    -cidere,    -cidi,    — ,    intr. 

[com-4-cad6],  fall,  be  slain, 
concido,  -cidere,   -cidi,  -cisum,  tr. 

[com-+caed6],     cut     to     pieces, 

destroy. 


22 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


concilio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  ir.,  win, 
win  over,  win  the  favor  of. 

concilium,  -i,  n.,  council. 

concipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptum,  tr. 
[com-+capi6],  take  hold  of;  con- 
ceive. 

concito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  rouse, 
incite. 

con-clamo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  and 
intr.,  cry  out  together,  cry  out 
loudly,  exclaim. 

Concordia,  -ae,  /.  [concors,  harmoni- 
ous], concord,  harmony. 
con-curro,  -currere,  -curri,  -cursum, 

intr.,  run  together. 

con-cursus,  -us,  w.,  a  running  to- 
gether, concourse;  assault,  charge. 

condemno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr. 
[com-+damn6],  condemn. 

condicio,  -onis,  /.  [condico,  agree], 
agreement;  terms,  conditions. 

conditor,  -oris,  m.  [condo],  founder. 

con-do,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditum,  tr., 
put  away,  store  up;  found. 

con-dono,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  give; 
overlook,  pardon. 

con-duco,  -diicere,  -duxl,  -ductum, 
tr.,  bring  together,  collect. 

con-ducti,  -orum,  m.  pi.  [p.  part,  of 
conduco],  mercenary  soldiers,  mer- 
cenaries. 

con-fero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latum,  tr., 
bring  together,  collect;  compare; 
se  conferre,  betake  oneself,  pro- 
ceed. 

confertus,  -a,  -um,  adj,  [p.  part,  of 
confercio,  press  together], 
crowded,  dense. 

confessio,  -onis,  /.  [confiteor],  con- 
fession. 


I; 


confestim,  adv.,  at  once,  immediate-/ 

-  ly. 

conficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum,  tr. 

[com-+faci6],     finish,     complete; 

weaken,  overcome. 
con-fido,  -fidere,  -fisus   sum,  intr. 

{takes  dative),  trust;  be  confident, 

have  confidence. 


con-firmo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
strengthen,  estabhsh. 

confiteor,  -fiteri,  -f essus  sum,  tr.  and 
intr.  [com-+fateor,  acknowledge], 
confess. 

con-flagro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr., 
be  on  fire,  be  consumed. 

con-fligo,  -fligere,  -flixi,  -flictum, 
intr.,  dash  or  strike  together. 

con-flo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  blow 
together,  kindle;  aes  alienum  con- 
flare,  to  contract  a  debt. 

con-fodio,  -fodere,  -fodi,  -fossum, 

tr.,  stab,  pierce. 

congredior,  -gredi,  -gressus  sum, 
intr.  [com-+gradior,  step],  come 
together,  meet. 

congressus,  -us,  m.  [congredior], 
meeting,  conference. 

conjicio,  -jicere,  -jeci,  -jectum,  tr. 
[com-+jaci6],  throw  together;  hurl 
cast. 

con-jungo,  -jungere,  -jiinxl,  -junc- 
tum,  tr.,  fasten  together,  join. 

conjiinx,  conjugis,  m.  andf.  [compare 
conjungo],  a  married  person,  hus- 
band, wife. 

conjurati,  -drum,  m.  pi.  [p.  part,  of 
conjiiro],  conspirators. 

conjiiratio,  -onis,  /.  [conjuro],  con- 
spiracy. 

con-juro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr., 
swear  together,  form  a  conspiracy, 
conspire. 

Conor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr.  and  intr., 
try,  attempt. 

conquiro,  -quirere,  -quisivi,  -qulsi- 
tum,  tr.  [com-+quaero],  hunt  for, 
search  out. 

con-sanguineus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  re- 
lated by  blood;  subst.,  consan- 
guine!, -orum,  m.  pi.,  kinsmen, 
blood-relations. 

conscendo,  -scendere,  -scendi, 
-scensum,  tr.  [com-+scando, 
chmb],  climb;  go  aboard,  embark 
on. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


23 


c6n-scisc6,  -sciscere,  -scivi,  -scitum, 

tr.  [scisco,  approve],  resolve  upon; 

mortem  sibi  consciscere,  commit 

suicide. 

conscius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [com-+sci6], 

conscious,  aware. 
con-scribo,  -scribere,  -scripsi, 

-scriptum,  tr.,  enroll,  organize, 
con-sensus,     -us,     ni.     [c5nsentio, 

agree],  agreement. 
c5n-sequor,   -sequi,   -secutus   sum, 

ir.,  follow  up;  overtake;  gam. 
con-servo,    -are,    -avi,    -atum,    tr., 

retain,  preserve. 
Considius,  -i,  w.,  P.  Considius,  an 

officer  in  Caesar's  army. 
con-sido,   -sidere,   -sedi,    -sessum, 

intr.,  sit  down,  take  one's  seat. 
consilium,  -t,  n.,  plan,  counsel,  ad- 
vice. 
c5n-sisto,  -sistere,  -stiti,  — ,  intr., 
take  one's   stand,   halt,   make   a 
stand. 
c6n-socio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  as- 
sociate, unite. 
con-solor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr.  [solor, 
comfort],  console,  cheer,  comfort, 
conspectus,  -us,  m.  [conspicio],  sight, 

view, 
conspicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  -spectum, 
//•.  [com-+specio,  look],  perceive, 
observe, 
conspicor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr.,  catch 

sight  of,  observe,  see. 
constantia,  -ae,  /.  [constans,  firm], 

constancy,  firmness. 
constituo,  -stituere,  -stitui,   -stitu- 
tum,  tr.  [com+statuo],  station;  de- 
cide, determine. 

con-sto,  -stare,  -stiti,  -staturus, 
intr.,  stand  together;  consist;  iw- 
pers.,  constat,  it  is  known,  it  is 
certain. 

con-suesco,  -suescere,  -suevi,  sue- 
tum,  intr.,  become  accustomed; 
pf.,  be  accustomed,  be  in  the  habit 
of. 


consuetude,  -inis,  /.  [consuesco], 
custom,  habit,  way. 

consul,  -ulis,  m.,  consul,  one  of  the 
chief  magistrates  at  Rome. 

consularis,  -e,  adj.  [consul],  of  a  con- 
sul, consular. 

consulatus,  -us,  m.  [c5nsul],  consul- 
ship. 

consulo,  -sulere,  -sului,  -sultum,  tr. 
and  intr.,  consult;  consult  the  in- 
terests of  {with  dative) . 

consult©,  adv.  [ahl.  of  consultum], 
intentionally. 

consulto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr. 
[freq.  of  consulo],  consult,  deliber- 
ate. 

consultum,  -i,  m.  [consulo],  decree. 

con-sumo,  -sumere,  -sumpsi,  -sump- 

tum,  tr.,  consume,  spend, 
con-tego,  -tegere,  -texi,  -tectum,  tr., 

cover, 
con-temno,  -temnere,  -tempsi, 

-temptum,  tr.,  scorn,  despise. 

contemptor,  -oris,  m.  [contemno], 
despiser,  scorner. 

con-tendo,  -tendere,  -tendi,  -ten- 
tum,  intr.,  contend,  fight;  hasten. 

contentia,  -onis,/.  [contend©],  strug- 
gle, contest. 

contentus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part  of 
contineo,  hold  together],  satisfied, 
contented. 

con-texo,  -texere,  -texui,  -textum, 
tr.,  weave. 

continens,  -entis,  /.  [contineo],  con- 
tinent, mainland. 

continenter,  adv.  [continens,  contin- 
uous], continuously. 

contineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  -tentum,  tr. 

[com-+teneo],  hold  together;  shut 

in,  confine, 
contingo,  -tingere,  -tigi,  -tactum,  tr. 

[com-+tang6],  touch,  adjoin;  mtr. 

and  impers.,  contingit,  it  befalls, 

happens  to. 


24 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


continuo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [con- 
tinuus],  make  continuous,  hold 
without  an  interval. 

continuus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [contineo], 
successive,  continuous. 

contio,  -onis,  /.  [comyare  com-  and 
venio],  a  public  assembly;  a 
speech,  a  contio. 

contra,  prep,  with  ace,  against,  op- 
posite. 

con-traho,  -trahere,  -traxi,  -tractum, 
tr.,  draw  or  bring  together. 

controversia,  -ae,  /.  [controversus, 
disputed],  dispute,  quarrel. 

contumelia,  -ae, /.,  insult,  abuse. 

conubium,  -i,  n.  [com-+nubo],  mar- 
riage. 

con-vallis,  -vallis,  -ium,  /.,   valley. 

conveniens,  -entis,  adj.  [pres.  part,  of 
convenio],  agreeing,  appropriate. 

con-venio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventum, 
intr.,  assemble,  come  together; 
impers.,  convenit,  an  agreement  is 
made,  it  is  agreed. 

conventus,  -us,  m.  [convenio],  meet- 
ing, assembly. 

con-verto,  -vertere,  -verti,  -versum, 
tr.,  turn  round,  turn. 

con-vinco,  -vincere,  -vici,  -victum, 
tr.,  convict;  prove. 

con-voco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  call 
together. 

co-orior,  -oriri,  -ortus  sum,  intr., 
come  forth,  arise. 

copia,  -ae,  /.,  plenty;  pi.,  forces, 
troops. 

copiose,  adv.  [copiosus],  copiously, 
at  length. 

copiosus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [copia],  plenti- 
ful, well  supplied. 

Corinthius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Corinth, 
Corinthian. 

Corinthus,  -i,  /.,  Corinth,  a  city  of 
Greece. 

Cornelia,  -ae, /.,  Cornelia,  na77ie  of  a 
woman  or  girl. 


Cornelius,  -i,  m.,  (1)  P.  Cornelius 
Scipio  Africanus  IVIajor,  a  famous 
Roman  general  who  conquered  Han- 
nibal; {2)  P.  Cornehus  Scipio 
Africanus  IVIinor,  who  destroyed 
Carthage;  (3)  L.  Cornelius  Sulla, 
consul  in  8S  B.C.,  later  dictator. 

comeus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [comu],  of 
horn. 

corneus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [cornum, 
cornel-cherry],  of  cornel- wood. 

comu,  -us,  n.,  horn;  wing  {of  an 
army). 

corona,  -ae,  /.,  garland,  wreath, 
crown. 

corpus,  corporis,  n.,  body. 

corrigo,  -rigere,  -rexi,  -rectum,  tr. 
[com-+rego],  correct,  reform. 

corripio,  -ripere,  -ripui,  -reptum,  tr. 
[com-+rapi6],  seize,  take  hold  of, 
snatch  up. 

corrumpo,  -rumpere,  -rupi,  -ruptum, 
tr.  [com-+rumpo,  burst],  ruin;  cor- 
rupt. 

cortex,  -icis,  m.  andf.,  bark. 

cotidianus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [cotidie], 
dail}'. 

cotidie,  adv.  [quot+dies],  every  day, 
daily. 

Crassus,  -i,  m.,  (1)  M.  Licinius 
Crassus,  a  member  of  the  First 
Triumvirate  unth  Caesar  and  Pom- 
peius;  {2)  P.  Licinius  Crassus,  son 
of  Marxus. 

credibilis,  -e,  adj.  [credo],  credible. 

creditor,  -oris,  m..  [credo],  creditor. 

credo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditum,  tr.,  be- 
heve,  trust,  entrust;  lend. 

cremo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  burn, 
consume. 

creo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  elect, 
choose. 

Creon,  -ontis,  m.,  Creon,  a  king  of 
Thebes. 

crepitus,  -us,  m.  [crepo,  to  rattle], 
clattering,  noise. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


25 


crepundia,  -drum,  n.,  pi.  [crepo,  to 
rattle],  a  child's  rattle,  a  rattle. 

cresco,  crescere,  crevi,  cretum,in<r., 
increase,  grow  greater. 

Creta,  -ae, /.,  Crete,  an  island  in  the 
Mediterranean  Sea. 

crimen,  -inis,  n.,  charge,  accusation. 

crinis,  crinis,  -ium,  m.,  hair. 

cniciatus,  -iis,  7)i.  [crucio,  to  torture], 
torture. 

crudelis,  -e,  adj.,  cruel. 

crudelitas,  -atis,  /.    [crudelis], 

cruelt}'. 
crudeliter,  adv.  [crudelis],  cruelly, 
crus,  cruris,  n.,  leg. 
crux,  crucis,  /.,  gallows,  cross, 
cubiculum,  -i,  n.  [cubo],  bedchamber. 

cubo,  -are,  cubui,  cubitum,  intr.,  lie 
down,  recline. 

culpa,  -ae, /.,  fault,  blame. 

culpo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [culpa], 
blame,  rebuke. 

culter,  -tri,  m.,  knife. 

cultus,  -us,  m.  [colo],  cultivation, 
culture;    civilization,    refinement. 

cum,  prep,  with  abl.,  with. 

cum,  conj.,   when,   since,  although. 

cunae,  -arum,  /.  pL,  a  cradle. 

cunctator^  -oris,  m.  [ciinctor],  a 
delayer;  as  a  proper  noun,  bestowed 
informally  as  a  cognomen  on  Q. 
Fabius  Maxim  us. 

cunctor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  intr.,  delay, 
hesitate. 

cupide,  adv.  [cupidus],  eagerly. 

cupiditas,  -atis,  /.  [cupidus],  eager- 
ness, longing,  desire. 

cupido,  -inis,  /.  [cupidus],  passion, 
greed. 

cupidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [cupio],  de- 
sirous, fond. 

cupio,  -ere,  cupivi,  cupitum,  //•., 
wish,  desire. 

cur,  adv.,  why. 

cura,  -ae,  /.,  care. 


Cures,  -ium,  m.  and  f.  pi.,  Cures, 
chief  town  of  the  Sabines. 

curia,  -ae,  /.,  curia  (a  division  of  the 
Roman  people),  ward;  senate 
house. 

Curiatius,  -i,  m.,  Curiatius,  an  Alban 
name;  name  of  triplet  brothers  who 
fought  the  Roman  Horalii. 

euro,  -are,  -avI,  -atum,  tr.  [cura], 
care  for,  attend  to;  have  done. 

curro,  currere,  cucurri,  cursum,  intr., 
run. 

currus,  -us,  m.,  chariot. 

cursus,  -us,  m.  [curro],  course. 

curtilis,  -e,  adj.,  curule. 

custodia,  -ae,  /.  [custos],  watch,  cus- 
tody, guard. 

custodio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  tr.  [cus- 
tos], watch,  guard. 

custos,  -odis,  m.  and  /.,  guard, 
guardian,  keeper. 

cyathus,  -i,  m.,  cup. 

Cyzicus,  -i,/.,  Cyzicus,  (i)  an  island 
or  peninsula  in  the  Sea  of  Marmora; 
(2)  a  town  situated  on  {l). 

D 

Dacus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Dacian;  subst., 
Daci,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  the  Dacians. 

damno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [dam- 
num, loss],  condemn,  convict. 

Danae,  -es,  /.,  Danae,  mother  of 
Perseus. 

de,  prep,  with  abl.,  down  from,  from; 
concerning,  about. 

de-ambulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr., 
walk,  stroll. 

debeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  tr.  [de+ 
habeo],  owe,  ought. 

debitor,  -oris,  ?h.    [debeo],  debtor. 

de-cedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessum, 

intr.,  withdraw,  depart;  die. 

decem,  indecl.  num.  adj.,  ten. 

December,  -bris,  -bre,  adj.  [decem], 
of  December;  subst.,  December, 
-bris,  7n.,  December. 


26 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


de-cemo,  -cemere,  -crevi,  -cretum, 
tr.,  decide,  decree. 

de-certo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr., 
fight  it  out,  fight  a  decisive  battle. 

decide,  -cidere,  -cidi,  — ,  intr.,  [de+ 

cad5],  fall  down,  fall  off. 
decimus,    -a,    -um,    adj.    [decern], 

tenth. 

decipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptum,  tr. 
[de+capio],  beguile,  deceive. 

de-claro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr. 
[claro,  make  bright],  disclose,  re- 
veal. 

decoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  fr.  [decus, 
decoration],  adorn,  honor. 

decurio,  -onis,  m.  [decuria,  a  division 
of  ten],  decurion,  the  leader  of  a 
decuria. 

de-curro,  -currere,  -cucurri,  -cur- 
sum,  intr. J  run  down;  manoeuvre. 

de-decus,  -decoris,  n.  [decus,  deco- 
ration; honor],  disgrace,  dishonor. 

dediticius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [dedo],  sur- 
rendered; subst.,  dediticii,  -orum, 
m.  pi.,  prisoners  of  war. 

deditio,  -onis,  /.  [dedo],  surrender. 

deditus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
dedc],  surrendered;  subst.,  dediti, 
-drum,  m.  pi.,  prisoners  of  war, 
captives. 

dedo,  -ere,  dedidi,  deditum,  tr.  [de+ 
do],  give  up,  surrender. 

de-duco,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductum, 
tr.,  lead  away;  draw  down;  navem 
deducere,  to  launch  a  ship. 

defendo,  -ere,  defendi,  defensum, 
tr.,  repel;  defend. 

defensor,  -oris,  m.  [defendo],  de- 
fender. 

de-fero,  -ferre,  detuli,  delatum,  tr., 
carry  away,  carry  down;  confer. 

defessus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  \p.  part  of 
defetiscor,  grow  weary],  tired  out, 
exhausted. 

deficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum,  tr. 
and  intr.  [de+facio],  fail,  run  out; 
withdraw,  desert. 


de-figo,    -figere,    -fixi,    -fixum,    tr., 

fasten   down;    strike    motionless, 
stupefy. 

de-finio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  //•.,  limit, 
define. 

deformitas,  -atis,  /.  [deformis,  mis- 
shapen], deformity,  disfigure- 
ment, unsighthness. 

Deianira,  -ae,  /.,  Deianira,  loife  of 
Hercules. 

deinceps,  adv.,  in  succession. 

deinde,  adv.,  next,  then. 

dejicio,  -jicere,  -jeci,  -jectum,  tr. 
[de+jacio],  throw  down. 

de-labor,  -labi,  -lapsus  sum,  intr., 
fall  down,  shp  down. 

delectus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
deligo],  chosen,  choice;  subst., 
delecti,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  chosen 
men,  picked  men. 

deleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etum,  tr.,  destroy. 

de-libero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  and 
intr.,  ponder,  meditate. 

deliciae,  -arum,  /.  pi.,  pleasure,  lux- 
ury. 

de-ligo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  tie  up, 
bind  fast,  moor. 

delig5,  -ligere,  -legi,  -lectum,  tr. 
[de+lego],  choose. 

Delphi,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  Delphi,  a  city 
in  Greece  famous  for  the  oracle  of 
Apollo. 

Demaratus,  -i,  m.,  Demaratus, 
father  of  Tarquinius  Priscus. 

de-minuo,  -minuere,  -minui,  -minu- 
tum,  tr.,  lessen,  diminish,  impair. 

demissus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
demitto],  downcast,  dejected. 

de-mitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missum, 

tr.,  send  down,  let  fall. 

de-monstro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
point  out,  show. 

demum,  adv.,  at  last,  at  length. 

deni,  -ae,  -a,  distrib.  num.  adj.,  ten 
each. 

denlque,  adv.,  finally,  at  last. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


27 


dens,  dentis,  m.,  tooth. 

densus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  close,  thick. 

de-nuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
announce,  proclaim;  give  warning. 

de-pello,  -pellere,  -puli,  -pulsum, 
ir.,  ward  off. 

de-perdo,  -perdere,  -perdidi,  -perdi- 

tum,  tr.,  destro}',  lose. 

de-ploro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  de- 
plore, lament. 

de-pono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -positum, 
tr.,  set  down,  deposit;  lay  aside, 
give  up. 

de-populor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr.,  lay 
waste,  plunder,  pillage. 

deprecator,  -oris,  m.  [deprecor],  in- 
tercessor, mediator. 

de-precor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr.,  avert 
by  prayer,  deprecate. 

de-prehendo,  -hendere,  -hendi, 
-hensum,  tr.,  seize  upon;  discover. 

deripio,  -ripere,  -ripui,  -reptum,  tr. 
[de+rapio],   tear  away,   pull  off. 

descendo,  -scendere,  -scendi, 
-scensum,  udr.  [de+scando, 
climb],  descend,  dismount. 

de-sero,  -serere,  -serui,  -sertum, 
tr.  [sero,  join],  abandon,  desert. 

desertus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
desero],  deserted. 

desiderium,  -i,  n.,  [desidero,  long 
for],  desire,  longing. 

de-signo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
mark  out;  mean,  intend. 

desilio,  -ire,  -ui,  — ,  intr.  [de+salio, 
leap],  leap  down. 

de-sisto,    -sistere,    -stiti,    -stitum, 

intr.,  leave  off,  desist  from. 

de-spero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  arid 
intr.,  despair  of,  despair. 

despicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  -spectum, 
tr.  [de+specio,  look],  look  down 
upon,  despise. 

de-spondeo,  -spondere,  -spondi, 
-sponsum,  tr.,  betroth,  promise  in 
marriage. 


de-stringo,  -stringere,  -strinxl, 
-striatum,  tr.  [stringo,  bind],  strip 
off,  unsheathe,  draw. 

de-sum,  -esse,  -fui,  -futurus,  intr., 
be  wanting,  be  lacking. 

de-super,  adv.,  from  above. 

detectus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
detego,  uncover],  uncovered,  bare. 

deterior,  -ius,  compar.  adj.,  of  less 
value,  less. 

de-terreo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  tr., 
frighten  away,  deter. 

de-traho,  -trahere,  -traxi,  -tractum, 
tr.,  draw  off,  strip  off. 

detrimentum,  -i,  n.  [detero,  wear 
away],  loss. 

deus,  -i,  m.,  a  god. 

deversorium,  -i,  n.  [deversor,  turn 
aside,  lodge],   inn,   lodging-place. 

de-verto,  -vertere,  -verti,  — ,  intr., 
turn  awa}',  turn  aside. 

de-vinc6,  -vincere,  -vici,  -victum, 
tr.,  conquer  completely. 

de-voro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  swal- 
low, devour. 

dexter,  -tra,  -trum,  adj.,  right,  right- 
hand. 

dextra,  -ae,  /.  [dexter],  the  right 
hand. 

diadema,  -atis,  n.,  diadem. 

Diana,  -ae,  /.,  Diana,  goddess  of  the 
chase. 

dicio,  -onis,/.,  authority,  rule,  sway. 

dico,  -ere,  dixi,  dictum,  tr.,  say;  ap- 
point, name. 

dictator,  -oris,  m.  [dicto,  dictate], 
dictator. 

dictatiira,  -ae,  /.  [dictator],  dictator- 
ship. 

dictio,  -onis,  /.  [dico],  a  speaking,  a 
pleading. 

dictito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  and  intr. 
[intens.  of  dicto,  dictate],  say  often, 
maintain. 

dies,  diei,  m.  andf.,  day. 


28 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


diflfero,  -ferre,  distull,  dilatum,  tr. 
and  intr.  [dis-+fer6],  carry  apart; 
put  off;  differ. 

difRcilis,  -e,  adj.  [dis-+facilis],  dif- 
ficult. 

difficiliter,  adv.  [difficilis],  with  dif- 
ficulty. 

diiRcultas,  -atis,  f,  [difficilis],  diffi- 
culty. 

diffundo,  -fundere,  -fudi,  -fusum, 
tr.  [dis-+fund6],  pour  out,  spread, 
diffuse. 

dignitas,  -atis,  /.  [dignus],  worth; 
authority,  prestige. 

dignus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  worthy. 

dUigenter,  adv.  [diligens,  industri- 
ous], industriously,'  dihgently. 

dlligentia,  -ae,  /.  [diligens],  watch- 
fulness, dihgence. 

dlligo,    -ligere,    -lexi,    -lectum,    tr. 

[dis-+leg6],    single    out;    esteem, 

love, 
di-lucesco,   -lucescere,   -luxl,   — , 

intr.  [lux],  grow  light,  dawn. 

di-mic6,    -are,    -avi,    -atum,    intr. 

[mico,  flash],  fight,  contend. 
dimidius,     -a,     -um,     adj.     [dis-+ 

medius],  half. 
di-mitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missum, 

tr.,  send  out,  send  forth;  dismiss. 
Diomedes,    -is,    w.,     Diomede,     a 

Greek  hero. 
dirimo,  -imere,  -emi,  -emptum,  tr. 

[dis-+emo],  take  apart ;  interrupt ; 

compose,  settle. 
diripid,  -ripere,  -ripui,  -reptum,  tr. 

[dis-+rapi6],  plunder. 

dims,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  dreadful,  dire. 

dis-  or  di-,  inseparable  particle 
employed  in  composition,  apart, 
away,  in  different  directions. 

dis-cedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessum, 

i?itr.,  withdraw,  depart. 

disciplina,  -ae,  /.   [disco],  training, 

discipline. 
discipulus,   -i,   m.    [disco],    learner, 

pupil. 


disco,  -ere,  didici,  — ,  tr.,  learn. 

di-scribo,  -scribere,  -scripsi,  -scrip- 
tum,  tr.,  distribute,  divide. 

discrimen,  -inis,  n.  [discemo,  sepa- 
rate], crisis,  peril. 

discrimino,  -are,  -avi,  -atuni,  tr. 
[discrimen],  divide,  distinguish. 

discus,  -i,  m.,  discus,  quoit. 

disertus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [from  p.  part, 
of  dissero],  fluent,  eloquent. 

disjicio,  -jicere,  -jeci,  -jectum,  tr. 
[dis-+jacio],  throw  asunder, 
break  up,  disperse. 

dis-par,  ge?i.  disparis,  adj.,  unequal, 

unlike. 
dispergo,  -spergere,  -spersi,  -sper- 

sum,    tr.     [di-4-spargo,    scatter], 

scatter,  spread,  disperse. 

displiceo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  intr. 
[dis-+placeo],  displease. 

dis-pono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -positum, 

tr.,    place    here    and    there,    dis- 
tribute, 
dis-puto,    -are,    -avi,    -atum,    tr., 

argue,  discourse. 

dissensio,  -5nis,  /.  [dissentio,  dis- 
agree], disagreement. 

dis-sero,   -serere,   -semi,   -sertum, 

intr.  [sero,  join],  discourse,  argue, 
dis-similis,  -simile,  adj.,  dissimilar, 

unlike. 
diu,  adv.,  long,  for  a  long  time, 
diumus,    -a,    -um,    adj.     [compare 
,    dies],  of  the  day,  daily, 
diutumus,     -a,     -um,     adj.     [diu], 

lasting,  long, 
di-vello,  -vellere,  -velli,  -vulsum,  tr., 

tear  apart,  tear  away. 
di-versus,    -versa,    -versum,    adj., 

turned  different  ways,  opposite. 

dives,  gen.  divitis,  adj.,  rich,  wealthJ^ 

Diviciacus,  -i,  m.,  Diviciacus,  a 
prominent  Ilaeduan. 

Divico,  -onis,  m.,  Divico,  a  promi- 
nent Helvetian. 

divido,  -ere,  divisi,  divisum,  ir., 
divide,  separate. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


29 


divinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [divus,  divine], 

divine. 
divitiae,    -arum,    /.    pi.    [dives], 

riches,  wealth. 
do,  dare,  dedi,  datum,  tr.,  give. 
doceo,  -ere,  -ui,  doctum,  tr.,  teach; 

show,  explain. 

doctrina,   -ae,  /.  [doceo],   teaching; 

learning,  erudition. 
doctor,  -oris,  vi.   [doceo],   teacher. 
doctus,  -a,  -um,  adj.    [p.  part,    of 

doceo],  learned,  skilled. 
doled,  -ere,  -ui,  -iturus,  intr.  and  tr., 

suffer;  grieve. 

dolor,    -oris,    m.     [doleo],    sorrow, 

suffering,  pain. 
dolus,     -i,     ??i.,     trick,     treachery, 

deceit, 
domesticus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [domus], 

of  the  house;  private,  personal. 

domicilium,  -i,  n.  [domus],  resi- 
dence, dwelHng-place. 

dominatio,  -onis,  /.  [dominor],  rule, 
supremacy. 

dominor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  intr.,  rule. 

dominus,  -i,  m..  master. 

domo,  -are,  domui,  domitum,  tr., 
subdue,  master. 

domus,  -us  (-i),/.,  home,  house. 
donee,  conj.,  as  long  as,  while;  until. 
dono,  -are,  -avi,  -atimi,  tr.  [donum], 
present,  bestow. 

donum,  -i,  71.,  gift. 

dormio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itvun,  intr.,  sleep. 

dorsum,  -i,  n.,  back;  ridge. 

dos,  dotis,/.,  dowry. 

draco,  -onis,  m.,  serpent,  dragon. 

dubitatio,  -onis,  /.  [dubito],  doubt, 
hesitation. 

dubito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr. 
[dubius],  doubt,  hesitate. 

Dubis,  -is,  m.,  the  Dubis,  a  river  in 
Gaul,  now  the  Doubs. 

dubius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  doubtful, 
uncertain. 


ducenti,  -ae,  -a,  num,  adj.  [duo+ 
centum],  two  hundred. 

duco,  -ere,  duxi,  ductum,  tr.,  lead; 
prolong. 

dudum,  a^y.,  before,  formerly;  jam 
"^dudum,   this   long   time,    a   long 

time  ago. 
dulcis,  -e,  adj.,  sweet,  agreeable, 
dum,  conj.,  while;  until. 

Dumnorix,  -igis,  m.,  Dumnorix,  a 
prominent  Haeduan. 

duo,  duae,  duo,  num.  adj.,  two. 

duodecim,  indecl.  num.  adj.  [duo-i- 
decem],  twelve. 

duo-de-viginti,    indecl.    num.    adj., 

twenty. 
duplex,  gen.  duplicis,  adj.,  double, 

twofold. 

duro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  and  intr. 
[durus],  harden;  last,  endure. 

durus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  hard,  harsh, 

severe. 
dux,  ducis,  m.  [duco],  leader. 

£ 

e,  ex,  prep,  with  abl.,  from  within, 
out  of,  from. 

ecquis,  ecquid,  pron.,  interrog., 
anyone,  anything,  whether  any- 
one, whether  anything. 

e-dic5,  -dicere,  -dixi,  -dictum,  tr.., 
declare,  proclaim,  appoint. 

edictum,  -i,  n.  [p.' part,  of  edicoj, 
edict. 

e-do,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditum,  tr.,  give 
out,  put  forth;  give  birth  to, 
exhibit;  inflict. 

edo,  -ere,  edi,  esum,  tr.,  eat. 

e-duco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  bring 
up,  rear,  train. 

e-duco,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductum,  tr., 
lead  out. 

effemino,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr. 
[ex+femina],  make  womanish, 
enervate. 


30 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


effero,    efferre,    extuli,    elatum,    tr. 

[ex+fero],    carry    forth,    remove; 

lift  up,  raise, 
effervesce,  -fervescere,  -ferbui,  — , 

[ex+fervesco,  boil],  boil  up,  boil. 

efficio,    -ficere,   -feci,    -fectum,    tr. 

[ex+facio],    accomplish,    bring 

about,  cause. 
effigies,   -ei,  /.,    semblance,    effigy. 

efflo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [ex+flo, 

blow],  breathe  out. 
effugio,    -fugere,    -fugi,    — ,    intr. 

[ex+fugio],  escape, 
effundo,  -fundere,  -fudi,  -fusum,  tr. 

[ex+fundo],    pour    out;    use    up, 

waste. 
Egeria,  -ae,  /.,  Egeria,  the  nymph  of 

a  fountain  near  Rome. 

ego,  mei,  -pers.  pron.,  I. 

egredior,  egredi,  egressus  sum,  intr. 
[e+gradior,  step],  go  out,  depart. 

egregie,  adv.  [egregius],  excellently, 

unusually. 
egregius,    -a,    -um,    adj.    [e+grex, 

flock],  distinguished,  eminent. 

e-labor,  -labi,  -lapsus  sum,  intr., 
ghde  out,  glide  away,  escape. 

e-laboro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr. 
endeavor,  take  pains. 

eligo,  -ligere,  -legi,  -lectum,  tr. 
[e+lego],  choose,  select. 

Elis,  -idis,  /.,  Elis,  a  district  in 
Greece. 

eloquentia,  -ae,  /.  [eloquens],  elo- 
quence. 

Elysius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Elysian. 

e-migro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr., 
move,  depart,  migrate. 

e-mitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missum, 

tr.,  send  forth,  release;  utter, 
emo,  emere,  emi,  emptum,  tr.,  buy. 
en,  inter j.,  behold!  see! 
enim,  conj.  (postpositive),  for. 

e-niteo,  -nitere,  -nitui,  — ,  intr., 
shine  forth,  gleam;  be  displayed. 

e-nitor,  -niti,  -nixus  or  -nisus  sum, 
intr.,  struggle  out;  struggle,  strive. 


ensis,  -is,  m.,  sword. 

e-numero,    -are,    -avi,    -atum,    tr., 

reckon  up,  recount. 

e-nuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
assert;  proclaim,  reveal. 

eo,  ire,  ii  or  ivi,  itum,  intr.,  go. 

eo,  adv.  [is],  to  that  place,  thither; 
on  that  account. 

eodem,  adv.  [idem],  to  the  same 
place;  to  the  same  end,  to  the 
same  result. 

Ephesius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Ephesus, 
Ephesian. 

epigramma,  -atis,  n.,  epigram. 

Epirus,  -i,  /.,  Epirus,  a  district  in 
northwestern  Greece. 

epistula,  -ae,  /.,  letter,  epistle. 

eques,  equitis,  m.  [equus],  horse- 
man; pi.,  horsemen,  cavalry. 

equester,  -tris,-tre,  adj.  [eques],  of  a 
horseman,  equestrian,  cavalry  {as 
adj  ). 

equidem,  adv.,  truly,  at  all  events; 
with  first  person  verb,  I  for  my  part. 

equitatus,  -us,  m.  [equito],  cavalry. 

equito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr. [eques], 
ride. 

equus,  equi,  m.,  horse. 

erectus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
erigo],    upright,    erect;    resolute. 

erga,  prep,  with  ace,  towards,  for. 

Erginus,  -i,  m.,  Erginus,  a  king  of 
the  Minyae. 

ergo,  adv.,  therefore. 

Eridanus,   -i,  m.,   the  Eridanus,   a 

river. 

erigo,  -rigere,  -rexi,  -rectum,  tr. 
[e+rego],  lift  up;  arouse,  encour- 
age. 

eripio,  -ripere,  -ripui,  -reptum,  tr. 
[e+rapio],  snatch  away,  take 
away,  rescue. 

erro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr.,  wander, 
stray;  be  mistaken,  err. 

erudio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  tr.  [e-f 
rudis,  rough],   educate,   instruct. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


31 


e-rumpo,  -nimpere,  -rupi,  -ruptum, 
iritr.,  break  out,  burst  forth. 

e-nio,  -ruere,  -rui,  -rutum,  tr.,  dig 
out,  cast  forth. 

Erythia,  -ae,  /.,  Erythia,  an  island. 

Erymanthius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of 
Eryiiianthus  (a  chain  of  moun- 
tains in  Arcadia),  Erymanthian, 

etiam,  odv.  [et+jam],  now  too,  yet; 
also,  besides;  even. 

Etruscus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Etruscan,  of 
Etruria;  subst.,  Etrusci,  -orum, 
m.  pL,  the  Etruscans. 

et-si,  conj.,  though,  although,  even 
if. 

Eunomus,  -i,  m.,  Eunomus,  name  of 
a  certain  youth. 

Euripides,  -is,  m.,  Euripides,  an 
Athenian  tragic  poet. 

Europa,  -ae,  /.,  Europe. 

Eurystheus,  -i,  m.,  Eurystheus,  a 
king  of  Tiryns. 

Eurytion,  -onis  m.,  Eurytion,  a 
giant. 

Eurytus,  -i,  jn.,  Eurytus,  a  king  of 
Oechaiia. 

e-vado,  -vadere,  -vasi,  -vasum,  intr., 
come  out,  make  one's  way;  escape. 

e-vello,  -vellere,  -velli,  -vulsum,  tr. 
[vello,  pluck],  pull  out. 

e-venio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventum, 
intr.,  come  out;  result,  turn  out. 

e-verto,  -vertere,  -verti,  -versum, 
tr.,  overturn,  overthrow. 

e-voco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  call 
out. 

e-vomo,  -vomere,  -vomui,  -vomi- 
tum,  tr.,  vomit  forth. 

ex,  see  e. 

ex-animo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  put 
out  of  breath,  stun;  exhaust. 

ex-ardesc6,  -ardescere,  -arsi,  -ar- 
sum,  intr.,  blaze  out;  be  inflamed, 
be  enraged. 

ex-audio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  tr.,  hear 
clearly,  hear. 


ex-cedo,  -cedere,   -cessi,   -cessum, 

intr.,  withdraw. 

excello,  -cellere,  — ,  -celsum,  intr., 
be  eminent,  excel. 

excelsus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
excello],  lofty,  tall;  distinguished. 

excerpo,  -cerpere,  -cerpsi,  -cerptum, 
tr.,  [carpo],  pick  out,  select. 

excipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptum,  tr. 
[ex+capio],  take  out,  take  up, 
catch;  receive,  entertain. 

excito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  call  out; 
rouse. 

ex-clamo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  crj'' 
out,  exclaim. 

ex-crucio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.^ 
rack,  torture. 

excuse,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [ex-t- 
causa],  excuse. 

execror,  -an,  -atus  sum,  tr.  [ex-r 
sacro,  doom],  curse. 

exemplum,  -i,  n.,  example,  prece- 
dent. 

ex-eo,  -ire,  -ii  or  -ivi,  -itum,  intr.,  go 
out. 

exequor,  -exequi,  -executus  sum,  tr. 
[ex+sequor],  follow  up;  carry  out, 
enforce. 

exerceo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  tr.  [ex-f- 
arceo,  enclose],  train,  drill. 

exercitatio,  -onis,/.  [exercito,  train], 
exercise,  training. 

exercitatus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
exercito],  trained,  experienced. 

exercitus,  -us,  m.  [exerceo],  army. 

exigo,  -igere,  -egi,  -actum,  tr.  [ex+ 
ago],  drive  out,  expel;  exact: 
spend. 

exiguus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  scanty,  small. 

exilio,  -ire,  -ui,  — ,  intr.  [ex+salio, 

leap],  spring  forth. 

exilium,  -i,  71.  [exul],  exile. 

eximius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  unusual,  dis- 
tmguished. 

existimatio,  -onis,  /.  [existimo], 
judgment,  opinion. 


32 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


existimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [ex+  • 
aestimo,      estimate],      estimate; 
judge,  think. 

exitium,  -i,  n.,  destruction,  ruin. 

exitus,  -us,  m.  [exeo],  outcome,  end, 
close. 

ex-orior,  -oriri,  -ortus  sum,  intr., 
come  forth,  arise,  appear. 

expecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [ex+ 
specto],  expect,  await,  wait  for. 

expectatio,  -onis,/.  [expecto],  await- 
ing, expectation. 

expeditus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
expedio,  extricate],  unimpeded, 
free,  open. 

ex-pello,  -pellere,  -puli,  -pulsum, 
tr.,  drive  out,  expel. 

experior,  -periri,  -partus  sum,  tr., 
prove,  test. 

ex-pio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [pio, 
appease],  atone  for,  appease. 

expire,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [ex+ 
spir5,  breathe],  breathe  out. 

explorator,  -oris,  i7i.  [explore],  scout. 

exploro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  ex- 
plore. 

ex-pono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -positum, 
tr.,  set  forth,  explain;  expose, 
abandon;  set  ashore. 

exprimo,  -primere,  -pressi,  -pres- 
sum,  tr.  [ex+premo],  press  out; 
wring  out,  elicit. 

expugnatio,  -onis,  /.  [expugno],  a 
taking  by  storm,  storming. 

ex-pugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  take 
by  storm,  capture. 

exquiro,  -quirere,  -quisivi,  -quisi- 
tum,  tr.  [ex+quaero],  search  out, 
inquire  about. 

extemplo,  adv.,  immediately,  forth- 
with, without  delay. 

extemus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [exterus,  on 
the  outside],  foreign,  outer. 

exto,  -are,  — ,  — ,  intr.  [ex+sto], 
stand  forth;  be  extant,  exist. 

extra,  prep,  with  ace,  outside  of. 


ex-traho,  -trahere,  -traxi,  -tractum, 
tr.,  draw  out;  extricate,  release. 

extra-ordinarius,  -a,  -um,  adj., 
extraordinary,  uncommon. 

extremus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [exterus,  on 

the  outside],  outermost,  farthest, 
most  distant. 

extruo,  -uere,  -iixi,  -uctum,  tr. 
[struo],  pile,  heap  up;  erect. 

exul,  -ulis,  m.,  an  exile. 

exulto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr. 
[freg.  of  exsilio],  leap  up  (for  joy), 
exult. 

exuo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utum,  tr.,  take  off, 
remove. 

ex-ur5,  -urere,  -ussi,  -ustum,  tr., 
burn  up. 

F 

faber,  -bri,  m.,  workman,  smith. 

Fabianus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Fabius. 

Fabius,  -i,  w.,  (1)  Q.  Fabius 
Maximus,  a  Roman  commander  in 
the  Second  Punic  War;  {2)  Q. 
Fabius  Maximus,  consul  in  121 
B.C. 

Fabricius,  -i,  m.,  C.  Fabricius,  a 
prominent  Roman  of  the  3d  century 
B.C. 

fabricor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr.  [faber], 

make,  construct,  build. 

fabula,  -ae,/.,  story,  tale. 

facete,  adv.  [facetus,  witty],  wittily, 
humorously. 

facile,  adv.  [facilis],  easily. 

facilis,  -e,  adj.,  easy. 

f acinus,  facinoris,  n.,  deed;  crime. 

facio,  facere,  feci,  factum,  tr.,  make 
do. 

f actio,  -onis,/.  [facio],  faction,  party. 

factum,  -i,  n.  [p.  part,  of  facio], 
deed,  action. 

facultas,  -atis,  /.  [facilis],  means, 
opportunity,  chance. 

fallo,  fallere,  fefelli,  falsum,  tr., 
deceive,  cheat,  elude. 

falso,  adv.  [falsus],  falsely. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


33 


falsus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
fallo],  false,  deceptive,  misleading. 

fabc,  falcis,/.,  sickle. 

fama,  -ae,/.,  r'^port,  rumor,  talk. 

fames,  -is,  /.,  hunger. 

familia,  -ae,  /.  [famulus,  servant], 
household  establishment,  slaves 
in  a  household;  family. 

familiaris,  -e,  adj.  [familia],  of  a 
household;  res  familiaris,  private 
property,  estate;  suhst.,  familiaris, 
-is,  m.,  a  friend,  an  intimate 
aquaintance. 

fanum,  -i,  n.,  shrine,  temple. 

far,  f arris,  n.,  grain,  meal. 

fas,  {only  nom.  and  ace.  sing.),  n., 
divine  law  (as  opposed  to  jus, 
human  law);  the  right;  fas  est,  it 
is  lawful,  it  is  permitted. 

fasti,  -drum,  m.  pi.,  calendar. 

fatigo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  weary, 
tire,  fatigue. 

fatum,  -i,  n.  [p.  part,  of  for,  speak], 
fate,  destiny. 

fauces,  -ium,  /.  pi.,  throat. 

Fausta,  -ae,  /.,  Fausta,  daughter  of 
L.  Cornelius  Sulla. 

Faustulus,  -i,  m.,  Faustulus,  the 
shepherd  who  reared  Romulus  and 
Remus. 

Faustus,  -i,  m.,  Faustus,  son  of  L. 
Cornelius  Sulla. 

faveo,  -ere,  favi,  fautum,  intr.  (takes 
dative),  favor. 

favor,  -oris,  m.  [faveo],  favor,  good- 
will. 

fax,  facis,/.,  torch,  firebrand. 

felicitas,  -atis,  /.  [fellx],  good 
fortune,  luck. 

feliciter,  adv.  [felix],  happily,  luckily. 

felix,  gen.  felicis,  adj.,  fortunate, 
happy. 

Felix,  -ids,  m.,  Fehx  (  =  the  lucky), 
a  cognomen  assumed  by  L.  Cor- 
nelius Sulla. 

femina,  -ae,  /.,  woman. 


femur,  femoris,  n.,  thigh. 

fera,  -ae,/.,  wild  beast,  wild  animal. 

I  fere,  adv.,  about,  nearly;  in  general, 
usually. 

Ferentina,  -ae,  /.,  Ferentina,  a  god- 
dess of  the  Latins. 

fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum,  tr.,  bear, 
bring,  carry;  endure;  signa  ferre, 
advance  the  standards,  advance; 
fertur,  it  is  said;  ferunt,  they  say. 

ferociter,  adv.  [ferox],  courageously, 
fiercely,  arrogantly. 

ferox,  gen.  ferocis,  adj.,  fierce,  high- 
spirited;  emboldened,  aggressive. 

ferreus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [ferrum],  of 

iron, 
ferrum,  -i,  n.,  iron;  sword, 
fertilis,  -e,  adj.,  fertile, 
ferus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  wild. 

fessus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  wearied,  tired, 

exhausted. 
festino,    -are,     -avi,     -atum,     intr. 

[festinus,  hasty],  hasten. 

fetialis,  -e,  adj.,  diplomatic,  fetial; 

suhst.,    fetialis,    -is,    m.,    a   fetial 

priest, 
fidelis,  -e,  adj.  [fides],  faithful. 

Fidenates,  -ium,  m.  pi.,  the  Fide- 
nates,  the  people  of  Fidenae  (a 
town  near  Rome). 

fides,  -ei,  /.,  faith,  confidence: 
faithfulness;  pledge. 

fido,  -ere,  fisus  sum,  intr.,   trust, 

rely  upon, 
filia,  -ae,  /.,  daughter, 
filius,  -i,  m.,  son. 

fingo,  fingere,  finxi,  fictum,  tr.,  form, 
fashion,  make  up. 

finio,    -ire,    -ivi,    -itum,    tr.    [finis], 

limit,  determine,  fix. 
finis,  finis,  -ium,  m.   and  /.,   end, 

limit;  pi.,  country,   territory. 

finitimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [finis], 
neighboring;  as  suhst.,  finitimi, 
-drum,  m.  pi.,  neighbors. 

fio,  fieri,  f actus  sum,  intr.,  become, 
be  made. 


34 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


firmo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [firmus], 
strengthen,  make  firm. 

firmus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  firm,  strong. 

flagito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  demand 
urgently,  demand. 

flamma,  -ae,  /.,  flame. 

flecto,  -ere,  flexi,  flexum,  tr.,  turn, 
bend. 

fleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etum,  intr'.,  weep, 
cry. 

fletus,  -us,  7n.  [fleo],  weeping, 
wailing. 

florens,  -entis,  adj.  [pr.  part,  of 
floreo],    flourishing,     prosperous. 

floreo,  -ere,  -ul,  — ,  intr.  [flos], 
blossom;  flourish,  be  prosperous, 
be  eminent. 

flos,  floris,  m.,  flower. 

fluctus,  -us,  711.  [fluo],  wave,  billow. 

flumen,  fluminis,  ??.  [fluo],  river. 

fluo,  -ere,  fluxi,  fluxum,  intr.,  flow. 

focus,  -i,  m.,  fire-place,  hearth. 

foedus,  foederis,  n.,  treaty,  alliance. 

folium,  -If  n.,  leaf. 

fons,   fontis,   m.,   spring,   fountain. 

foras,  adv.  [coynpare  foris],  out  of 
doors,  out. 

fore,  fid.  inf.  o/sum. 

foris,    -is,  /.,    door;   frequently    pJ. 

{with  reference  to  the  two  leaves  of 

a  double  door). 
forma,   -ae,  /.,    form,    appearance; 

beauty. 
formosus,    -a,    -um,    adj.    [forma], 

beautiful,  handsome. 

forte,  adv.  [abl.  of  fors,  chance], 
perhaps,  by  chance. 

fortis,  -e,  adj.,  strong;  brave,  vali- 
ant. 

fortiter,  adv.  [fortis],  bravely. 

fortitude,  -dinis,/.  [fortis],  fortitude, 

bravery. 
fortuna,  -ae,  /.  [fors],  fortune. 

forum,  -i,  n.,  an  open  space;  market- 
place; especially,  Forum  Roma- 
num,  the  Roman  Forum. 


forus,   -I,   m.,    gangway;   a  row  of 
seats  in  the  theatre  or  circus,  seats. 
fossa,  -ae,  /.  [fodio,  dig],  ditch. 

frango,    -ere,    fregi,    fractum,    tr., 
break;  weaken,  dishearten. 

frater,  fratris,  m.,  brother. 

fraternus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [frater],  of  a 
brother,  brotherly. 

fraus,  fraudis,  /.,  deceit,  deception, 
fraud. 

fremitus,  -us,  m.    [fremo,   roar],   a 
roar,  a  loud  noise. 

(frendo,  -ere,)  intr.,  only    in  pres. 
participle,  gnash   the  teeth. 

frequens,  -entis,  adj.,  crowded,  in 

numbers, 
f return,  -i,  n.,  a  strait,  channel, 
frigidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [frigus],  cold, 
frigus,  frigoris,   n.,   cold,   coldness. 

fructuosus,  -a,  -um,  adj.   [fructus, 
fruit],  fruitful,  productive. 

frugalitas,  -atis,/.  [frux],  thriftiness, 

frugality. 
frumentum,  -i,  n.  [fruor],  grain. 

fruor,  frui,  fructus  sum,  i^itr.  {takes 
ablative),  enjoy,  have  the  benefit  of. 

frustra,  adv.,  in  vain,  to  no  purpose. 

frux,   frugis,,  /.,   usually   pi.,   fruit, 

produce,  crops. 
Fucinus,  -i,  m.,  Fucinus,  a  lake  of 

Latium,  now  Lago  Fucino. 

Fufidius,  -i,  m.,  Fufidius,  a  friend  of 
L.  Cornelius  Sulla. 

fuga, -ae,/.,  flight. 

fugio,  -ere,  fugi,  fugitunis,  intr.,  flee. 

fugitivus,  -i,  m.  [fugio],  a  runaway, 

a  fugitive  slave. 
fugo,   -are,   -avi,  -atum,   tr.  [fuga], 

rout,  put  to  flight. 
fulmen,    -inis,    n.,    hghtning-flash, 

thunderbolt, 
fumus,  -i,  m.,  smoke. 

fundamentum,  -i,  n.  [fundo,  found], 

foundation. 
fundo,  -ere,  fudi,  fiisum,  tr.,  pour, 

pour  out;  rout,  defeat. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


35 


fundus,  -i,  m.,  farm,  estate. 

furor,    -oris,    m.    [fur5,    to    rage], 

madness,  fury, 
furtum,  -i,  n.  [fur,  thief],  theft. 
futurus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [Jut.  part,  of 

sum],  yet  to  be,  to  come,  future. 


Gabii,  -orum,  m.  -pi.,  Gabii,  a  town 

in  Latimn. 
Gabinius,  -i,  m.,  A.  Gabinius,  consul 

in  58  B.C. 
Gabinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Gabii; 

subst.,  Gaijii,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  the 

people  of  Gabii. 
Gaetuli,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  the  Gaetu- 

lians,    a    people    of    northwestern 

Africa. 
Gaius,  -i,  m.,  Gaius  (or  Caius),  a 

Roman  pracnomen. 

galea,  -ae,/.,  helmet. 
Gallia,  -ae,/.,  Gaul. 

Gallicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [Gallia],  of 

the  Gauls,  Gallic. 
Gallus,  -i,  m.,  a  Gaul;  pi.,  the  Gauls. 

Garunna  (less  correctly,  Garumna), 
-ae,  m.,  the  Garunna,  a  river  of 
Gaul,  now  called  the  Garonne. 

gaudeo,  -ere,  gavisus  sum,  semi- 
deponent,  intr.,  rejoice,  be  glad. 

gaudium,  -i,  n.,  joy,  gladness. 

gemini,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  twins. 

gemo,  -ere,  gemui,  — ,  intr.,  groan, 
lament. 

Genava,  -ae,  /.,  Genava,  a  city  on 
Lake  Geneva,  now  Geneva. 

gener,  -eri,  7n.,  son-in-law. 

generatim,  adv.  [genus],  by  kinds; 
by  tribes,  by  nations. 

gens,  gentis,  -ium, /.,  nation,  tribe. 

genu,  -us,  n.,  knee. 

genus,  generis,  n.,  race,  family, 
birth,  descent;  kind,  class. 

Germani,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  the 
Germans. 


Germanicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  the 
Germans,  Germanic. 

gero,  -ere,  gessi,  gestum,  tr.,  carry, 
carry  on,  wage;  wear;  wield. 

Geryon,  -onis,  7n.,  Geryon,  name  of 
a  Spanish  giant. 

gesto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [freq.  of 
gero],  bear,  carry,  wear. 

gigas,  -antis,  ?w.,  giant. 

gigno,  -ere,  genui,  genitus,  ir.,  give 
birth  to;  beget. 

gladius,  -i,  m.,  sword. 

Glauce,  -es,  /.,  Glauce,  daughter  of 

Creon. 

gloria,  -ae,  /.,  glory,  fame. 

glorior,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  intr. 
[gloria],  boast,  pride  oneself. 

gloriosus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [gloria], 
glorious,  famous,  renowned. 

Gnaeus,  -I,  m.,  Gnaeus,  ahbr.  Cn.,  a 
Roman  praenomen. 

Gorgo,  -onis,/.,  a  Gorgon. 

gradus,  -us,  m.,  step,  pace;  pi., 
steps,  stairs. 

Graeae,  -arum,  /.  pL,  the  Graeae. 

Graecia,  -ae,/.,  Greece. 

Graecus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Greek, 
Grecian;  subst.,  Graeci,  -drum, 
m.  pi.,  the  Greeks. 

Graioceli,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  the 
Graioceli,  a  Gallic  tribe  in  the  Alps. 

grandis,  -e,  adj.,  large,  extensive. 

graphium,  -i,  n.,  stylus,  pen. 

gratia,  -ae,  /.  [gratus],  favor,  influ- 
ence; gratitude,  thanks,  requital; 
gratias  agere,  to  express  thanks; 
gratiam  referre,  to  make  requital, 
to  requite;  gratia  {with  gen.),  for 
the  sake  of. 

gratulatio,  -onis,  /.  [gratulor],  re- 
joicing, joy. 

gratulor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  intr. 
[gratus],  manifest  joy,  congratu- 
late. 

gratus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  pleasing; 
grateful. 


36 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


gravis,  -e,  adj.,  heavy;  difficult. 

gravitas,  -atis,/.  [gravis],  heaviness; 
importance;  dignity. 

graviter,  adv.  [gravis],  heavily; 
severely;  with  dignity,  impres- 
sively. 

gravor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  intr.  [gravis], 
be  reluctant,  do  unwillingly, 

H 

habeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  tr.,  have, 
hold;  treat;  consider,  regard. 

habito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr. 
[freq.  of  habeo],  live,  dwell. 

Hades,  -ae,  m.,  Hades,  the  abode  of 
the  dead. 

Haeduus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Haeduan; 
subst.,  Haedui,  -drum,  in.  pL,  the 
Haedui,  the  Haeduans,  a  Gallic 
tribe. 

haereo,  -ere,  haesi,  haesurus,  intr., 
stick,  cling;  hesitate. 

haesito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr. 
[freq.  of  haereo],  stick  fast, 
remain  fixed,  hesitate. 

Hamilcar,  -aris,  m.,  Hamilcar,  a 
Carthaginian  general,  father  of 
Hannibal. 

Hamiibal,  -alis,  m.,  Hannibal,  a 
famous  Carthaginian  general,  son 
of  Hamilcar. 

Hammon,  -onis,  m.,  Hammon,  an 
Egyptian  god. 

Hanno,  -onis,  m.,  Hanno,  a  promi- 
nent Carthaginian. 

harena  {sometimes  spelled  arena), 
-Siejf.,  sand;  shore,  beach. 

Harpy iae,  -arum,  /.  pi.,  the  Harpies. 

Harudes,  -um,  m.  pi.,  the  Harudes, 
a  German  tribe. 

haruspex,  -ids,  m.,  soothsayer. 

Hasdrubal,  -alis,  w.,  (1)  Hasdrubal, 
a  Carthaginian  general,  son-in-law 
of  Hamilcar;  {2)  another  general 
of  the  same  name,  a  little  later  in 
time. 

hasta,  -ae, /.,  spear. 


haud,  adv.,  not  at  all,  by  no  means, 
not. 

haud-quaquam,  adv.,  by  no  means, 
not  at  all. 

haurio,  -ire,  hausi,  haustum,  tr., 
draw,  drain;  swallow. 

Helvetius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Helvetian, 
of  the  Helvetii;  subst.,  Helvetii, 
-orum,  m.  pi.,  the  Helvetii,  the 
Helvetians,  a  Gallic  people. 

herba,  -ae, /.,  herb;  grass,  turf. 

Hercules,  -is,  m.,  Hercules,  a 
famous  Greek  hero. 

heres,  -edis,  m.  andf.,  heir,  heiress. 

Herminius,  -i,  m.,  T.  Herminius,  a 
hero  of  the  early  Roman  Republic. 
heri,  adv.,  yesterday. 

Hesione,  -es,  /.,  Hesione,  daughter 
of  Laomedon. 

Hesperides,  -um,  /.  pL,  the  Hesperi- 

des. 

Hibemia,  -ae,/.,  Ireland. 

hibemus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  winter; 
subst.,  hibema,  -orum,  n.  pi., 
winter-quarters. 

hie,  haec,  hoc,  dem.  pron.,  this;  the 
latter;  the  following;  he,  she,  it. 
hie,  adv.,  here. 

hiemo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr. 
[hiems],  spend  the  winter,  winter. 

hiems,  hiemis,/.,  winter. 

Hierosolyma,  -orum,  n.  pi.,  Jeru- 
salem. 

hinc,  adv.  [hie],  from  this  place, 
hence. 

Hippolyte,  -es,  /.,  Hippolyte,  queen 
of  the  Amazons. 

Hispania,  -ae,  /.,  Spain. 

Hispanus,   -a,  -um,  adj.,   Spanish. 

historia,  -ae,  /.,  narrative,  history. 

hodie,  adv.  [hoc+die],  today. 

homo,  hominis,  m.,  a  man,  a  human 
being. 

honestas,  -atis,/.  [honor],  honesty, 
honor. 


A   JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


37 


honeste,  adv.  [honestus],  honorably, 

properly, 
honestus,    -a,    -um,    adj.    [honor], 

honorable;  honored,  eminent. 

honor,  -oris,  w.,  honor,  repute, 
esteem;  Honor,  -oris,  m.,  Honor 
personified  as  a  god. 

honorificus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [honor + 
facio],  honorable,  doing  honor. 

hora,  -ae,/.,  hour. 

Horatius,  -i,  m.,  Horatius;  (1)  the 
name  of  three  brothers  ivho  fought 
the  Alhan  Curiatii;  (2)  the  father 
of  the  three  Horatii;  {3)  Horatius 
Codes. 

horreo,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  intr.  and  tr., 
shudder,  shudder  at,  dread. 

horreum,  -i,  n.,  storehouse,  granary. 

horribilis,  -e,  adj.  [horreo],  terrible, 

fearful,  dreadful. 
hortor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,   tr.,   urge, 

encourage,  exhort. 

hortus,  -i,  m.,  garden. 

hospes,  -itis,  m.,  host,  guest;  friend, 
guest-friend. 

hospitium,  -i,  n.  [hospes],  hosp- 
itality. 

Hostilius,  -i,  m.,  (I)  Hostius  Hos- 
tilius,  a  Roman  commander  in  the 
time  of  Romulus;  (2)  Tullus 
Hostilius,  third  king  of  Rome. 

hostis,  hostis,  -ium,  m.,  enemy. 

hue,  adv.  [hie],  this  way,  to  this 
place. 

humanitas,  -atis,  /.  [humanus], 
culture;  kindness. 

humanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [homo], 
human;  kind. 

humi,  adv.  [locative  of  humus, 
ground],  on  the  ground. 

humilis,  -e,  adj.  [humus,  ground], 
low;  humble. 

Hydra,  -ae,  /.,  the  Hydra. 

Hylas,  -ae,  m.,  Hylas,  one  of  the 
Argonauts. 


ibi,  adv.,  there,  in  that  place. 

ictus,  -us,  m.,  blow,  stroke. 

idem,  eadem,  idem,  dem.  pron. 
[is+-dem],  the  same. 

ideo,  adv.,  for  that  reason,  therefore. 

idoneus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  suitable,  fit. 

idus,  iduum,  /.  pL,  the  Ides,  the 
middle  of  the  rnonth. 

igitur,  adv.,  therefore. 

ignavus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [in-+gnavus, 

busy],  inactive,  cowardly, 
ignis,  ignis,  -ium,  m.,  fire, 
ignore,   -are,   -avi,   -atum,   tr.,   not 

know,  be  unaware  of. 

ignosco,  -noscere,  -novi,  -notum, 
intr.  [in-  +  (g)n6sco,  know],  over- 
look, pardon. 

ille,  ilia,  illud,  dem.  pron.,  that;  the 
former;  he,  she,  it. 

illie,  adv.  [ille],  there,  yonder. 

illudo,  -ludere,  -lusi,  -lusum,  tr. 
[in+ludo,  play],  make  sport  of, 
ridicule. 

illustris,  -e,  adj.,  bright;  distin- 
guished, illustrious. 

illuvies,  — ,  ahl.  -e,  /.,  overflow; 
dirt,  filth. 

imber,  -bris,  m.,  rain,  storm. 

imbuo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utum,  tr.,  soak, 

steep. 
imitor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr.,  imitate, 

copy  after. 
immitto,  -mitteie,  -misi,  -missum, 

tr.  [in+mitto],  send  in,  let  in. 

immolo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [in+ 
mola,  meal],  sacrifice. 

immortalis,  -e,  adj.  [in-+mortalis], 
immortal. 

immotus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [in-+motus], 
unmoved,  unaffected. 

impedimentum,  -i,  n.  [impedio], 
hindrance;  pi.,  baggage. 

impedio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  tr.  [in+pes], 
hinder,  impede. 


38 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


impello,  -pellere,  -pulT,  -pulsum,  tr. 
iin+pello],  drive  forward;  impel, 
urge  on. 

impended,  -ere,  — ,  — ,  intr.  [im- 
pended, hang],  hang  over,  over- 
hang. 

imperator,  -oris,  m.  [impero],  gener- 
al, commander. 

imp  era  turn,  -i,  n.  [p.  part,  of 
impero],  command,  order. 

imperitus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [in-  4-  peri- 
tus],  inexperienced,  unskilled. 

imperium,  -i,  n.  [impero],  power, 
authority. 

impero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  and 
intr.  [in+par5],  command;  control. 

impetrq,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  and 
intr.  '  [in+patro,  perform],  gain, 
gain  one's  request. 

impetus,  -us,  m.  [in+peto],  attack, 
raid. 

impiger,  -gra,  -grum,  adj.  [in-+ 
piger,  lazy],  industrious,  energetic. 

impigre,  adv.  [impiger],  energeti- 
cally, industriously. 

impled,  -ere,  -evi,  -etum,  tr.  [in4- 
pleo,  fill],  fill,  fill  up. 

imploro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [in+ 
ploro,  wail],  implore,  beseech. 

impend,  -p5nere,  -posui,  -positum, 
tr.  [in+pono],  place  upon,  impose; 
put  on  board. 

importo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [m+ 
porto],  bring  in,  import. 

imprimis,  adv.  [in+abl.  pi.  0/ primus], 
especially,  chiefly.     — - 

improbus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [in-+ 
probus,  honest],  bad,  wicked. 

improviso,  adv.  [improvisus,  un- 
foreseen], unexpectedly. 

impugno,  -are,  -avi,  atum,  tr.  [in+ 
pugno],  attack,  assail. 

impune,  adv.  [compare  in-  and  poe- 
na, penalty],   with  impunity. 

impiinitas,  -atis,  /.  [compare  im- 
pune], impunitj^,  freedom  from 
punishment. 


imus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [contr.  for 
infimus,  superl.  of  inferus,  lower], 
lowest,  lowest  part  of,  base  of. 

in,  prep,  with  abl.  and  ace;  with  abl., 
in,  on;  with  ace,  into,  against. 

in-,  inseparable  negative  particle 
used  in  composition,  not,  un-, 
in-. 

in-ambul6,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr. 
walk  up  and  down. 

in-auditus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  unheard 
of,  unusual. 

incendium,  -i,  n.  [incendo],  fire, 
conflagration. 

incendo,  -cendere,  -cendi,  -censum, 

tr.,  set  fire  to,  burn;  irritate;  make 
angry. 

inceptum,  -i,  n.  [p.  part,  of  incipio], 
beginning;  attempt,  undertaking. 

incido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  — ,  intr.  [in-f 
cado],  fall  in,  fall  into. 

incipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptum,  tr. 
and  intr.  [in+capio],  begin. 

in-cito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.   [cito, 

rouse],  rouse,  incite,  instigate. 

include,  -cliidere,  -clusi,  -clusum, 
tr.  [in+claudo],  shut  up,  enclose. 

in-cognitus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  unknown. 

incola,    -ae,    m.     and    f.     [incolo], 

inhabitant,  resident. 
in-col6,     -colere,     -colui,     — ,     tr., 

inhabit. 
incolumis,  -e,  adj.,  unharmed,  safe. 

in-commodum,  -i,  n.,  inconvenience, 

misfortune,  loss. 
incredibilis,  -e,  adj.,  incredible. 

in-crepo,  -crepare,  -crepui,  -crepi- 
tum,  tr.,  resound;  upbraid. 

incumbo,  -cumbere,  -cubui,  -cubi- 
tum,  intr.,  lean  upon;  bend  to, 
apply  oneself  to. 

incuso,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [in+ 
causa],  accuse,  complain  of. 

inde,  adv.^  thence,  from  that  place; 
from  that  time,  then. 

index,  -dicis,  m.  and  /.,  informer, 
witness;  index,  sign. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


39 


indicium,  -i,  n.,  information,  dis- 
closure. 

in-dico,  -dicere,  -dixi,  -dictum,  tr., 
proclaim,  declare,  appoint. 

in-dictus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  (not  said), 
not  pleaded,  imheard. 

indignatid.  -onis,  /.  [indignor],  in- 
dignation. 

indignitas,  -atis,  /.  [indignus],  in- 
dignity, outrage. 

in-dignor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  intr.,  be 
indignant,  be  offended. 

in-dignus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  unworthy, 
undeserving. 

in-diico,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductum, 
tr.,  lead  in;  move,  induce. 

indulged,    -ere,    indulsi,    indultum, 

intr.,  be  indulgent,  be  favorable. 

induo,   -duere,    -dui,    -dutum,    tr., 

put  on. 
in-eo,  -ire,  -ii  {or  -ivi),  -itum,  tr., 

enter;  enter  upon,  form. 

inermis,  -e,  adj.  [in-+arma],  un- 
armed, defenceless. 

iners,  -ertis,  adj.  [in-+ars],  idle, 
inert,  indolent. 

in-fandus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  unspeak- 
able, shocking. 

iu-fans,  gen.  -fantis,  adj.,  without 
speech;  subst.,  m.  and  f.,  infant, 
babe. 

in-felix,  -felicis,  adj.,  unfortunate, 
unhappy. 

inferi,  -orum,  m.  -pi.  [inferus,  below, 
lower],  those  of  the  lower  world, 
the  dead,  the  shades. 

inferior,  -ius,  compar.  adj.,  lower; 
inferior. 

in-fero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latum,  tr., 
bring  upon,  cause;  allege;  bellum 
inferre,  make  war  on;  signa 
inferre,  advance  to  the  attack, 
aLtacii. 

infestus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  unsafe; 
hostile. 

inficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fecttim,  tr. 
[in+facio],  stain,  dye,  color. 


in-fiecto,   -flectere,  -flexi,  -fiexum, 
//•.,  bend,  bow. 

in-flo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  blow 
into,  inflate. 

.in-fluo,  -fluere,  -fliixi,  intr.,  flow 
into,  empty  into. 

in-formo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
shape,  mould;  instruct,  educate. 

infra,  prep,  with  ace,  below,  under- 
neath. 

in-fundo,  -fundere,  -fiidi,  -fusum, 
tr.,  pour  into,  pour  upon. 

ingenium,  -i,  n.,  intellect,  abihty, 
character;  disposition. 

ingens,  gen.  ingentis,  adj.,  huge, 
very  large,  very  great. 

ingenuus,   -a,   -um,   adj.,  free-born. 

ingredior,  -gredi,  -gressus  sum, 
tr.  and  intr.  [in+gradior,  step], 
step,  enter,  go  into,  advance. 

inimicitia,  -ae,/.  [inimicus],  enmity, 
hostility. 

inimicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [in-+amicus], 
unfriendly,  hostile;  subst.,  inimi- 
cus, -I,  m.,  an  enemy. 

iniquus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [in-+aequus], 
uneven;  unfair,  unjust. 

initium,  -i,  n.  [ineo],  beginning. 

injicio,  -jicere,  -jeci,  -jectum,  tr. 
[in+jacio],  throw  into,  hurl  upon; 
inspire  in,  cause. 

injuria,  -ae,  /.  [in-+jus],  injury; 
injuria,  unjustly. 

(in-jussus  -us)  m.  [in-+jube6],  only 
ahl.  injussu,  without  command, 
without  order. 

in-justus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  unjust. 

in-nascor,  -nasci,  -natus  sum,  ititr.^, 
be  born  in,  spring  up,  arise. 

in-nitor, -niti, -nixus  sum,  intr.,  lean 
upon,  support  oneself  by. 

innocentia,  -ae,  /.  [innocens,  harm- 
less, blameless],  honesty,  inno- 
cence. 

in-noxius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  harmless, 
innocent. 


40 


A   JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


inopia,  -ae,  /.  [inops],  want,  lack; 
poverty. 

in-opinans,  gen.  inopinantis,  adj. 
[in-+  jpres.  part,  of  oplnor,  sup- 
pose], not  expecting,  unawares, 
off  one's  guard. 

inops,  -opis,  adj.  [in-+ops],  poor, 
destitute. 

inquam,  inquis,  inquit,  intr.  defect., 
say,  employed  in  direct  quotations. 

in-sciens,  gen.  -scientis,  adj.,  un- 
knowing, without  knowledge,  un- 
aware. 

in-scius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  unknowing, 
unaware. 

in-sequens,  gen.,  -sequentis,  adj. 
[pres.  part,  o/insequor],  following, 
next. 

in-sequor,  -sequi,  -secutus  sum,  tr. 
and  intr.,  follow  after,  pursue, 
follow  up. 

insidiae,  -arum,  /.  pL,  snare;  am- 
buscade, ambush;  plot. 

insigne,  insignis,  -ium,  n.,  [insignis], 
badge,  decoration. 

insignis,  -e,  adj.  [in+signum],  noted, 
eminent,  distinguished. 

insilio,  -silire,  -silui,  — -,  intr. 
[in+salio,  leap],  leap  in,  leap  upon. 

insolenter,  adv.  [insolens,  insolent], 
haughtily,  insolently. 

inspergo,  -spergere,  -spersi,  -sper- 
sum,  tr.,  sprinkle  over. 

inspicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  -spectum, 

look  into,  look. 

instituo,  -stituere,  -stitui,  -stitutum, 
^/•.[in+statuo],  establish,  institute, 
appoint;  train. 

institutum,  -i,  n.,  custom,  usage. 

in-sto  -stare,  -stiti,  -staturus,  intr., 
approach,  be  at  hand;  press  on. 

instrumentum,  -i,  n.,  implement, 
tool;  as  collective  in  the  sing., 
implements,  tools. 

in-stnio,  -struere,  -struxi,  -struc- 
tum,  tr.,  draw  up,  arrange;  furnish, 
equip. 


insula,  -ae,  /.,  island. 

in-sum,  -esse,  -fui,  intr.,  be  in,  be 
upon. 

integer,  -gra,  -grum,  adj.,  un- 
touched, unhurt;  fresh,  vigorous. 

intellego,  -legere,  -lexi,  -lectum,  tr. 
[inter+lego],  perceive,  understand, 
know. 

in-tendo,  -tendere,  -tendi,  -tentum, 

tr.,  stretch;  bend,  aim. 

intentus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
intendo],  attentive,  intent. 

inter,  prep,  with  ace,  among, 
between. 

intercipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptum, 
tr.   [inter+capio],  intercept. 

intercludo,  -cludere,  -clusi,  -clusum, 
tr.  [inter -fclaudo],  cut  off. 

interdico,  -dicere,  -dixi,  -dictum,  tr., 
forbid,  interdict. 

interdiu,  adv.,  during  the  day,  by  " 

day. 

inter-dum,  adv.,  sometimes,  from 
time  to  time. 

inter-ea,  adv.,  meanwhile,  in  the 
meantime. 

interficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum,  tr. 
[inter+facio],  kill,  slay. 

interim,  adv.,  meanwhile,  in  the 
meantime. 

interimo,  -imere,  -emi,  -emptum, 
tr.  finter+emo,  take  out],  destroy, 
slay,  kill. 

interjicio,  -jicere,  -jeci,  -jectum,  tr. 
[inter+jacid],  throw  between,  in- 
terpose. 

inter-mitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -mis- 
sum,  tr.,  suspend,  interrupt;  let 
pass;  pass.,  intervene. 

internecio,  -5nis,  /.,  slaughter,  ex- 
termination. 

interpello,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
interrupt,  obstruct. 

interpres,  -etis,  m.,  interpreter. 

interpreter,  -arl,  -atus  sum,  tr. 
[interpres],  explain,  interpret. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


41 


inter-regnum,  -i,    n.,    interregnum. 

inter-rogo,  -are, -avi, -atum,  tr.,  ask, 
question. 

inter-s;im,  -esse,  -fui,  -futurus, 
intr.,  be  between,  lie  between;  be 
present  at,  attend. 

inter- vallum,  -i,  n.,  interval,  dis- 
tance. 

inter-venio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventum, 
intr.,  come  upon,  come  in. 

in-tolerabilis,  adj.,  intolerable,  un- 
bearable. 

intra,  prep,  with  ace,  within. 

intro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  enter. 

introitus,  -us,  m.  [introeO;  go  in], 
entrance. 

in-tueor,  -tueri,  -tuitus  sum,  tr., 
look  upon,  gaze  at;  protect, 
defend. 

in-undo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  over- 
flow, inundate. 

in-usitatus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  unusual, 
extraordinary. 

(I  m-veno,  -vehere,  -vexi,  -vectum, 
tr.,  carry  in;  pass.,  be  carried,  ride 
in. 

in-venio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventum, 
tr.,  find,  come  Upon. 

in-victus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  uncon- 
quered,  invincible. 

in-video,     -videre,     -vidi,     -visum, 

iyitr.,  env}^,  be  jealous  of. 

invidia,  -ae,  /.  [invidus,  envious], 
envy,  jealousy. 

invito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  invite. 

invitus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  unwilling. 

lolaus,  -i,  m.,  lolaus,  a  companion  of 
Hercules. 

lole,  -es,  /.,  lole,  daughter  of  Eury- 
tus. 

Iphicles,  -is,  m.,  Iphicles,  brother  of 
Hercules. 

ipse,  ipsa,  ipsum,  dem.  pron.,  self, 
himself,  herself,  itself;  pi.,  them- 
selves. 

ira,  -ae, /.,  anger,  wrath,  ire. 


iracundus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [ira], 
irritable,  passionate. 

iratus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  \p.  part,  of 
irascor],  angry,  angered. 

irrldeo,  -ridere,  -risi,  -risum,  intr. 
[in+rideo],  laugh  at,  jeer,  mock. 

irridicule,  adv.  [in-+ridicule,  ab- 
surd h^],  without  wit,  without 
humor. 

irrumpo,  -rumpere,  -rupi,  -ruptum, 
tr.  and  intr.  [in+rumpo,  burst], 
break  in,  rush  into,  burst  into. 

imio,  -mere,  -rui,  — ,  intr.,  rush  in, 
rush  upon. 

is,  ea,  id,  demonstr.  pron.,  this,  that; 
he,  she,  it. 

iste,  ista,  istud,  demonstr.  pron., 
that  of  3'ours,  that. 

Isthmus,  -i,  m..  the  Isthmus  (of 
Corinth). 

ita,  adv.,  so,  in  such  a  way,  thus. 

Italia,  -ae,  /.,  Italy. 

ita-que,  coiij.,  and  so,  accordingly, 
therefore. 

item,  adv.,  likewise,  also. 

iter,  itineris,  n.,  road,  march, 
journey. 

iterum,  adv.,  again,  a  second  time. 

J 

jaceo,  -ere,  jacui,  — -,  intr.,  he,  be 
prostrate. 

jacio,     jacere,     jeci,     jactum,     tr., 
'     throw,  cast,  hurl. 

jactatio,  -onis,  /.  [jacto],  tossing, 
motion. 

jacto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [freq.  of 
jacio],  toss  about;  discuss. 

jam,  adv.,  already,  now;  non  jam,  no 
longer. 

Janiculum,  -i,  n.,  the  Janiculum,  a 
hill  in  Rome,  iccst  of  the  Tiber. 

Janus,  -i,  ???.,  Janus,  the  Roman  god 
of  beginnings  and  of  doors  and 
entrances. 

Jason,  -onis,  7?i.,  Jason,  leader  of 
the  Argonauts. 


42 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


jocus,  -i,  71%.,  jest,  joke. 

juba,  -ae,  /.,  mane. 

Juba,    -ae,    m.,    Juba,    a    king    of 
Numidia. 

jubeo,  -ere,  jussi,  jussum,  tr., 
order,  command. 

jucundus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  pleasant, 
agreeable. 

Judael,  -onim,  m.  pi.,  the  Jews. 

judex,  -ids,  m.,  judge. 

judicium,  -i,  n.  [judex],  judgment; 
trial;  court. 

judico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [judex], 
judge,  decide. 

jugerum,  -i  (gen.  pi.  jugerum),  n., 
an  acre,  a  juger  (about  two-thirds 
of  an  English  acre). 

jugulum,  -i,  71.  [jugum],  throat,  neck. 

jugum,  -i,  n.,  yoke. 

Jugurtha,  -ae,  m.,  Jugurtha,  a  king 
of  Numidia. 

Jugurthinus,  -a,  -um,'  adj.,  of  or 
with  Jugurtha,  Jugurthine. 

Julia,  -ae,/.,  Julia,  a  wornan's  name. 

Julius,  -i,  m.,  see  Caesar. 

jumentum,  -i,  n.  [compare  jugum 
and  jungo],  draught -animal, 
beast  of  burden. 

jungo,  -ere,  junxi,  junctum,  tr., 
join,   fasten  together;  form. 

junior,  adj.  [compar.  of  juvenis], 
younger. 

Junius,  -i,  m.,  L.  Junius  Brutus, 
one  of  the  first  two  consuls  of  Rome. 

Juno,  -onis,  /.,  Juno,  queen  of  the 
gods. 

Juppiter,  Jovis,  m.,  Jupiter,  king  of 
the  gods. 

Jura,  -ae,  7n.,  the  Jura,  a  chain  of 
mountains  between  the  Rhine  and 
the  Rhone. 

juro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr.  [jus], 
swear,  take  oath. 

jus,  juris,  n.,  right,  law,  justice. 

jus  jiirandum,  juris  jurandi,  n.,  an 
oath. 


jussum,  -i,  n.  [p.  part,  of  jubeo], 
order,  command. 

(jussus,  -lis),  m.,  only  in  the  abl., 
jussu,  by  order,  command,  de- 
cree. 

jiistitia,  -ae,  /.  [Justus],  justice. 

jiistus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [jus],  just, 
upright. 

juvenis,  -is,  adj.,  young,  youthful; 
subst.  m.,  young  man,  a  youth. 

juvo,    -are,    juvi,    jutum,    tr.,  help, 

assist. 

juxta,  pre]),  with  ace,  next  to,  near. 

K 

Kal.,  abbr.  for  Kalendae,  -arum,  /. 
pi.,  the  Calends,  the  first  day  of 
each  month  in  the  Roman  calendar. 


L.,  abbr.  for  Lucius. 

Labienus,  -i,  m.,  Titus  Atius 
Labienus,  a?i  officer  in  Caesar's 
army. 

labor,  labi,  lapsus  sum,  intr.,  glide,. 

slip,  fall, 
labor,  -oris,  m.,  labor,  toil. 

laboriose,  adv.  [laboriosus,  toilsome], 
laboriously. 

laboro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr.  and 
tr.  [labor],  work;  suffer,  be  in 
pain;  be  in  difficulties;  labor  for. 

Lacedaemonius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Lace- 
daemonian, of  Lacedaemon  (a 
city  of  Laconia). 

lacesso,  -cessere,  -cessivi,  -cessi- 
tum,  tr.,  provoke,  challenge, 
attack. 

Laconia,  -ae,  /.,  Laconia,  a  country 
of  the  Peloponnesus. 

lacrima,  -ae,  /.,  tear. 

lacus,  -lis,  m.,  lake. 

laedo,  laedere,  laesi,  laesum,  tr., 
injure,  offend. 

laetitia,  -ae,  /.  [laetus],  joy,  happi- 
ness. 

laetor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  intr.  [laetus], 
rejoice,  be  delighted. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


43 


laetus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  jo^-ful,  happy, 
glad. 

laeva,  -ae,  /.   [laevus,  on  the  left 
side],  the  left  hand. 

Laomedon,  -ontis,  m.,  Laomedon, 
a  king  of  Troy. 

lapis,  lapidis,  m.,  stone. 

laqueus,  -i,  m.,  noose. 

Larcius,  -i,  w.,  Spurius  Larcius,  a 
hero  of  the  early  Roman  re-public. 

Larentia,  -ae,  /.,  Larentia,  wife  of 
Faustulus. 

largior,  -in,  -Ttus  sum,  tr.  and  intr. 
[largus,  abundant],  give  lavishly. 

largiter,  adv.  [largus,  abundant],  in 
abundance,  much. 

largitio,  -onis,  /.  [largior],  lavish 
giving,  generosity. 

Larissa,  -ae,  /.,  Larissa,  a  city  of 
Thessaly. 

Lars,  Lartis,  m.,  Lars  Porsena,  a 
king  of  Clusium. 

lassitudo,  -dinis,  /.  [lassus,  weary], 
weariness. 

late,  adv.  [latus],  widely,  far  and 
wide,  extensively. 

latebrae,  -arum,  /.  pi.  [lateo], 
hiding-place. 

lateo,  -ere,  latui,  — j  intr.,  lie  hid, 
be  hidden. 

Latine,  adv.  [Latinus],  in  Latin. 

Latini,  -orum,  m.  pi.  [Latinus,  adj.], 
the  Latins,  a  nation  of  central 
Italy. 

Latinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Latium, 
Latin. 

Latinus,  -i,  771.,  Latinus,  a  king  of 
the  Laurentines. 

latitude,  -dinis,  /.  [latus],  width. 

Latium,  -i,  n.,  Latium,  a  district  of 
ivest  central  Italy. 

Latobrigi,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  the  Lato- 
brigi,  a  German  tribe. 

latro,  -onis,  m.,  robber,  brigand. 

latus,   -a,   -um,  adj.,  wide,   broad. 

latus,  lateris,  n.,  side;  flank,  wing. 


laudo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [laus], 
praise,  laud. 

laurea,  -ae,  /.,  laurel-tree;  laurel 
wreath. 

Laurentes,  -um,  in.  pi.,  the  people 
of  Laurentum,   the  Laurentines. 

Laurentum,  -I,  n.,  Laurentum,  a 
town  of  Latium. 

laus,  laudis,  /.,  praise,  glory. 

■  Lavinia,  -ae,  /.,   Lavinia,   daughter 
of  King  Latinus. 

Lavinium,  -i,  n.,  Lavinium,  a  city 
of  Latium. 

lectica,  -ae,/.  [lectus],  a  litter,  sedan. 

lectus,  -i,  m.,  couch,  bed. 

legatio,  -onis,  /.  [lego,  appoint  as 
deputy],  embassy,  legation. 

legatus,  -i,  m.  [p.  part,  of  lego, 
appoint  as  deputy],  lieutenant, 
ambassador,  envoy. 

legio,  -onis,  /.,  legion. 

legionarius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [legio], 
legionary. 

legitimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [lex],  fixed 
by  law,  legal. 

lego,  legere,  legl,  lectum,  tr.,  collect; 
choose;  read. 

Lemannus,  -i,  m.,  Lake  Geneva. 

lenis,  -e,  adj.,  mild,  gentle. 

lenitas,  -atis,  /.  [lenis],  smoothness, 
gentleness. 

Lentulus,  -i,  m.,  P.  Cornehus 
Lentulus,  Cicero's  son-in-law. 

leo,  -onis,  m.,  Uon. 

Lernaeus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Lerna 
(a  marsh  near  Argos),  Lernaean. 

Lethe,  -es,  /.,  Lethe,  the  river  of 
forgctfulncss   in   the   lower   world. 

Leuci,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  the  Leuci,  a 
tribe  of  Celtic  Gaul. 

levis,  -e,  adj.,  Hght,  slight,  trifling, 
leviter,  adv.  [levis],  hghtly,  slightly, 
lex,  legis,  /.,  law. 

libenter,  adv.  [libens,  willing],  will- 
ingly, with  pleasure. 
liber,  libri,  m.,  book. 


44 


A   JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


liber,  libera,  liberum,  adj.,  free. 

liberalis,  -e,  adj.  [liber],  befitting  a 
freeman;  honorable,  liberal. 

liberalitas,  -atis,  /.  [liberalis],  gener- 
osity, liberality. 

liberator,  -oris,  m.  [libero],  liberator. 

libere,  adv.  [liber],  freely,  boldly. 

liberi,  -drum,  m.  pi.  [liber],  children. 

libero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [liber], 

set  free,  free,  liberate,  release. 
libertas,   -atis,  /.    [liber],  freedom, 

liberty. 

libertus,  -i,  m.  [liber],  freedman. 

Libya,  -ae,  /.,  Libya,  a  country  of 
northern  Africa. 

licentia,  -ae,  /.  [licens,  free],  free- 
dom, license;  boldness. 

liceor,  -eri,  licitus  sum,  intr.,  bid, 
make  a  bid. 

licet,  licere,  licuit,  impers.,  it  is 
■permitted,  it  is  allowed,  one  may. 

Lichas,  -ae,  m.,  Lichas,  a  com-, 
panion  of  Hercules. 

lictor,  -oris,  m.,  lictor. 

ligneus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [lignum],  of 
wood,  wooden. 

lignum,  -i,  n.,  wood,  firewood. 

Ligures,  -um,  m.  pi.,  the  Ligures, 
the  people  of  Liguria. 

Liguria,  -ae,  /.,  Liguria,  a  district  of 
northern  Italy. 

limen,  -inis,  n.,  threshold,  door. 

limus,  -i,  m.,  mud,  mire. 

Lingones,  -um,  m.  pi.,  the  Lingones, 
a  people  of  Celtic  Gaul. 

lingua,  -ae,  /.,  language,  tongue. 

linter,  -tris,/.,  boat,  skiff. 

Linus,  -i,  m.,  Linus,  a  centaur  who 
instructed  Hercules  in  music. 

Liscus,  -i,  m.,  Liscus,  chief  magis- 
trate of  the  Haedui. 

littera,  -ae,  /.,  a  letter  {of  the  alpha- 
bet); pi.,  a  letter,  an  epistle; 
literature. 

litteratus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [littera],  of 
letters,  learned,  educated. 


litus,  litoris,  7i.,  sea-shore,  beach. 

locus,  -i,  m.  {pi.  loca,  -orum,  n.), 
place. 

longe,  adv.  [longus],  far,  at  a  dis- 
tance; by  far. 

longinquus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [longus], 
remote,  distant;  lengthy,  long. 

longitude,  -inis,  /.  [longus],  length. 

longus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  long. 

loquor,  loqui,  locutus  sum,  intr., 
speak. 

lorum,  -i,  n.,  thong,  strap. 

Lucius,  -i,  m.,  Lucius,  a  Roman 
praenomen. 

Lucretia,  -ae,  /.,  Lucretia,  whose 
death  caused  the  expulsion  of  king 
Tarquin. 

luctor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  intr.,  wrestle, 
contend,  struggle. 

luctus,  -us,  m.  [lugeo,  mourn], 
sorrow,  mourning,  affliction. 

LucuUus,  -i,  m.,  L.  Licinius  Lucullus, 
a  noted  Roman  general  of  the  last 
century  B.C. 

Lucumo,    -onis,    m.,    Lucumo,    an 

Etruscan  name;  the  original  riame 
of  Tarquinius  Priscus. 

ludibrium,  -i,  n.  [compare  ludus], 
object  of  ridicule,  mockery. 

ludicrum,  -i,  n.  [compare  ludus], 
sport,    game;    public    exhibition. 

liidus,  -i,  m.,  game,  sport. 

lumen,  -inis,  n.  [compare  lux], 
light,  a  light. 

luna,  -ae,/.,  the  moon. 

lupa,  -ae,/.,  a  she-wolf. 

lux,  lucis,  /.,  light;  prima  luce,  at 
dawn. 

liixuriosus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [luxuria, 
luxury],  luxurious,  voluptuous. 

luxus,  -us,  m.,  luxury,  splendor. 

M 

M.,  abhr.  for  Marcus. 

Macedonia,   -ae,  /.,   Macedonia,   a 

country  of  southeastern  Europe. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


45 


macellum,  -i,  n.,  a  meat-market. 

maeror,  -oris,  m.  [maereo,  be  sad], 
mourning,  sorrow. 

maestus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [maereo,  be 
sad],  sad,  sorrowful. 

magicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  magical, 
magic. 

magis,  compar.  adv.,  more,  rather, 
magister,  -tri,  m.,  master,  teacher, 
magistratus,    -us,    m.     [magister], 
magistracy,  office;  magistrate. 

magnificus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [magnus+ 
facio],  splendid,  fine,  magnifi- 
cent. 

magnitudo,  -inis,  /.  [magnus],  size, 
magnitude. 

magnopere,  adv.  [magno+opere], 
greatly. 

magnus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  large,  great. 

Magnus,  -i,  in.,  the  Great,  a  cogno- 
men of  Cn.  Pompeius. 

majestas,  -atis,  /.  [major],  dignity, 
majesty. 

major,  majus,  adj.  [compar.  of 
magnus],  "larger,  greater;  major 
natu,  older;  suhst.,  majores,  -um, 
m.  pi.,  ancestors. 

male,  adv.  [malus],  badly,  ill;  coin- 
par,  pejus,  superl.  pessime. 

maleficium,  -i,  n.  [male+facio],  an 
evil  deed;  mischief,  injury. 

malo,  malle,  malui,  — ,  tr.  [magis+ 
volo],  prefer. 

malum,  -i,  n.  [malus],  evil;  misfor- 
tune. 

malus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  bad. 

mandatum,    -i,    n.     [p.    part,     of 
mando],  injunction,  command. 

mando,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [manus 
+do],  consign,  intrust. 

mane,  adv.,  in  the  morning,  early  in 

the  morning. 
maneo,  -ere,  mansi,  mansum,  intr., 

remain. 
manes,   -ium,    m.    pi.,    sl   departed 

spirit,  shade,  ghost. 


manifestus,  -a,  -um,  adj.;  clear, 
evident,  manifest. 

Manlius,  -i,  m.,  L.  Manlius  Vulso, 
consul  ill  256  B.C. 

mansuetudo,  -inis,  /.  [mansuetus, 
mild],  mildness,  gentleness,  clem- 
ency. 

manubiae,  -arum,  /.  pi.,  booty, 
prize-money. 

manus,    -us,   /.,    hand;    band    {of 

armed  men). 
Marcomannl,    -orum,    m.    pi.,    the 

]VIarcomanni,  a  German  tribe. 

Marcus,  -i,  m.,  IMarcus,  a  Roman 
praenomen. 

mare,  maris,  n.,  the  sea. 

maritus,  -i,  m.,  husband. 

Marius,  -i,  m.,  C.  IMarius,  a  famous 
Roman  general,  consul  seven  times, 
died  86  B.C. 

marmor,  -oris,  n.,  marble. 

Mars,  Martis,  m.,  the  Roman  god  of 

war. 

Martins,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [Mars],  of 
IVlars;  of  the  month  of  March; 
Campus  Martins,  the  Campus 
IVIartius,  an  open  field  and  drill- 
ground  in  Rome  o?i  the  hank  of  the 
Tiber. 

Masinissa,    -ae,    m.,    IVIasinissa,    a 

king  of  Numidia. 
Massiva,  -ae,  m.,  ]VIassiva,  grandson 

of  Masinissa. 

matara,  -ae, /.,  javelin,  pike. 

mater,  -tris,  /.,  mother. 

matrimonium,  -I,  n.  [mater],  mar- 
riage; in  matrimonium  dare,  give 
in  marriage,  arrange  a  marriage 
for;  in  matrimonium  ducere, 
marry. 

matrona,  -ae,  /.  [mater],  married 
woman,  wife,  matron. 

Matrona,  -ae,  /.,  the  river  Marne. 

mature,  adv.  [maturus],  early, 
quickly,  soon. 

mature,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr. 
[maturus],  set  about  early,  hasten. 


46 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


maturus,  -a,  -um,  adj.f  full  grown, 
mature,  ripe. 

maxime,  superl.  adv.  [maximus],  in 
the  highest  degree,  most,  especi- 
ally, exceedingly. 

maximus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [superlative 
of  magnus],  largest,  greatest. 

Medea,  -ae,  /.,  Medea,  wife  of 
Jason. 

medicamentum,  -i,  n.  [medeor, 
heal],  drug,  antidote. 

medicina,  -ae,  /.  [medeor,  heal],  the 
healing  art,  medicine. 

medicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [medeor, 
heal],  of  healing,  medical. 

medicus,  -i,  m.  [medicus,  medical], 
physician,  surgeon. 

mediocriter,  adv.  [mediocris,  medi- 
um], moderately,  shghtly. 

meditor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  intr.  and 
tr.,  reflect;  meditate,  plan. 

medium,  -i,  n.  [medius],  the  middle, 
the  intervening  space. 

medius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  middle, 
intervening,  middle  of. 

Medusa,  -ae,  /.,  Medusa,  a  Gorgon. 

melior,  -ius,  adj.  [co?7ipar.  of  bonus], 
better. 

membrum,  -i,  n.,  hmb,  member. 

memim,  in/in.  meminisse,  defect.,  tr., 
remember. 

memoria,  -ae,  /.,  [memor,  mindful], 
memory,  remembrance. 

memoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr. 
[memor,  mindful],  mention,  re- 
count, relate. 

Menenius,  -i,  m.,  Menenius  Agrip- 
pa,  a  prominent  Roman  of  the 
early  Republic. 

mens,  mentis,/.,  the  mind, 
mensa,  -ae,  /.,  table. 

mensis,  mensis,  -ium  or  -um,  m., 

month. 

mentio,  -onis,  /.,  mention. 

mercator,  -oris,  m.  [mercor,  to 
trade],  trader,  merchant. 


mercemiarius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [mer- 
ces],  hired,  paid;  subst.,  mercen- 
narius,  -i,  m.,  hired  servant. 

merces,  -edis,  /.,  hire,  pay,  fee. 

Mercurius,  -i,  m.,  Mercury,  mes- 
senger of  the  gods  and  god  of 
traders. 

mereo,  -ere,  merui,  meritum,  atid 
mereor,  -eri,  meritus  sum,  tr.  and 
intr.,  be  deserving,  deserve,  merit. 

mergo,  -ere,  mersi,  mersum,  tr., 
plunge,  sink. 

meridies,  -ei,  m.  [medius+dies], 
mid-day,  noon;  the  south. 

meritum,  -I,  n.  [p.  part,  of  mereo], 
merit,  desert. 

meritus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
mereo],  due,  deserved,  just. 

merx,  mercis,  /.,  goods,  merchan- 
dise. 

Messala,  -ae,  m.,  M.  Valerius 
Messala,  consul  in  61  B.C. 

-met,  an  enclitic  suffix,  self,  own. 

Metellus,     -i,     m.,     Q.     Caecilius 

Metellus    Numidicus,    consul    in 

109  B.C. 

metior,  -iri,  mensus  sum,  tr., 
measure;  deal  out,  distribute. 

Metius,  -i,  m.,  M.  Metius,  employed 
by  Julius  Caesar  as  an  envoy  to 
Ariovistus. 

Mettius,  -I,  m.,  Mettius  Fufetius, 
an  Alban  dictator. 

metuo,  -ere,  metui,  — ,  tr.  [metus], 
fear,  dread. 

meus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [me],  my,  mine. 

migro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr., 
migrate,  remove. 

miles,  militis,  m.,  soldier. 

militaris,  -e,  adj.  [miles],  military. 

milito,     -are,     -avi,     -atum,     intr. 

[miles],  serve  as  a  soldier,  wage 

war. 

mille,  num.  adj.  (pi.  milia,  -ium, 
neuter  noun),  thousand. 

millies,  adv.  [mille],  a  thousand 
times. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


47 


minae,  -arum,  /.  pi.,  threats. 

Minerva,  -ae,  /.,  Minerva,  the 
goddess  of  wisdom. 

minime,  superl.  adv.  [minimus], 
least,  very  little;  by  no  means, 
not  at  all. 

minimus,  -a,  -um,  ndj.  [superl.  of 
parvus],  least,  smallest,  very 
small;  youngest. 

ministerium,  -i,  n.  [minister,  ser- 
vant], office,  service,  labor. 

minitor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr.  [freq.  of 
minor,  threaten],  threaten,  men- 
ace. 

minor,  minus,  adj.  [compar.  of 
parvus],  less,  smaller;  minor  natu, 
younger. 

Minos,  -ois,  m.,  IMinos,  a  judge  in 
the  lower  world. 

Mmtumae,  -arum,  /.  pi,  Mintur- 
nae,  a  city  of  Latiuni. 

Minucius,  -i,  m.,  M.  Minucius 
Rufus,  master  of  horse  in  217  B.C. 

minuo,  -ere,  minui,  minutum,  tr., 
diminish,  weaken,  impair. 

minus,  adv.  [neut.  of  minor],  less. 

Minyae,  -arum,  m.  pi.,  the  Minyae, 
neighbors  of  the  Thebans. 

mirabilis,  -e,  adj.  [miror],  wonder- 
ful. 

miraculum,  -i,  n.  [miror],  marvel, 
miracle. 

miror,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr.  and  intr. 
[minis],  be  astonished;  wonder  at. 

minis,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  wonderful, 
strange. 

miser,  -era,  -erum,  adj.,  unhappy. 

misericordia,  -ae,  /.  [misericors, 
compassionate],  pity,  compassion. 

miseror,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr.  [miser], 
lament,  bewail. 

Mithridates,  -is,  m.,  Mithridates,  a 

king  of  Ponius. 

Mithridaticus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  or 
with  Mithridates,  Mithridatic. 

mitis,  -e,  adj.,  mild,  gentle,  kind. 


mitto,  -ere,  misi,  missum,  tr.,  send, 
hurl. 

moderatio,  -onis,/.  [moderor,  to  con- 
trol], moderation,  self-control. 

modo,  adv.  [ahl.  of  modus],  only, 
merely;  a  Uttle  while  ago,  recently. 

modus,  -1,  m.,  manner,  kind,  way; 
limit,  measure. 

moenia,  -ium,  n.  pi.,  walls  {of  a  city). 

mola,  -ae,  /.,  meal,  coarse  flour. 

moleste,  adv.  [molestus],  with  dif- 
ficulty, with  vexation;  moleste 
ferre,  to  be  annoyed. 

molestia,  -ae,  /.  [molestus],  vexa- 
tion, annoyance. 

molestus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [moles,  a 
load],  troublesome,  annoying. 

molimentum,  -i,  n.  [molior,  make 
exertion],  trouble,  effort. 

mollis,  -e,  adj.,  soft. 

molo,  -ere,  molui,  molitum,  tr. 
[mola],  grind;  molitus,  -a,  -um, 
p.  part,  as  adj.,  ground. 

Molo,  see  ApoUonius. 

moneo,  -ere,  monui,  monitum,  tr., 
warn,  advise. 

monitus,  -us,  m.  [mone5],  admoni- 
tion, advice. 

mons,  montis,  -ium,  m.,  mountain. 

monstro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [nion- 
strum],  show,  exhibit;  point  out. 

monstrum,  -i,  n.  [moneo],  a  divine 
omen,  portent;  monster. 

mora,  -ae, /.,  delay. 

morbus,  -i,  m.,  sickness,  disease. 

morded,   -ere,   momordi,   morsum, 

tr.,  bite. 
moribundus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [morior], 

dying. 
morior,  mori,  mortuus  sum,  intr.,  die. 
moror,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr.  and  intr. 

[mora],  delay,  linger;  hinder, 
mors,  mortis,/.,  death. 
mortalis,   -e,   adj.    [mors],    mortal; 

subst.,  mortalis,  -is,  m.,  a  mortal, 

a  person. 


48 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


mortifer,  -era,  -enim,  adj.  [mors+ 
fero],  death-dealing,  deadly. 

mortuus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
morior],  dead. 

mos,  moris,  m.,  custom. 

motus,  -us,  m.  [moveo],  movement; 
disturbance,  tumult. 

moved,  -ere,  movi,  motum,  tr.,  move. 

mox,  adv.,  soon,  presently. 

mugio,  -ire,  -ivi,  — ,  intr.,  low,  bel- 
low. 

mugitus,  -us,  m.  [mugio],  lowing, 
bellowing. 

muliebris,  -e,  adj.  [mulier],  of  a 
woman. 

mulier,  -eris, /.,  woman. 

multitude,  -inis,  /.  [multus],  multi- 
tude. 

multo,  adv.  [abl.  of  multum],  by 
much,  much,  by  far,  far. 

multo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [multa^ 
a  fine],  punish,  fine. 

multum,  adv.  [ace.  of  multum], 
much,  greatly. 

multus,   -a,   -um,    adj.,    much;    pi. 

many;    subst.,    multum,    -i,    n., 

much, 
munio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  tr.  [moenia], 

fortify,   protect;   build    (a  road). 

miinitio,  -onis,  /.  [munid],  fortifica- 
tion, intrenchment. 

munus,  muneris,  n.,  service,  duty; 
present,  gift. 

mums,  -i,  m.,  wall. 

musica,  -ae, /.,  music, 

muto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [freq.  of 
moveo],  change. 

mutuus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [muto],  mu- 
tual. 

Mysia,  -ae,  /.,  Mysia,  a  district  of 
Asia  Minor. 

Mytilenae,  -arum,  /.  pL,  Mytilene, 
a  city  on  the  island  of  Lesbos. 

nam,  conj.,  for. 

nam-que,  conj.,  for,  for  in  fact; 
inasmuch  as. 


nanciscor,  -i,  nactus  sum,  tr.,  get, 
obtain;  meet  with,  find. 

narro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  tell, 
relate. 

nascor,  -i,  natus  sum,  intr.,  be  born; 
arise,  grow. 

Nasua,  -ae,  m.,  Nasua,  a  leader  of 
the  Suebi,  a  German  tribe. 

nasus,  -i,  m.,  nose. 

natio,  -onis,  /.  [nascor],  race, 
nation,  people. 

nato,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr.  [freq. 
of  no,  swim],  swim,  float. 

natura,  -ae,  /.  [nascor],  nature. 

naturalis,  -e,  adj.  [natura],  of  nature, 
natural. 

naufragium,  -i,  n.  [compare  navis 
and  frango],  shipwreck. 

nauta,  -ae,  m.  [for  navita;  compare 
navis],  sailor. 

nauticus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [nauta], 
naval,  nautical. 

navalis,  -e,  adj.  [navis],  of  ships, 
nautical,  naval. 

navicula,  -ae,  /.  [dirn.  of  navis], 
boat,  skiff. 

navigo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr. 
[navis+ago],  sail,  navigate. 

navis,  navis,  -ium, /.,  ship,  boat. 

-ne,  enclitic  particle  employed  as  the 
sign  of  a  direct  question  that  may 
be  answered  by  "yes''  or  "no'\ 

ne,  conj.,  that  .  .  .  not,  in 
order  that  .  .  .  not;  after 
words  of  fear,  that;  as  adv.,  not; 
ne  .  .  .  quidem,  not  even, 
not     .     .     .     either. 

necessario,  adv.  [abl.  of  necessari- 
um],  unavoidably,  necessarily. 

necessarius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [necesse], 
necessary,  unavoidable,  pressing; 
subst.,  necessarii,  -orum,  m.  pi., 
connections,  kinsmen. 

necesse,  indecl.  adj.,  necessary. 

necessitudo,  -inis,  /.  [necesse], 
close  relationship,  intimacy. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


49 


nec-ne,  adv.,  or  not,  used  in  double 
questions. 

neco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [nex], 
kill,  put  to  death. 

nefastus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [nefas, 
wrong,  crime],  unhallowed;  dies 
nefastus,  a  day  not  open  to  the 
transaction  of  state  business. 

neglego,  -legere,  -lexi,  -lectum,  tr. 
[nec+lego],  disregard,  neglect, 
slight. 

nego,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  andintr., 
say  no,  say  that  not;  refuse,  deny. 

negdtium,  -i,  n.  [nec+otium],  busi- 
ness; matter,  affair,  task;  diffi- 
culty, trouble. 

Nemaeus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Nemean,  of 
Nemea  (a  city  of  Argolis). 

Nemetes,  -um,  m.  pL,  the  Nemetes, 
a  German  tribe. 

nemo,  dat.  nemini,  ace.  neminem, 
no  gen.  or  abl.,  m.  and  f.  [ne+ 
homo],  no  one. 

nepos,  -Otis,  m.,  grandson. 

Neptunus,  -i,  m.,  Neptune,  god  of 
the  sea. 

ne-quaquam,  adv.,  by  no  means,  not 
at  all. 

ne-que,  conj.,  nor,  and    .   .    .    not. 

nervus,  -i,  m.,  sinew,  muscle,  power, 
strength. 

ne-scio,  -ire,  -ivi,  — ,  tr.,  not  know, 
be  ignorant. 

Nessus,  -i,  m.,  Nessus,  a  centaur. 

neuter,  -tra,  -trum,  pronom.  adj. 
[ne+uter],  neither. 

ne-ve,  conj.,  and  that  not,  and  not. 

nex,  necis,  /.,  death,  murder. 

ni,  C071J.,  if  not,  unless. 

niger,  -gra,  -grum,  adj.,  black. 

nihil,  indecl.,  n.  [ne+hilum,  a  shred], 
nothing. 

nihilum,  -i,  n.  [ne+hilum,  a  shred], 
nothing;  esp.  in  the  abl.  with  a 
compar.,  e.g.  nihilo  minus,  none 
the  less. 


Nilus,  -i,  m.,  the  river  Nile, 
nimbus,  -i,  m.,  rain-storm;  thunder- 
cloud. 

nisi,  conj.  [ne+si],  unless,  if  not; 
adv.,  except. 

niter,  -i,  nixus  or  nisus  sum,  intr., 
lean;  strive;  rely,  depend  upon. 

nix,  nivis, /.,  snow. 

nobilis,  -e,  adj.  [n5tus],  famous,  well 
known;  noble;  subst.,  nobiles, 
-ium,  m.  pi.,  the  nobles,  the 
nobility. 

nobilitas,  -atis,  /.  [nobilis],  high 
birth;  collect.,  the  nobility,  the 
nobles. 

noceo,  -ere,  nocui,  nocitum,  intr., 
injure. 

noctu,  adv.  [nox],  at  night,  by  night. 

noctumus,     -a,     -um,     adj.     [nox], 

nightly,     at     night,     night      {as 

adjective). 
nolo,    nolle,    nolui,    tr.    and    intr. 

[ne+volo],   be   unwilling,    not   to 

wish. 

nomen,  -inis,  n.,  name, 
nominatim,  adv.  [nomino],  by  name, 

in  detail. 
nomino,     -are,     -avi,     -atum,     tr. 

[nomen],  call  by  name,  mention. 

non,  adv.,  not. 

nonaginta,  indecl.  num.,  ninety, 
non-dum,  adv.,  not  yet. 
non-niillus,    -a,    -um,    adj.,    some, 

several. 
non-numquam,     adv.,      sometimes, 

a  few  times. 
Noreia,  -ae,  /.,   Noreia,  a  town  of 

Noricum,  now  Neumarkt. 

Noricus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Noricum 
(a  district  south  of  the   Danube). 

nos,  pi.  of  ego. 

noster,  -tra,  -trum,  adj.  [nos],  our, 
ours. 

notus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
nosco,  learn,  know],  kno^Ti,  fa- 
miliar. 


50 


A   JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


novem,  indecl.  num.,  nine. 

novitas,  -atis,  /.  [novus],  newness, 
novelty. 

novus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  new;  superl., 
last,  latest;  novissimum  agmen, 
the  rear  line  {of  an  army) ;  subst., 
novissimi,  -drum,  m.  pi.,  those 
in  the  rear  line,  the  rear  Une. 

nox,  noctis,  -ium,/.,  night. 

noxa,  -ae,  /.  [noceo],  harm,  injury. 

nubes,  nubis,  -ium,/.,  cloud. 

nubo,   -ere,   nupsi,   nuptum,   intr., 

cover,  veil;  of  a  bride,  veil  oneself, 

marry,  be  married. 

nudus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  naked,  bare. 

nuUus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  no,  none. 

num,  interrog.  particle,  introducing  a 
question  expecting  a  negative  an- 
swer; with  indirect  questions, 
whether. 

Numa,  -ae,  m.,  Numa  Pompilius, 
second  king  of  Rome. 

numerus,  -i,  m.,  number. 

Numida,  -ae,  m.,  a  Numidian,  an 
inhabitant  of  Numidia. 

Numldia,  -ae,/.,  Numidia,  a  country 

of  nortJiern  Africa. 
Numitor,  -oris,  m.,  Numitor,  a  king 

of  Alba. 
nummus,  -i,  m..,  a  coin. 
numquam,       adv.       [ne+umquam], 

never. 

nunc,  adv.,  now. 

nuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [nun- 
tius],  announce,  report. 

nuntius,  -i,  m.,  messenger,  message. 

nuper,  adv.,  newly,  lately,  recently. 

nuptiae,  -arum,  /.  pi.  [nubo], 
marriage,  wedding. 

nusquam,  adv.  [ne+usquam],  no- 
where. 

nutrio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  tr.,  nourish, 
nurse. 

nutus,  -us,  m.  [nuo,  nod],  a  nod; 
hint. 

nympha,  -ae,  /.,  nymph. 


ob,  prep,  with  ace,  on  kccount  of. 

ob-aeratus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [ob+aes], 
debtor. 

objicio,  -jicere,  -jeci,  -jectum,  tr. 
[ob+jacio],  throw  before,  throw 
to,  offer,  expose;  set  against, 
oppose. 

ob-lino,  -linere,  levi,  -litum,  tr., 
daub,  smear  over. 

obliviscor,  oblivisci,  oblltus  sum,  tr., 
forget. 

ob-noxius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  liable, 
exposed. 

obscuro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr. 
[obscurus],   darken,    cover,    hide. 

obscurus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  dark,  dim. 

obsecro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [ob+ 
sacro,  make  sacred],  entreat, 
implore. 

ob-sero,  -serere,  -sevi,  -situm,  tr., 
plant;  cover,  fill. 

ob-servo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
watch,  heed,  observe. 

obses,  obsidis,  m.,  hostage. 

obsideo,  -sidere,  -sedi,  -sessum,  tr. 
[ob+sedeo],  beset,  besiege,  block, 
blockade. 

obsidio,  -onis,  /.  [ob+sedeo],  siege, 
blockade, 

ob-signo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  seal, 

seal  up. 
ob-sisto,    -sistere,    -stiti,    -stitum, 

intr.,  resist,  oppose, 

obsonium,  -i,  n.,  victuals,   viands. 

ob-stringo,  -stringere,  -strinxi, 
-strictum,  tr.,  bind;  lay  under 
obligations. 

ob-struo,  -struere,  -struxi,  -struc- 
tum,  tr.,  stop  up,  bar. 

obtineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  tentum,  tr. 
[ob+teneo],  hold,  possess. 

obtrectator,  -oris,  m.  [obtrecto, 
disparage],   traducer,   disparager. 

ob-venio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventum, 
intr.,  come  to,  befall;  fall  to  the 
lot  of. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


51 


ob-viam,  adv.,  in  the  way,  to  meet. 

ob-volvo,  -volvere,  -volvi,  -volutum, 
tr.,  wrap  round,  enfold. 

occasio,  -onis,  /.  [ob+cado],  oppor- 
tunity, occasion,  chance. 

occasus,  -us,  m.  [ob+casus],  falHng 
down,     setting;     solis     occasus, 

sunset. 

occido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -casum,  intr. 
[ob+cado],  fall;  set  (applied  to  the 
sun);  occidens,  -entis,  pres.  part, 
as  adj.,  setting. 

occido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisum,  tr. 
[ob+caedo],  cut  down,  kill. 

occulto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  \jrcq.  of 
occulo,  hide],  hide,  keep  con- 
cealed. 

occultus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
occulo,  hide],  hidden,  concealed; 
suhst.  n.,  in  occulto,  in  secret. 

occupo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  seize. 

occurro,  -currere,  -curri,  -cursum, 
intr.  [ob+curro],  run  to  meet,  meet. 

Oceanus,  -i,  m.,  the  Ocean. 

Ocelum,  -i,  n.,  Ocelum,  a  town  on 
the  western  edge  of  Cisalpine  Gaul. 

Octavianus,  -i,  m.,  Octavian,  grand- 
nephew  of  Julius  Caesar,  better 
known  as  the  Emperor  Augustus. 

Octavius,  -i,  w.,  Octavius  Mamilius, 
a  leader  among  the  early  Latin 
peoples. 

octo,  indecl.  num.,  eight. 

octoginta,  indecl.  num.,  eighty. 

oculus,  -i,  m.,  eye. 

odi,  odisse,  osurus,  defect.,  tr.,  hate. 

odium,  -i,  n.  [odi],  hatred. 

odor,  -oris,  m.,  smell,  odor. 

Oechalia,  -ae,/.,  Oechalia,  a  town  of 
Euboea. 

Geneus,  -i,  m.,  Oeneus,  father  of 
Deianira. 

Oeta,  -ae,  /.,  Oeta,  a  mountain  in 
Thessaly. 

offendd,  -fendere,  -fendl,  -fensum, 
tr.  [ob+-fendo,  strike],  offend. 


offensio,  -onis,  /.  [offendo],  offense. 

offeroj^  -ferre,  obtuli,  oblatum,  tr. 
[oB+ferol,  bring  before,  offer. 

officium,  -i,  n.  [opus+facio],  duty, 
service. 

olim,  adv.,  formerly,  once  upon  a 
time. 

Olympus,  -i,  w.,  Olympus,  a  moun- 
tain on  the  frontiers  of  Macedonia 
and  Thessaly. 

omen,  -inis,  n.,  omen. 

omitto,   -ere,    omisi,  omissum,    tr. 
[ob+mitto],  let  go;  neglect. 

omnino,  adv.  [omnis],  altogether, 
entirely,  at  all;  only. 

omnis,  -e,  adj.,  all. 

onero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [onus,  a 

burden],  load,  fill. 

onustus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [onus,  a 
burden],  loaded,  burdened. 

opera,  -ae,/.  [opus],  effort,  labor,  toil. 

operarius,  -i,  m.  [opera],  laborer, 
workman. 

operio,  -ire,  operui,  opertum,  tr., 
cover,  cover  over,  conceal. 

opinio,  -onis,  /.  [opinor,  suppose], 
opinion;  expectation. 

oportet,  oportere,  oportuit,  impers., 
it  is  necessary,  it  is  proper,  one 
must,  one  ought. 

oppidani,  -orum,  m.  pi.  [oppidum], 
townspeople,  inhabitants  of  a 
town. 

oppidum,  -i,  n.,  town. 

opportune,  adv.  [opportunus],  fitly, 
opportunely. 

opportunus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [ob-f- 
portus],  fit,  seasonable,  oppor- 
tune. 

opprimo,  -primere,  -pressi,  -pres- 
sum,  tr.  [ob+premo],  press  down, 
weigh  down,  overwhelm,  over- 
power. 

oppugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [ob+ 
pugno],  attack. 

ops,  opis,  /.  power;  pi.,  resources, 
influence. 


52 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


optime,  swperl.  adv.  [optimus],  best. 
optimus,   -a,  -um,   adj.    {swperl.   of 

bonus),  best. 
opus,  operis,  n.,  work,  task,  need, 
oraculum,  -i,  n.  [oro],  oracle, 
oratio,  -onis,  /.  [oro],  oration, 
orator,  -oris,  m.  [oro],  orator, 
orbis,  orbis,  -ium,  m.,  ring,  circle; 

orbis    terrarum,    the    earth,    the 

world. 
Orcus,  -i,  w.,  Orcus,  the  lower  world. 
ordo,  ordinis,  tn.,  order,  rank. 
Orgetorix,    -igis,    m.,    Orgetorix,    a 

Helvetian  chieftain. 
origo,  originis,  /.  [orior],  origin, 
orior,  oriri,  ortus  sum,  intr.,   rise, 

arise;  break  out;  oriens,  -entis, 

'pres.  -part,  as  adj.,  rising. 
ornamentum,  -i,  n.    [orno],   equip- 
ment; mark  of  honor,  ornament, 
orno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  fit  out, 

furnish,  equip;  adorn. 
oro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [os],  beg, 

entreat,  ask  for. 
Orpheus,  -i,  m.,  Orpheus,  a  famous 

musician  of  Thrace. 

OS,  oris,  n.,  mouth. 

osculor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr.  [oscu- 

lum],  to  kiss. 
osculum,  -i,  n.  [os],  a  kiss. 
ostendo,  -tendere,  -tendi,  -tentum, 

tr.   [ob+tendo],  show,  point  out. 

Ostia,  -ae,  /.,   Ostia,  a  city  at  the 

mouth  of  the  Tiber. 
ostium,  -i,  n.    [compare   os],   door; 

mouth,  entrance, 
otiosus,  -a,   -um,   adj.    [otium],   at 

leisure,  unoccupied. 

otium  -i,  n.,  peace,  quiet. 

P 

P.,  abhr.'for  Publius. 

pabulum,    -i,    n.    [compare    pasco], 

food,  pasturage,  fodder. 
paciscor,  pacisci,  pactus  sum,  intr., 

bargain,  agree. 


paco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [pax], 
pacify,  subdue. 

pactio,  -onis,  /.  [paciscor],  agree- 
ment, bargain. 

paene,  adv.,  nearly,  almost. 

pagus,  -i,  m.,  district,  canton, 
division. 

palaestra,  -ae,  /.,  wrestling-place, 
place  of  exercise. 

palam,  adv.,  openly,  pubhcly,  plain- 

ly. 

Palatium,  -i,  n.,  the  Palatine  hill, 

one  of  the  seven  hills  of  Rome. 

paliidamentum,  j^i,  n.,  military 
cloak. 

palus,  -udis,  /.,  swamp,  marsh. 

pando,  -ere,  pandi,  passum,  tr., 
spread  out,  stretch  out. 

papaver,  -eris,  n.,  a  popp3\ 

par,  paris,  oAj.,  equal,  like. 

paratus,  -a,  -um,   adj.  [p.    part,  of 

paro],  prepared,  ready. 
parco,  -ere,  peperci,  parsiirus,  intr. 

{takes  dative),   spare,   treat   with 

forbearance, 
parcus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [parco],  sparing, 

frugal. 
parens,  parentis,  m.  and  f.  [pario], 

parent. 
pareo,  -ere,  parui,  — ,  intr.,  obey, 
pario,  -ere,  peperi,  partum,  tr.,  bring 

forth,  give  birth  to,  produce. 

pariter,  adv.  [par],  equally,  in  like 

manner,  as  much, 
paro,  -are,  -avi,  -atimi,  tr.,  prepare; 

obtain,  get. 
parricidium,   -i,   n.    [compare   pater 

and  caedo],  parricide,  murder  of  a 

father. 
pars,  partis,  -ium,/.,  part;  direction. 
Parthi,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  the  Parthians, 

a  people  of  Asia: 
partus,   -lis,   m.    [pario],  a   bearing, 

birth. 
parum,  adv.,  too  little,  insufficiently, 
parvus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  small. 


A   JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


53 


pasco,    pascere,    pavi,    pastum,  tr., 

supply    with    food,    feed;    pass., 

graze,  feed. 
passim,  adv.  [pando],  scattered,  here 

and  there,  in  every  direction, 
passus,  -us,  m.,  pace;  mille  passus, 

a  mile, 
pastor,  -oris,  m.  [pasco],  shepherd, 
patefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -factum,  tr. 

[pateo+facio],    lay    open,     open, 

throw  open. 
patella,  -ae,  /.  [dim.  of  patina,  pan], 

a  small  pan,  a  small  dish, 
patens,  -entis,   adj.   [pres.   part,   of 

pateo],  open,  exposed, 
pateo, -ere,  -ul,  — ,inir.,  extend;  be 

open. 
pater,  patris,  m.,  father, 
patemus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [pater],  of  a 

father,  paternal. 

patiens,  -entis,  adj.  [pres.  part,  of 
patior],  enduring,  tolerant,  pa- 
tient. 

patientia,  -ae,  /.  [patiens],  patience, 
endurance. 

Ipatior,  pati,  passus  sum,  tr.,  bear, 

j     suffer;  permit. 

patria,  -ae,  /.  [fern,  of  adj.  patrius,  of 
a  father;  with  terra  understood], 
country,  native  land. 

patrimonium,  -i,  n.  [pater],  paternal 
estate,  patrimony. 

patronus,  -i,  m.  [pater],  protector, 
patron;   defender,   advocate. 

patruus,   -i,   m.    [pater],   a  father's 

brother,  uncle. 
pauci,  -ae,  -a,  adj.,  pi.,  few,  a  few. 
paulatim,     adv.      [paulum,      httle], 

gradually. 
paulisper,  adv.  [paulum,  little,+per], 

a  Uttle  wliile,  a  short  time. 
paulo,  adv.  [ahl.  of  paulum,  a  little], 

(by)  a  Httle,  a  little,  somewhat. 

paulum,  adv.  [ace.  0/ paulum,  a  little], 

somewhat. 
pauper,  -eris,  adj.,  poor,   of  small 

means. 


paupertas,  -atis,  /.   [pauper],  small 

means,  poverty, 
pavor,  -oris,  m.  [paveo,  be  afraid], 

terror,  alarm. 
pax,  pacjs,/.,  peace, 
pecco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  irdr.,   do 

wrong,  transgress,  offend. 

pectus,  pectoris,  n.,  breast. 

pecuarius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [pecu, 
cattle],  of  cattle;  suhst.,  pecuaria, 
-ae,  /.  (res  understood),  cattle- 
breeding. 

pecunia,  -ae,  /.  [pecus],  money. 

pecus,  pecoris,  n.,  cattle,  herd,  flock. 

pecus,  pecudis,  /.,  a  head  of  cattle, 

beast;  pi.,  flock,  herd. 
pedes,  peditis,  m.  [pes],  foot-soldier; 

pi.,  infantry. 
pediculus,  -i,  m.  [pes],  a  little  foot,  a 

small  base. 
Pelias,    -ae,    m.,    Pelias,    uncle    of 

Jason. 
pellis,   pellis,   -ium,  /.,   skin,   hide, 

pelt.  . 

pello,  -ere,  pepuli,  pulsum,  tr.,  beat;! 

drive  out^  drive  away,  rout..,,^ J 

pendo,  -ere,  pependi,  pensum,  /r., 

weigh,  pay  out,  pay. 
per,  prep,  with  ace,  through. 

per-ago,  -agere,  -egi,  -actum,  //•., 
(drive  through);  finish,  com- 
plete. 

peragro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [per+ 
ager],  wander  through,   traverse. 

percipic,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptum,  tr. 

[per+capio],  perceive,  feel. 

percussor,  -oris,  m.  [percutio], 
assassin. 

percutio,  -cutere,  -cussi,  -cussum, 
tr.  [per+quatio,  shake],  pierce, 
strike. 

per-do,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditum,  tr., 
ruin,  destroy. 

per-duco,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductum, 
tr.,  lead  through,  lead,  bring, 
conduct. 


54 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


peregrinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [per+ager], 
strange,  foreign;  subst.,  pere- 
grinus, -i,  m.,  a  foreigner. 

perennis,  -e,  adj.  [per+annus], 
lasting  through  the  year,  peren- 
nial. 

per-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -iturus,  intr.,  perish, 
be  destroyed. 

per-facilis,  -e,  adj.,  very  easy. 

per-fero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latum,  tr., 
bear  through;  bear,  endure,  with- 
stand; bring;  carry  (a  law). 

perficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum,  tr. 
[per+facio],  accomplish,  perform, 
complete. 

per-fodio,  -fodere,   -fodi,   -fossum, 

tr.,  dig  through;  transfix. 

perfringo,  -fringere,  -fregi,  -fractum, 
tr.  [per+frango],  break  through. 

perfuga,  ^ae,  m.,  [perfugio],  deserter. 

per-fugio,  -fugere,  -fugi,  — ,  intr., 
flee  for  refuge,  flee. 

pergo,  -ere,  perrexi,  perrectum,  intr. 
[per+rego],  go  on,  proceed. 

periculosus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [peri- 
culum],  dangerous. 

periculum,  -i,  n.,  danger;  trial, 
test. 

peritia,  -ae,  /.  [peritus],  experience, 
knowledge. 

peritus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  experienced, 
skilled. 

per-maneo,  -manere,  -mansi,  -man- 
sum,  intr.,  remain,  continue. 

per-mitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missum, 

tr.,  permit;  entrust. 

per-move5,  -movere,  -movi,  -mo- 
tum,  tr.,  move  deeply,  excite, 
induce. 

pernicies,  -ei,  /.  [per+nex],  destruc- 
tion, ruin. 

perniciosus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [pernicies], 
destructive,  ruinous. 

per-pauci,  -paucae,  -pauca,  adj., 
very  few. 

perpetuo,  adv.  [perpetuus],  continu- 
ally. 


perpetuus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  continuous, 
constant,  perpetual;  subst.,  n. 
sing.,  in  perpetuum,  for  all  time, 
forever. 

per-rumpo,  -rumpere,  -rupi,  -rup- 
tum,  tr.,  burst  through,  burst 
asunder. 

per-saepe,  adv.,  very  often. 

per-scribo,  -scribere,  -scripsi,  -scrip- 
tum,  tr.,  write  in  full,  wTite  out, 
describe  fully. 

per-sequor,   -sequi,   -secutus   sum, 

tr.,  follow  after,  pursue. 

Perseus,  -i,  m.,  Perseus,  a  Greek 
hero. 

persevere,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr. 
[per+severus,  strict],  persist,  per- 
severe. 

per-solvo,  -solvere,  -solvi,  -solutum, 

tr.,  pay,  pay  over. 

perspicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  -spectum, 
tr.  [per+specio,  look],  perceive 
clearly,  discern. 

per-suadeo,  -suadere,  -suasi,  -sua- 
sum,  intr.,  persuade. 

per-terreo,  -terrere,  -terrui,  -terri- 
tum,  tr.,  frighten  thoroughly, 
terrify. 

pertinacia,  -ae,  /.  [pertinax,  stub- 
born], stubbornness,  obstinacy. 

pertineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  — ,  intr. 
[per+teneo],  stretch  out,  extend; 
relate,  pertain. 

per-turbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
throw  into  confusion,  throw  into 
disorder,  disturb.  '     - 

per-venio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventum, 
intr.,  come  up,  arrive. 

pes,  pedis,  m.,  foot. 

pessimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  {superl.  of 
malus),  worst. 

pestilentia,  -ae,  /.  [pestilens,  pesti- 
lential], plague,  pestilence. 

petitio,  -onis,  /.  [compare  peto],  (a 
seeking),  candidacy,  canvass. 

peto,  -ere,  petivi,  petitum,  tr.,  seek; 
ask;  attack,  assail. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


55 


phalanx,  -angis,  /.,  phalanx. 

phalerae,  -arum,  /.  pL,  decorations 

of  metal  (Jor  the  breast) . 

Phamaces,  -is,  m.,  Pharnaces,  son 
of  king  Mithridates  of  Pontus. 

PhaTsalicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of 
Pharsalus,  Pharsalian. 

Pharsalus,  -i,  /.,  Pharsalus,  a  city  in 
Thessaly. 

Phasis,    -idos,    m.,    the    Phasis,    a 

river  of  Colchis. 

philosophia,  -ae,  /.,  philosophy. 

philosophus,  -i,  m.,  philosopher. 

Phineus,  -i,  m.,  Phineus,  a  king  of 
Sabnydessus,  in  Thrace. 

Phrixus,  -i,  m.,  Phrixus. 

pictura,  -ae,  /.  [pingo,  to  paint],  a 
picture. 

pietas,  -atis,  /.  [pius,  pious],  devo- 
tion, piety. 

pilleus,  -i,  m.,  a  cap. 

pflum,  -i,  n.,  javelin. 

piscator,  -oris,  m.  [piscor,  to  fish], 
fisherman. 

piscis,  piscis,  -ium,  m.,  fish. 

Piso,  -onis,  m.,  (1)  M.  Pupius  Piso, 
consul  in  61  B.C.;  (3)  L.  Calpur- 
nius  Piso,  consul  in  58  B.C.; 
(3)  L.  Calpurnius  Piso,  a  Roman 
commander,  grandfather  of  No.  2. 

placed,  -ere,  placui,  placitum,  intr., 
please;  impers.,  placuit,  it  was 
resolved,  it  was  decided,  it  was 
thought  best. 

placo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  soothe, 

appease,  placate. 
plaga,  -ae,/.,  blow,  wound, 
planities,  -ei,/.  [planus],  a  plain, 
planus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  level,  flat. 

plausus,  -us,  m.  [plaudo,  to  clap], 
clapping,  applause. 

plebeius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [plebs],  of 
the  common  people,  plebeian. 

plebs,  plebis,/.,  the  common  people, 
plebeians. 

plenus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  full,  filled. 


plerlque,  pleraeque,  pleraque,  adj.,  a 
very  great  part,  very  many,  the 
greater  part  of,  most  of. 

plerumque,  adv.  [n.  ace.  o/plerusque, 
most],  for  the  most  part,  com- 
monly. 

plurimum,  adv.  [n.  ace.  of  plurimus], 
very  much,  most. 

plurimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  {superl.  of 
multus),  most,  very  much,  very 
many. 

plus,  plufis,  (compar.  of  multus), 
subst.,  n.  sing.,  more;  pi.,  plures, 

,  plura,  adj.,  more,  a  greater  num- 
ber of. 

plus,  adv.  [n.  ace.  of  plus],  more. 

Pluto,  -onis,  m.,  Pluto,  king  of  the 
lower  world. 

poena,  -ae, /.,  punishment. 

Poenus,     -a,     -um,     adj.,     Punic, 
Carthaginian;   subst.,    Poenus,    -i, 
m.  sing.,  a  Phoenician,  a  Cartha- 
ginian; pi.,  the  Phoenicians,  the 
Carthaginians. 

poeta,  -ae,  m.,  poet. 

polliceor,  -eri,  pollicitus  sum,  tr., 
promise,  offer. 

Polydectes,   -is,   m.,   Polydectes,   a 

king  of  Seriphus. 

Polyphemus,  -i,  m.,  Polyphemus, 
one  of  the  Argonauts. 

Pompeianus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of 
Pompeius,  Pompeian. 

Pompeius,    -i,    m.,    Cn.    Pompeius 

jMagnus,  a  famous  Roman  general 
of  the  last  century  B.C. 

Pomptinus,  -a,  -um,  adj  Pomptine, 
Pontine;  paludes  P^mptinae,  the 
Pomptine  marshes   {in   Latium). 

pomum,  -i,  n.,  fruit,  apple. 

pondo,  adv.  [compare  pondus],  by 
weight,  in  weight. 

pondus,  ponderis,  n.  [compare  pen- 
do),  weight,  a  weight. 

pono,  -ere,  posui,  positum,  tr.,  place, 
fix;  castra  ponere,  to  pitch  camp. 

pons,  pontis,  -ium,  m.,  bridge. 


56 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


Ponticus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Pontus, 
Pontic. 

Pontius,  -i,  m.,  Pontius  Cominius, 
name  of  a  Roman  youth. 

Pontus,  -i,  m.,  Pontus,  a  country  in 
Asia  Minor. 

popularis,  -e,  adj.  [populus],  of  the 
people,  democratic,  popular. 

populatio,  -onis,/.  [populor],  a  laying 
waste,  plundering. 

populor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  ir.,  lay 
waste,  plunder. 

populus,  -i,  m.,  a  people,  nation;  the 
people,  the  populace. 

Porsena,  -ae,  m.,  Lars  Porsena,  a 
king  of  Clusium. 

porta,  -ae,  /.,  gate,  door. 

portendo,  -tendere,  -tendi,  -tentum, 
ir.  [por  for  pro+tendo],  indicate, 
foretell. 

portentum,  -i,  n.  [p.  part,  of  por- 
tendo], omen,  portent. 

porticus,  -us,  /.  [porta],  colonnade, 
portico. 

porto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  carry. 

portorium,  -i,  n.  [portus],  tax,  duty, 
toll. 

portus,  -us,  771.,  harbor,  port. 

posco,  -ere,  poposci,  — ,  tr.,  ask, 
request,  demand. 

Posidonius,  -i,  m.,  Posidonius,  a 
Stoic  philosopher  of  Rhodes. 

possessio,  -onis,  /.  [possido,  take 
possession  of],  a  possessing,  oc- 
cupation; possession,  property. 

possideo,  -sidere,  -sedi,  -sessum, 
tr.  [por  for  pro+sedeo],  possess, 
have. 

possum,  posse,  potui,  inlr.  [potis, 
able,  +sum],  be  able,  can. 

post,  prep,  with  ace.  behind, 
after. 

post-ea,  adv.,  afterward,  thereafter. 

postea-quam,  conj.,  after. 

posterns,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [post],  follow- 
ing, next. 


post-hac,    adv.,    hereafter,    in    the 

future. 

post-quam,  co?ij.,  after,  when. 

postremo,  adv.  [abl.  of  postremus, 
last;  supply  tempore],  at  last,  at 
length. 

postridie,  adv.  [poster©  +die],  the 
next  day. 

postulatum,  -i,  7i.  [p.  part,  of  pos- 
tulo],  a  demand,  request. 

postulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  de- 
mand, claim. 

potens,  gen.,  -entis,  adj.  [possum], 
powerful,  influential. 

potentatus,  -us,  m.  [potens],  power, 
dominion. 

potentia,  -ae,  /.  [potens],  power. 

potestas,  -atis,  /.  [potis,  able], 
power;  privilege,  chance,  oppor- 
tunity. 

potio,  -onis,  /.  [poto,  to  drink],  a 
drink,  drink. 

potior,  -iri,  potitus  sum,  intr.  [potis;^ 
able],  gain  possession  of. 

potius,  adv.  {compar.  of  potis,  able), 
rather,  preferably. 

praebeo,  -ere,  praebui,  praebitum, 
tr.  [prae,  before,  +habe6],  hold 
forth,  offer;  furnish,  supply;  ex- 
hibit, show. 

prae-cedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessum, 
intr.  and  tr.,  go  before;  surpass, 
excel. 

praeceps,  -cipitis,  adj.  [prae,  before, 
+caput],  headforemost,  headlong. 

praeceptor,  -oris,  m.  [praecipio], 
teacher,  instructor. 

praeceptum,  -i,  n.  [p.  part,  of  prae- 
cipio], maxim,  precept,  order. 

praecido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisum,  tr. 
[prae,  in  front,  +caedo],  cut 
off. 

praecipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptum, 
tr.  [prae,  before,  +capi6],  enjoin 
upon,  impose  upon;  teach. 

praecipue,  adv.  [praecipuus,  espe- 
cial], especially. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


57 


^ 


prae-clarus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  very 
bright,  brilliant;  splendid,  dis- 
tinguished. 

praeco,  -onis,  in.,  herald. 

praeda,  -ae, /.,  booty,  spoil. 

prae-dico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.and 
intr.  [dico,  dedicate],  proclaim, 
assert. 

prae-dico,    -dicere,    -dixi,    -dictum, 

Ir.,  foretell,  predict. 

praedo,  -onis,  m.  [praeda],  pirate, 
robber. 

praefectus,  -i,  m.  [p.  part,  of  prae- 
ficio],  commander,  prefect. 

praeficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum,  tr. 
[prae,  before,  +faci6],  place  in 
charge  of,  place  in  command  of. 

prae-mitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -mis- 
sum,  tr.,  send  ahead. 

praemium,  -i,  n.,  reward. 

prae-opto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
choose  rather,  prefer. 

prae-scribo,  -scribere,  -scripsi, 
-scriptum,  tr.,  determine  in  ad- 
vance, prescribe,  dictate. 

praescriptum,  -i,  n.  [p.  part,  of 
praescribo],  precept,  direction. 

praesens,  gen.,  -entis,  adj.  [pres. 
part,  o/praesum],  at  hand,  present. 

praesentia,  -ae,  /.  [praesens],  pres- 
ence; the  present;  in  praesentia, 
at  the  moment,  for  the  present. 

praesertim,  adv.,  especially. 

praesidium,  -i,  n.  [compare  prae, 
before,  and  sedeo],  protection; 
guard,  garrison. 

prae-stans,  gen.,  -stantis,  adj.  [pres. 
part,  of  praestd],  preeminent,  dis- 
tinguished, surpassing. 

prae-sto,  -stare,  -stiti,  -stitum,  intr. 
and  tr.,  stand  before;  excel,  be 
better;  exhibit,  show. 

prae-sum,  -esse,  -fui,  — ,  intr.,  be  in 
command  of,  be  in  charge  of. 

praeter,  prep,  with  ace.  [compare 
prae,  before],  except;  past,  be- 
yond; in  addition  to;  contrary  to. 


praeter-ea,  adv.,  in  addition,  be- 
sides, further. 

praeter-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  tr.  and 
intr.,  go  l)y,  go  past,  pass;  prae- 
teritus,  -a,  -um,  p.  part,  as  adj., 
gone  by,  past. 

praeteritus,  -a,  -um,  see  praetereo. 

praetextus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
praetexo,  to  border],  bordered; 
toga  praetexta,  the  toga  of  a  Ro- 
man magistrate,  which  was  edged 
with  scarlet. 

praetor,  -oris,  m.  [for  praeitor,  from 
praeeo,  go  before],  (a  leader); 
praetor,  title  of  a  Roman  magis- 
trate charged  with  judicial  duties. 

praetorius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [praetor, 
leader,  general],  of  a  praetor, 
praetorian;  praetoria  cohors,  a 
general's  bodyguard. 

prae-venio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventum, 

intr.  and  tr.,  come  before,  precede; 
anticipate. 

pravus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  crooked;  bad, 
dishonest. 

preces,  -um, /.  pi.,  prayer,  entreaty. 

prehendo,  -hendere,  -hendi,  -hen- 
sum,  tr.,  grasp,  seize. 

premo,  -ere,  -pressi,  -pressum,  tr., 
press;  burden,  weigh  down. 

pretium,  -i,  n.,  price,  value;  reward, 
recompense. 

Priamus,  -i,  m.,  Priam,  a  king  of 
Troy. 

pridem,  adv.,  long  ago. 

pridie,  adv.  [compare  prior  and  dies], 
the  day  before. 

primo,  adv.  [primus],  at  first. 

primum,  adv.  [primus],  in  the  first 
place,  first  of  all;  cum  primum, 
as  soon  as;  quam  primum,  as 
soon  as  possible. 

primus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  {superl.  of 
prior),  first. 

princeps,  gen.  principis,  adj.  [com- 
pare primus  and  capio],  first; 
subst.,  m.,  chief,  prominent  man. 


58 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


principatus,  -us,  m.  [princeps],  lead- 
ership, supremacy. 

prior,  prius,  compar.  adj.,  former, 
previous;  first. 

pristinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [corn-pare 
prior],  former,  original. 

prius,  adv.  [n.  of  prior],  before,  first. 

prius-quam,  conj.,  before. 

privatim,  adv.  [privatus],  in  a  pri- 
vate capacity,  privately. 

privatus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
privo],  private,  personal;  subst., 
privatus,  -i,  m.,  a  private  citi- 
zen. 

privo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [privus, 
private],  deprive,  rob. 

pro,  prep,  with  ahl.,  in  front  of;  for, 
on  behalf  of,  for  the  sake  of. 

probo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [probus, 
good],  approve,  approve  of. 

Proca,  -ae,  m,,  Proca,  .a  king  of 
Alba. 

pro-cedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessum, 
intr.,  advance,  proceed. 

Procillus,  -i,  m.,  C.  Valerius  Procil- 
lus,  a  Gallic  friend  of  Julius 
Caesar. 

procul,  adv.,  in  the  distance,  at  a 
distance,  far  off. 

procumbo,  -cumbere,  -cubui,  -cubi- 
tum,  intr.  [pro+-cumb6,  rechne], 
fall  forwards,  fall  prostrate. 

pro-curro,  -currere,  -curri,  -cursum, 
intr.,  run  or  rush  forwards, 
charge.    • 

prod-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  intr.  [prod 
for  pro],  go  forth,  go  forward, 
advance. 

prodigium,  -i,  ?i.,  omen,  portent, 
prodigy. 

proditio,  -onis,  /.  [prodo],  treason, 
betrayal. 

pro-do,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditum,  tr., 
hand  down,  transmit;  betray. 

pro-duco,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductum, 
tr.,  lead  forth,  bring  out. 

proelium,  -i,  n.,  battle. 


prof  actio,  -onis,  /.  [proficiscor],  set- 
ting out,  departure. 

profecto,  adv.  [pro+facto],  actually, 
in  fact,  assuredly,  certainh^ 

pro-fero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latum,  tr., 
bring  forth,  carry  forward,  ex- 
tend, defer. 

proficiscor,  proficisci,  profectus 
sum,  intr.,  set  out,  start,  depart. 

profiteor,  -eri,  -fessus  sum,  tr.  [pro 
-ffateor,  confess],  declare  pub- 
licly, profess,  avow. 

pro-fugio,  -fugere,  -fugi,  intr.,  flee, 
escape. 

profugus,  -i,  w.  [profugio],  fugitive, 
refugee. 

pro-fundo,  -fundere,  -fudi,  -fusum, 

tr.,     pour     out;     spend     freely, 
squander. 

profundus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  deep. 

progredior,  -gredi,  -gressus  sum, 
intr.  [pro+gradior,  step],  go  on, 
advance,  proceed, 

prohibeo,  -hibere,  -hibui,  -hibitum, 

tr.  [pro+habeo],  check,  stop,  re- 
strain; keep  out,  prohibit, 
projicio,  -jicere,  -jeci,  -jectum,  tr. 
[pro+jacio],    hurl    forward,    hurl 
down. 

pro-inde,  adv.,  therefore,  accord- 
ingly. 

promineo,  -minere,  -minui,  intr., 
stand  out;  project,  lean  out. 

pro-mitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missum, 

tr.,  send  forth,  promise. 
pro-moveo,   -movere,   -movi,   -mo- 

tum,  tr.,  move  forward,  advance, 
promptus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 

promo,      bring      forth],      ready, 

prompt, 
promunturium,     -i,     n.,     headland, 

promontory, 
prope,  ady.  and  prep,  with  ace;  as 

adv.,  near,  nearly,  almost,  about; 

as  prep.,  near,  near  to. 
pro-pello,  -pellere,  -puli,  -pulsum, 

tr.,  drive  forward;  drive  off,  repel, 

rout. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


59 


propere,  adv.  [properus,  speedy], 
hastily,  speedily. 

propero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr. 
[properus,  speedy],  hasten. 

propinquus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [prope], 
near,  neighboring;  subsl.,  pro- 
pinqui,  -orum,  m.  pL,  relatives, 
kinsmen. 

pro-pono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -positum, 
tr.,  sot  forth,  relate;  offer,  propose. 

propositum,  -i,  n.  [p.  part,  of  pro- 
pono],   plan,    intention,    purpose. 

propter,  prep,  with  ace,  on  account 
of,  by  reason  of. 

propter-ea,  adv.,  on  that  account; 
propterea  quod,  for  the  reason 
that,  because. 

pro-pulso,    -are,    -avi,    -atum,    tr. 

[freq.    of    propello],    drive    back, 

repel. 
prora,  -ae, /.,  bow,  prow. 

pro-scribo,  -scribere,  -scrips!, 
-scriptum,  tr.,  publish;  outlaw, 
proscribe.  ■ 

proscriptio,  -onis,/.  [proscrlbo],  pro- 
scription, outlawry. 

pro-sequor,  -sequi,  -secutus  sum, 
tr.,  follow,   follow  after,   attend. 

Proserpina,  -ae,/.,  Proserpina,  Pro- 
serpine, queen  of  the  lower  world. 

prosilio,  -silire,  -siluT,  — ,  intr.  [pro 
+salio,  leap],  leap  forward,  spring 
up. 

prospicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  -spectum, 
intr.  [pro+specio,  look],  look 
ahead;  look  out  for,  provide. 

pro-sterno,  -stemere,  -stravi, 
-stratum,  tr.,  spread  out;  over- 
throw, lay  prostrate. 

!  pro-sum,  prodesse,  profui,  intr.,  be 
\      useful,  benefit,  profit,  serve. 

pr5-veho,  -vehere,  -vexi,  -vectum, 
tr.,  carry  forward;  pass.,  ride  for- 
ward; sail  out;  aetate  provectus, 
advanced  in  years. 

pro-video,  -videre,  -vidi,  -visum, 
tr.  and  intr.,  foresee;  provide  for, 
make  provision  for. 


provincia,  -ae, /.,  province. 

proxime,  adv.  [proximus],  nearest; 
most  recently,  last. 

proximus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  (superl.  to 
propior,  nearer;,  nearest,  next. 

Ptolomaeus,  -i,  m.,  Ptolemy,  a  king 

of  Egypt. 
pubes,  gen.  -eris,  adj.,  grown  up, 

adult;   suhst.,   puberes,   -um,    m. 

pi.,  adults,  men. 

publice,  adv.  [publicus],  in  the  name 
of  the  state,  at  public  expense. 

publicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [populus],  of 
the  people  or  state,  public. 

Publius,  -i,  m.,  Publius,  a  Roman 

pracnomcn. 

pudor,   -oris,   m.,   shame,   sense   of 

honor, 
puella,  -ae,  /.   [dim.  of  puer],  girl, 
puer,  -pueri,  m.,  boy. 

puerflis,  -e,  adj.  [puer],  of  a  child,  of 
children,  childish. 

pugio,   -onis,   m.,   dagger,    poniard. 

pugna,  -ae, /.,  fight,  battle. 

pugno,  -are,  -avi,  -alum,  intr. 
[pugna],  fight. 

pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum,  adj.,  beauti- 
ful. 

punctum,  -i,  n.  [p.  part,  of  pungo], 
point;  moment. 

pungo,  -ere,  pupugi,  punctum,  tr., 
prick,  sting,  pierce. 

Punicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [Poenus], 
Punic,  Carthaginian. 

purgo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  //-.  [purus 
+ago],  clean,  cleanse;  excuse; 
purgatus,  -a,  -um,  p.  part,  as 
adj.,  free  from  blame. 

purus,  -a,  -um,   adj.,   clean,   pure; 

unadorned. 

puto,  -are,  -avi,   -atum,   tr.  (clean, 

prune) ;  think,  suppose. 
Pyrenaeus,  -a,  -um, adj.,  Pyrenaean; 

sub:it.,   Pyrenaei,   -orum,   m.   pi., 

the  Pyrenees. 
Pyrrhus,  -i,  iri.,  Pyrrhus,  a  king  of 

Epirus. 


60 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


Pythia,  -ae,/.,  Pythia,  the  prophetic 
priestess  in  the  temple  of  Apollo  at 
Delphi. 

Q 

qua,  adv.  [abl.  fern,  of  qui],  by  which 
way,  where. 

quadraginta,  indecl.  num.  [quattuor], 
forty. 

quadringenti,  -ae,  -a,  num.  adj. 
[quattuor+centum],  four  hun- 
dred. 

quaero,  -ere,  quaesivl,  quaesitum, 

tr.,  inquire,  ask. 

quaestor,  -oris,  m.  \for  quaesitor, 
compare  quaero],  quaestor,  a 
Roman  magistrate  connected  with 
state  finances. 

quaestura,  -ae,  /.  [quaestor],  the 
office  of  quaestor,   quaestorship. 

qualis,  -e,  pronom.  adj.;  interrog.,  of 
what  sort?  what  kind  of?  rela- 
tive, of  such  kind,  such  as,  as. 

qualiscumque,  qualecumque,  indef. 
pron.,  of  any  kind  whatever. 

quam,  adv.  [qui],  than,  (rather)  than, 
as,  how.  t 

quam-diu,  adv.,  as  long  as. 

quam-quam,  conj.,  although,  though; 
and  yet,  yet. 

quantus,  -a,  -um,  interrog.  adj.,  how 
great?  how  large?  relative  (follow- 
ing tantus),  as;  e.  g.  tantus  .  .  . 
quantus,  as  large  ...  as;  suhst., 
quantum,  -i,  n.,  as  much  as,  all 
that. 

qua-re,  adv.,  wherefore,  therefore; 
wherefore?  why? 

quartanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [quartus], 
occurring  every  fourth  day,  quar- 
tan; subsf.,  quartana,  -ae, /.  (sup- 
ply febris,  fever),-  quartan  ague. 

quartus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [quattuor], 
fourth. 

qua-si,  adv.,  as  if. 

quater,  ado.  [quattuor],  four  times. 

quattuor,  indecl.  num.,  four. 

-que,  enclitic  conj.,  and. 


queror,    queri,    questus    sum,    intr.^ 
and  tr.,  complain,  complain  of. 

qui,  quae,  quod,  rel.  pron.,  who, 
which,  what,  that. 

quia,  conj.,  because. 

quicumque,  quaecumque,  quod- 
cumque,  indef.  pron.,  whoever, 
whatever,  everyone  who,  every- 
thing that. 

quidam,  quaedam,  quoddam  or 
quiddam,  indef.  pron.  adj.,  a  cer- 
tain, a  certain  one;  subst.,  a  certain 
one,  somebody. 

quidem,  adv.,  certainly,  in  fact;  to 
be  sure,  it  is  true;  ne  .  .  .  quidem, 
not  even,  not  .  .  .  either. 

quies,  -etis, /.,  rest;  peace,  quiet. 

quietus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
quiesco,  keep  quiet],  quiet,  peace- 
ful, free  from  labor. 

quin,  conj.  and  adv.  [qui,  how,+ne]; 
as  conj.,  after  ivords  of  doubt,  that; 
after  words  of  hindering,  from; 
as  adv.,  quin  etiam,  nay,  nay  even, 
nay  in  fact. 

Quinctius,  -i,  m.,  L.  Quinctius 
Cincinnatus,  Roman  dictator  in 
458  B.C. 

quindecim,  indecl.  num.  [quinque+ 
decem],  fifteen. 

quingenti,    -ae,    -a,    num.    adj. 

[quinque+centum],  five  hundred, 
quini,   -ae,   -a,   distrib.    num.    adj. 

[quinque],  five  each. 

quinquaginta,  indecl.  num.  [quinque], 
fifty. 

quinque,  indecl.  num.,  five. 

quintus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [quinque],  fifth. 

Qmrinalis,  -e,  adj.  [Quirinus],  of 
Quirinus,  Quirinal;  Quirinalis 
collis,  the  Quirinal  Hill,  one  of  the 
seven  hills  of  Rome. 

Quirinus,  -i,  m.,  Quirinus,  a  name 
given  to  Romulus. 

Quirites,  -ium,  m.  pi.,  Quirites,  a 
name  applied  to  the  Romans;  it 
may  be  translated  citizens,  fellow- 
citizens. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


61 


quis,  qua,  quid,  indef.  pron.,  anyone, 

anybody,   anything,   someone, 

somebody,  something, 
quis     (qui),     quae,     quid     (quod), 

interrog.    pron.    and    adj.,    who? 

which?  what? 
quis-quam,  quicquam,  indej.  pron., 

any  one,  any  thing,  any  one  or 

thing  at  all. 
quis-que,    quid-que,    indef.    pron., 

each,  each  one,  each  man. 
quis-quis,    quicquid,    indeJ.    pron., 

whoever,    whatever,    every    one 

who,  every  thing  that. 
quo,  adv.   [qui];  interrog.,  whither? 

where?  relative,  to  which  place  or 

point,    whither;    indef.,    to    any 

place,  anywhere;  with  compar.,  in 

order  that. 
quo-ad,  adv.  and  conj.,  until,  as  long 

as. 
quod,  conj.  [qui],  because;  the  fact 

that,  that;  quod  si,  but  if,  now  if. 

quoniam,  conj.  [quom,  for  cum,+ 
jam],  since,  inasmuch  as. 

quoque,  conj.,  also. 

quotannis,  adv.  [quot,  how  many,+ 
abl.  o/annus],  every  year,  yearly. 

quotiens,  adv.  [quot,  how  many], 
interrog.,  how  often?  relative,  as 
often  as. 

quo-usque,  adv.,  till  when?  how 
long? 

R 

radix,  -dicis,  /.,  root,  lower  part; 
foot,  base  {of  a  mountain). 

raeda,  -ae, /.,  carriage,  wagon  {with 
four  wheels). 

ramus,  -i,  m.,  branch,  bough. 

rapina,    -ae,    /.     [rapid],    robbery, 

plunder,  rapine. 
rapio,     -ere,     rapui,     raptum,     tr., 

seize,  carry  off. 
rarus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  rare,  scarce. 
ratio,  -onis,  /.,  reckoning,  account; 

list,  recordi;  plan,  course,  manner; 

principle,  reason. 


ratis,  -is,  /.,  raft,  float. 

Rauraci,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  the  Rauraci, 

a  Gallic  people  on  the  Rhine. 
re-bell6,    -are,    -avT,    -atum,    intr., 

rebel,  make  war  again. 

re-cedo,   -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessum, 

intr.,  retire,  withdraw. 

recens,  gen.  -entis,  adj.,  recent, 
new. 

re-censeo,  -censere,  -censui,  -cen- 
sum,  tr.,  number,  reckon;  re- 
view. 

redpio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptum,  tr. 
[re-+capio],  take  back,  regain; 
accept,  receive;  se  recipere,  to 
recover  oneself,  to  withdraw,  to 
retreat. 

re-concilio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
win    back,    recover;    reconcile. 

re-creo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  renew, 
restore,  refresh. 

recte,  adv.  [rectus],  straight;  right, 
properly. 

rectus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  \p.  part,  of 
rego,]  straight,  direct;  upright. 

recupero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  re- 
gain, recover. 

recuse,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  //•.  and 
intr.  [re-+causa],  refuse,  dechne. 

red-do,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditum,  tr.,  give 

back,  return;  render, 
red-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  (-ivi),  -itum,  intr., 

go  back,  return. 
reditio,   -onis,  /.    [redeo],   a   going 

back,  return, 
redigo,    -igere,    -egi,    -actum,    tr. 

[red-+ago],     force     back;     bring 

under,  reduce;  collect. 
redimo,  -imere,  -emi,  -emptum,  tr. 

[red-+emo],   buy   back,    ransom, 

buy  up. 
red-integro,   -are,   -avi,   -atum,   tr. 

[integro,     make     whole],     renew, 

restore, 
reditus,  -us,  m.  [redeo],  return, 
re-duco,  -diicere,   -duxi,  -ductum, 

tr.,  lead  back. 


62 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READH: 


re-fero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latum,  tr., 
bear  back,  bring  back;  pedem 
referre,  withdraw,  retire,  retreat; 
gratiam  referre,  requite. 

reficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum,  tr. 
[re-+facio],  make  again;  renew, 
recruit,  repair;  reelect. 

refringo,  -fringere,  -fregi,  -fractum, 

tr.  [re-+frango],  break  clown. 

re-fugio,  -fugere,  -fugi,  -fugiturus, 
intr.,  flee  back;  flee  away,  escape. 

re-fulgeo,  -fulgere,  -fulsi,  — ,  intr., 
flash  back,  glitter. 

regia,  -ae,  /.  [regius],  palace. 

regina,  -ae,  /.  [rex],  queen, 

regio,  -onis,/.  [rego],  region,  district. 

regius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [rex],  royal,  of 
the  king. 

regno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  •  intr. 
[regnum],  reign,  rule. 

regnum,  -i,  n.  [rex],  royal  power, 
kingdom. 

rego,  -ere,  rexi,  rectum,  tr.,  guide, 
direct;  rule,  govern. 

regredior,  -gredi,  -gressus  sum, 
intr.  [re-+gradior,  step],  go  back, 
return. 

rejicio,  -jicere,  -jeci,  -jectum,  tr. 
[re-H-jacio],  hurl  back,  drive  back, 
repulse. 

religio,  -onis,  /.,  scruple,  religion; 
religious  observance. 

re-linquo,  -linquere,  -liqui,  -lictum, 
tr.,  leave  behind,  leave. 

reliquiae,  -arum,  /.  pi.  [corn-pare  re- 
linquo],  remains,  relics,  remnants. 

reliquus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [cornpare  re- 
linquo],  remaining,  rest  of,  the 
remainder  of. 

re-luctor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  intr., 
struggle  against,  resist. 

re-maneo,  -manere,  -mansi,  -man- 
sum,  intr.,  remain. 

remedium,  -i,  n.  [re-,  compare 
medeor,  heal],  remedy,  cure. 

remigo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr. 
[remex,  rower],  row,  ply  an  oar. 


reminiscor,  -i,  intr.  and  tr.,  remem- 
ber, recall. 

re-mitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missum, 

tr.,  send  back;  relax,  discontinue. 

remotus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
removeo],  distant,  remote. 

re-moveo,  -movere,  -movi,  -motum, 
tr.,  move  back;  take  away,  re- 
move. 

re-muneror,  -arl,  -atus  sum,  tr., 
repay,  reward. 

Remus,  -i,  ?n.,  Remus,  brother  of 
Romulus. 

remus,  -i,  m.,  oar. 

re-novo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
renew. 

re-nuo,  -nuere,  -nul,  — ,  i-ntr., 
shake  the  head,  refuse. 

re-niintio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr., 
bring  back  word,  report,  an- 
nounce. 

re-pello,  -pellere,  reppuli,  repul- 
sum,  tr.,  drive  back,  repulse; 
avert. 

repente,  adv.  [repens,  sudden],  sud- 
denly. 

repentinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [repens, 
sudden],  sudden,  unexpected. 

reperio,  -ire,  repperi,  repertum,  tr., 
find,  discover. 

re-peto,  -petere,  -petivi,  -petitum, 
tr.,  demand  back;  res  repetere,  to 
demand  reparation. 

re-pleo,  -plere,  -plevi,  -pletum,  tr., 
fill  again,  refill. 

re-pono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -positum, 

tr.,    replace,    restore;    put   away, 
keep,  preserve. 

re-praesento,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr. 
[compare  praesens,  present],  make 
present,  display;  do  immediately. 

re-prehendo,  -prebend ere,  -pre- 
hendi,  -prehensum,  tr.,  hold  back, 
seize;  censure,  rebuke. 

repudio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [re- 
pudium,  a  casting  off],  reject, 
divorce. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


63 


re-pugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr., 
fight  back,  resist,  oppose. 

repulsa,  -ae,  /.  [p.  part,  of  repello], 
repulse,  defeat. 

res,  rei, /.,  thing,  affair. 

re-scindo,  -scindere,  -scidi,  -scis- 
Bum,  tr.,  cut  down,  break  down. 

re-scisc6,  -sciscere,  -scivi,  -scitum, 
tr.  [scisco,  approve],  learn,  find  out. 

re-scribo,  -scribere,  -scrips!,  -scrip- 
turn,  //•.,  write  back;  rewrite,  en- 
roll anew. 

re-servo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
keep  back,  save  up,  reserve. 

re-sisto,  -sistere,  -stiti,  — ,  iJitr.,  re- 
sist, make  a  stand. 

respicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  -spectum, 
tr..  and  intr.  [re-+specio,  look], 
look  back;  have  regard  for. 

re-spiro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr., 
breath  out ;  breathe. 

re-spondeo,  -spondere,  -spondi, 
-sponsum,  intr.,  reply,  respond, 
answer. 

responsum,  -i,  n.  [p.  part,  of  re- 
spondeo],  reply,  answer. 

re-spuo,  -spuere,  -spui,  — ,  tr.,  re- 
fuse, spurn. 

re-stinguo,  -stinguere,  -stinxi, 
-stinctum,  tr.,   put  out,   quench. 

f  estituo,  -stituere,  -stitui,  -stitiitum, 
tr.   [re-+statuo,  station],   restore. 

re-tardo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
keep  back,  check. 

retineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  -tentum,  tr. 
[re-+tene6],  restrain,  retain. 

re-vell6,   -vellere,   -velli,    -vulsum, 

tr.,  pull  away, 
re-vertor,  -verti,  (perf.)  -verti,  -ver- 

sum,  intr.,  turn  back,  return. 

re-voco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  call 
back,  recall. 

rex,  regis,  m.  [rego],  king. 

Rhadamanthus,  -i,  m.,  Rhadaman- 
thus,  a  judge  in  the  lower  world. 

Rhea,  -ae, /.,  Rhea  Silvia,  mother  of 
Ro)nulus  and  Remus. 


Rhenus,  -i,  m.,  the  river  Rhine. 

rhetor,  -oris,  m.,  a  teacher  of  ora- 
tory, rhetorician. 

Rhodanus,  -i,  m.,  the  river  Rhone. 

Rhodus,  -i, /.,  the  island  of  Rhodes. 

rideo,  -ere,  risi,  risum,  intr.,  laugh. 

ripa,  -ae,  /.,   bank   (of  a  stream). 

rite,  adv.  [compare  ritus],  in  a  proper 
manner,  fitly,  duly. 

ritus,  -lis,  ru:,  rite,  cerernony. 

rixa,  -ae,/.,  quarrel,  dispute. 

robur,  roboris,  n.,  oak. 

rogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  ask,  re- 

ciuest. 
rogus,  -i,  m.,  funeral  pile,  funeral 

pyre. 
Roma,  -SLQyf.,  Rome. 
Romanus,   -a,   -um,   adj.,    Roman; 

subst.,  Romanus,  -i,  m.,  a  Roman; 

pi.,  the  Romans. 
Romulus,     -i,     m.,     Romulus,     the 

founder  of  Rome. 

rosa,  -ae, /.,  rose. 

Roscius,  -i,  ni.,  Sextius  Roscius, 
defended  by  Cicero  on  a  charge  of 
murder. 

rostrum,  -i,  n.  [rodo,  gnaw],  beak; 
pi.,  rostra,  -drum,  the  Rostra,  a 
platform  for  speakers  in  the 
Forum,  adorned  loith  beaks  of 
captured  ships. 

rota,  -ae,  /.,  wheel. 
Rubico,  -onis,  m.,  the  Rubicon,  a 
river  in  northeastern  Italy. 

ruina,  -ae,  /.  [ruo,  fa-11  in  ruins], 
ruin,  downfall;  pL,  ruins. 

riipes,  -is,  /.,  rock,  chff. 

rursus,  adv.  [contr.  for  reversus], 
again,  in  turn. 

riis,  ruris,  n.,  the  country;  pL,  the 
fields,  the  country. 

rusticus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [riis],  of  the 
countrj',  rustic. 

Ruteni,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  the  Ruteni, 
a  Gallic  tribe,  partly  in  the  Trans- 
alpine province. 


64 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


Rutuli,  -orum,  m.  pL,  the  Rutuli, 
the  Rutuhans,  a  nation  of  central 
Italy. 


Sabini,  -drum,  m.  pL,  the  Sabines, 
a  people  of  central  Italy. 

sacer,  -era,  -crum,  adj.,  sacred; 
subst.,  sacra,  -orum,  n.  pi.,  sacred 
rites,  reUgious  customs;  Mons 
Sacer,  a  hill  near  Rome. 

sacerdos,  -otis,  m.  and  f.  [sacer], 
priest,  priestess. 

sacerdotium,  -i,  n.  [sacerdos],  priest- 
hood. 

sacrificium,  -i,  n.  [compare  sacrifice], 
sacrifice. 

sacrifice,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  and 
intr.  [sacer+facio],  offer  sacrifice, 
sacrifice. 

saepe,  adv.,  often. 

saepe-numero,  adv.,  very  often, 
again  and  again. 

saevio,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  intr.  [saevus, 
savage],  be  furious,  rage. 

saevus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  fierce,  savage. 

sagino,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [sagina, 
feeding],  fatten. 

sagitta,  -ae,  /.,  arrow. 

sagulum,  -i,  n.  [dim.  of  sagum, 
mantle],  a  military  cloak. 

Saguntinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Sagun- 
tum,  Saguntine;  subst.,  Sagun- 
tini,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  the  Saguntines, 
the  people  of  Saguntum. 

Saguntum,  -i,  n.,  Saguntum,  a  city 
in  Spain. 

sal,  salis,  m.,  salt. 

salinum,  -i,  n.  [sal],  salt-cellar. 

Salmydessus,  -i,  m.,  Salmydessus, 
a  town  in  Thrace. 

salsus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [sal],  salted. 

saltus,  -us,  m.,  [salio,  leap],  leaping, 
a  leap. 

saltus,  -us,  m.,  ravine,  mountain 
pass,  mountain  valley. 

salus,  -utis,  /.,  safety. 


saliito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [saliis], 
greet,  hail. 

salveo,  -ere,  — ,  — ,  intr.,  be  well; 
salve,  imper.  {in  greetings),  hail  to 
you. 

Samnis,  -itis,  adj.,  of  Samnium  (a 
district  of  central  Italy),  Samnite; 
subst.,  Samnites,  -ium,  m.  pi.,  the 
people  of  Samnium,  the  Samnites. 

sancio,  -ire,  sanxi,  sanctum,  tr., 
make  sacred;  decree,  enact. 

sanctus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
sancio],  sacred,  holy,  inviolate. 

sanguis,  sanguinis,  m.,  blood. 

sanitas,  -atis,  /.  [sanus],  health, 
sanity. 

Santoni,  -5rum  or  -um,  m.,  pi.  the 
Santoni,  a  Gallic  people  of  Aqui- 
tania. 

sanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  sound,  healthy; 
sane,  sensible. 

sapiens,  gen.  -entis,  adj.  [pres.  part, 
of  sapio,  have  taste,  be  sensible], 
wise. 

sarcina,  -ae,  /.,  pack;  pi.,  packs, 
fight  baggage. 

Sardinia,  -ae,  /.,  Sardinia. 

satis,  adv.,  enough. 

satis-facio,  -facere,  -feci,  -factum, 

intr.,     give     satisfaction,     make 
reparation,  apologize. 

satisfactio,  -onis,  /.  [satisfacio], 
apology,  explanation. 

saxum,  -i,  n.,  rock,  stone. 

scalae,  -arum,  /.  pi.,  stairway, 
stairs;  ladder. 

scapha,  -ae,  /.,  skifT,  boat. 

sceleratus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [scelus], 
wicked,  criminal. 

scelus,  sceleris,  n.,  wickedness, 
crime. 

schola,  -ae,  /.,  school. 

scientia,  -ae,  /.  [sciens,  knowing], 
knowledge,  expertness,  skill. 

scilicet,  adv.  [scire +licet],  of  course, 
no  doubt,  doubtless. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


65 


scio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  tr.,  know. 

Scipid,  -onis,  m.,  Q.  Caecilius 
Metellus  Pius  Scipio,  father-in- 
law  of  Pompeius;  see  also  Cor- 
nelius. 

scribo,  -ere,  scripsi,  scriptum,  tr., 
write. 

scrinium,  -i,  n.,  book-box,  letter- 
case. 

scutum,  -i,  n.,  shield. 

se-     or     sed-,     inseparable     prefix, 

apart,  away, 
se-cedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessum, 

intr.,  go  apart,  retire,  withdraw. 

secrets,  adv.  [secretus],  separately, 
secretly,  in  private. 

secretus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  part,  of 
secemo,  to  separate],  secret; 
subst.,  secretum,  -i,  n.,  secret; 
privacy. 

sector,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr.  [freq.  of 
sequor],  follow  after,  attend. 

secundum,  prep,  with  ace.  [sequor], 
following,  along;  in  accordance 
with. 

secundus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [sequor], 
second;  favorable,  successful. 

securis,  -is,  /.,  axe. 

sed,  conj.,  but. 

sedecim,  indecl.  num.  [sex+decem], 
sixteen. 

sedeo,  -ere,  sedi,  sessum,  intr.,  sit. 

sedes,  -is,  /.  [sedeo],  seat,  chair; 
residence,  abode. 

seditiosus,  -a,  -imi,  adj.  [seditio, 
sedition],  seditious,  factious. 

Sedusii,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  the  Sedusii, 
a  German  tribe. 

Segusiavi,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  the 
Segusiavi,  a  Gallic  tribe  west  of  the 
Rhone. 

sella,  -ae,/.  [sedeo],  chair,  seat. 

semel,  adv.,  once;  semel  atque 
iterum,  time  and  again,  repeatedly. 

sementis,  -is,  /.  [semen,  seed],  a 
seeding,  a  sowing. 


semper,  adv.,  always. 

senatus,  -us,  7n.  [senex],  senate. 

senectus,  -utis,  /.  [senex],  old  age. 

senesco,  -ere,  senui,  — ,  intr.  [com- 
pare senex],  grow  old. 

senex,  senis,  adj.,  old;  subst.,  m., 
old  man. 

seni,  -ae,  -a,  distrib.  num.  [sex],  six 
each. 

senior,  gen.  -oris,  adj.  {compar.  of 
senex),  older;  subst.,  m.  pi.,  the 
older  men,  the  elders. 

Senones,  -um,  m.  pi.,  the  Senones, 
a  Gallic  tribe  that  settled  in  northern 
Italy. 

sententia,  -ae,  /.  [sentio],  opinion, 
thought,  purpose. 

sentio,  -ire,  sensi,  sensum,  tr.,  feel, 
see,  perceive. 

separatim,  adv.  [separatus,  separ- 
ate], separately,  severally. 

sepelio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  tr.,  bury. 

septem,  indecl.  num.,  seven. 

septendecim,  indecl.  num.  [septem+ 
decem],  seventeen. 

septentridnes,  -um,  w.  [septem+ 
triones,  plowing  oxen],  the  con- 
stellation of  the  Great  Bear, 
the  Big  Dipper;  the  north. 

Septimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [septem], 
seventh. 

sepultura,  -ae,  /.   [sepelio],  burial. 

Sequana,  -ae, /.,  the  river  Seine. 

Sequanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  the 
Sequani,  Sequanian;  subst.,  Se- 
quani,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  the  Sequani, 
a  tribe  of  eastern  Gaul. 

sequor,  sequi,  secutus  sum,  tr.  and 
intr.,  follow,  pursue. 

Sergius,  -i,  m.,  see  Catilina. 

serio,  adv.  [serius,  serious],  seriously, 
in  earnest. 

Seriphus,  -i,  /.,  Seriphus,  an  island 
in  the  Aegean  Sea. 

sermo,  -onis,  m.  [sero,  entwine] 
talk,  conversation. 


66 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


sero,  serere,  sevi,  satum,  tr.,  sow, 
plant. 

serpens,  gen.  -entis, /.  [pres.  'part,  of 
serpo,  crawl],  serpent. 

Sertorius,  -i,  m.,  Q.  Sertorius,  a 
Roman  general  and  a  friend  of 
Marius. 

servilis,  -e,  adj.  [servus],  of  slaves, 
servile, 

servitus,  -utis,/.  [servus],  servitude, 
slavery. 

Servius,  -i,  m..,  Servius  TuUius,  the 
sixth  king  of  Rorne. 

servo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  save; 
observe, 

servus,  -i,  m.,  slave,  servant. 

sestertius,  -i,  gen.  pi.,  sestertium, 

sesterce,  a  small  silver  coin  ivorth 
four  and  one  tenth  cents. 

setius,  compar.  adv.,  less,  in  a  less 
decree  (ivith  negatives  only) ;  nihilo 
setius,  nevertheless. 

seu,  see  si/e. 

severe,  adv.  [severus,  serious],  seri- 
ously, severely,  strictly. 

sex,  indccl.  num.,  six. 

sexaginta,  indecl.  nu7n.,  sixty, 

sexcenti,  -ae,  -a,  nurn.  adj.  [sex+ 
centum],  six  hundred. 

sextus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [sex],  sixth. 

Sextilius,  -I,  m.,  Sextilius,  iiaine  of  a 
certain  Roman  praetor. 

si,  conj.,  if. 

sic,  adv.,  so,  thus. 

sicco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [siccus], 
dr}',  drain. 

siccus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  dry;  subst., 
siccum,  -i,  n.,  dry  land. 

Sicilia,  -ae,/.,  Sicily. 

Siculus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Sicilian; 
subst.,  Siculi,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  the 
Sicilians. 

sic-ut,  adv.,  just  as,  as. 

Signia,  -ae,  /.,  Signia,  a  town  in 
Latinm. 


signifer,  -i,  m.  [signum+fero], 
standard  bearer. 

significo,     -are,     -avi,     -atum,     tr. 

[signum+facio],  point  out;  signify, 

mean. 
signo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [signum], 

affix  a  seal  to,  seal. 

signum,  -i,  n.,  mark,  sign;  signal; 
standard  (military) . 

silentium,  -i,  n.  [sile6,be  still],  silence. 

silva,  -ae,/.,  forest. 

similis,  -e,  adj.,  like,  similar. 

similitudo,  -inis,/.  [similis],  likeness, 

resemblance. 
simul,  adv.,  at  the  same  time. 

simulacrum,  -i,  n.  [simulo],  likeness, 
semblance. 

simulatio,  -onis,  /.  [simulo],  pre- 
tence, simulation. 

simulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [simi- 
lis], make  like;  pretend. 

sin,  conj.  [si+ne],  but  if. 

sine,  prep,  with  abl.,  without. 

singuli,  -ae,  -a,  adj.,  one  at  a  time; 
distrib.,  one  on  a  side. 

sinister,  -tra,  -trum,  adj.,  left,  on 
the  left  hand. 

sinistra,  -ae,  /.  [sinister],  the  left 
hand. 

sinus,  -us,  m.,  a  fold;  bosom. 

sitiens,  gen.  -entis,  adj.  [pres.  part. 
of  sitio,  to  thirst],  thirsty, 

situs,  -us,  m.,  site,  location. 

si-ve  or  seu,  conj.,  whether,  or  if; 
sive  .  .  .  sive,  whether  ...  or, 
either  ,  ,  .or, 

sobrius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [se-+ebrius, 

drunk],  sober. 

socer,  -eri,  w.,  father-in-law. 

societas,  -atis,  /.  [socius],  associa- 
tion, alhance. 

socius,  -i,  m.,  associate,  ally. 

sol,  solis,  771.,  the  sun. 

soleo,  -ere,  solitus  sum,  semi-de- 
ponent, intr.;  be  accustomed,  be  in 
the  habit. 


A   JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


67 


solitarius.     -a,    -um,    adj.     [solus], 

lonely,  solitary, 
solium,  "i,  n.,  throne, 
sollemnis,     -e,     adj.,     established, 

lixed,  regular;  solemn. 
soUicito,     -are,    -avi,    -atum,     tr., 

disturb,  tempt,  incite, 
solum,  -i,  n.,  bottom,  base;  ground, 

soil, 
solum,   adv.    [solus],   only,    merely, 

alone. 
solus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  alone,  only. 
solv.o,  -ere,  solvi,  solutum,  tr.,  loosen, 

unbind,  release;  relax;  of  ships, 

ivilh  or  without  navem  or  naves, 

set  sail,  weigh  anchor. 
somnus,  -i,  m.,  sleep. 
sonus,  -i,  ?n.,  sound. 
soror,  -oris,  /.,  sister. 
sors,  sortis, /.,  lot,  casting  of  lots. 
Sp.,  ahhr.  for  Spurius. 
spargo,   -ere,   sparsi,   sparsum,   ir., 

strew,  scatter,  sprinkle. 
spatium,    -i,    n.,    space,    distance, 

interval, 
species,  -ei,  /.,  appearance,  aspect, 
spectaculum,  -i,  n.  [specto],  spect- 
acle, 
spectator,  -oris,  m.  [specto],  looker- 
on,  spectator. 

specto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  ir.  [freq. 

of  specie,  look],  observe,  watch, 

look  at,  look  to. 
speculator,    [-oris,     m.     [speculor], 

spy. 
speculor,   -ari,   -atus   sum,   tr.   and 

intr.  [specula,  watch-tower],  spy, 

observe, 
speculum,     -i,     n.     [specie,     look], 

mirror, 
spelunca,  -ae,/.,  cave,  cavern. 
spernd,  -ere,  sprevi,  spretum,   tr., 

despise,  scorn,  spurn. 
spero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  and  intr. 

[spes],  hope,  expect. 

spes,  spei,/.,  hope. 


spiritus,  -us,  vi.  [spiro,  breathe], 
breath;  spirit,  pride,  ambition, 
arrogance. 

spolio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  //•.  [spolium], 
despoil,  plunder. 

spolium,  -i,  n.,  skin;  booty,  spoil. 

(spons,  spontis),/.  [compare spondeo, 
promise],  only  abl.  sing,  [ii.sually 
with  the  possessives  mea,  tua,  sua), 
of  one's  own  accord,  voluntarily. 

sponsus,  -i,  m.  [p.  part,  of  spondeo, 
promise],  betrothed,  lover. 

Spurinna,  -ae,  m.,  Spurinna,  name 
of  a  certain  soothsayer. 

Spurius,  -i,  m.,  Spurius,  a  Roman 
praenomen. 

squalor,  -oris,  m.,  squalor,  filth. 

stabulum,  -i,  n.,  stable,  stall. 

statim,  adv.  [sto],  at  once,  im- 
mediately. 

static,  -onis,  /.  [sto],  station,  post; 
sentries,  outjxjsts. 

Stator,  -oris,  m.  [compare  sto  and 
statuo],  the  Stayer,  an  epithet  of 
Jupiter. 

statua,  -ae,  /.  [compare  status,  a 
.standing],  statue. 

statuo,  -ere,  statui,  statutum,  tr. 
[status,  a  standing],  cause  to 
stand;  resolve,  determine. 

statura,  -ae,  /.  [status,  a  standing], 
height,  stature. 

Stella,  -ae,/.,  star. 

Sthenius,  -i,  m.,  Sthenius,  a  Sicilian. 

stipendiarius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [sti- 
pendium],  tributary,  paying  tri- 
bute. 

stipendium,  -i,  7i.  [stips,  gift,  + 
pendo],  tax,  tribute;  pay;  service, 
campaign. 

stipo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  pack, 
crowd;  attend,  accompany. 

sto,  stare,  steti,  staturus,  intr., 
stand. 

stratum,  -i,  n.  [p.  part,  of  stemo, 
spread  out],  bed-covering,  cover- 
let. 


68 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


strepitus,  -us,  m.   [strepo,  make  a 

noise],  noise,  uproar,  confusion. 
stringo,  -ere,  strinxi,  strictum,  tr., 

strip  off;  draw,  unsheathe. 
studeo,  -ere,  studui,  — ,  intr.  (takes 

dative),  be  devoted,  apply  oneself, 

study;  favor. 

studiose,  adv.  [studiosus],  eagerly, 
devotedly. 

studiosus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [studium], 
eager,  fond,  studious. 

studium,  -i,  n.  [studeo],  zeal, 
enthusiasm,  eagerness. 

stultitia,  -ae,  /.  [stultus,  foohsh], 
folly;  imbecihty. 

stupeo,  -ere,  stupui,  — ,  intr.,  be 
astounded,  amazed,  aghast. 

Stymphalis,  gen.  -idis,  adj.,  of 
Stymphalus,  Stymphalian. 

Stymphalus,  -i,  7n.,  Stymphalus,  a 
town  of  Arcadia. 

Styx,  Stygis,  /.,  the  Styx,  a  river  of 
the  lower  world. 

suadeo,  -ere,  suasi,  suasum,  tr.  and 
intr.  [cotnpare  suavis],  advise, 
recommend,  urge. 

suavis,  -e,  adj.,  sweet,  agreeable, 
pleasant. 

sub,  prep  ivith  ace.  and  ahl.,  under. 

sub-do,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditum,  tr., 
put  under,  apply. 

sub-duco,  -ducere,  -dtixi,  -ductum, 
tr.,  lead  up,  lead  away;  draw  up, 
beach. 

sub-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  intr.  and  tr., 
go  under;  undergo,  submit  to; 
enter. 

subigo,  -igere,  -egl,  -actum,  tr. 
sub+ago],  drive  under,  reduce, 
subdue. 

subito,  adv.  [subitus],  suddenly, 
unexpectedly. 

subitus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  sudden, 
unexpected. 

subjicio,  -jicere,  -jeci,  -jectum,  tr. 
[sub+jacio],  hurl  under,  hurl  from 
below. 


sub-levo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  hold 
up,  support;  assist,  help. 

sublicius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [sublica, 
pile,  stake],  of  piles,  resting  on 
piles. 

sublimis,  -e,  adj.,  uplifted,  high;  up, 
aloft. 

sub-ministro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr. 
[ministro,  provide],  furnish,  sup- 
ply. 

subsidium,  -i,  n.  [compare  sub  and 
sedeo],  reenforcements,  support, 
aid. 

sub-sisto,  -sistere,  -stiti,  — ,  intr., 
make, a  stand;  oppose,  resist. 

sub-sum,  -esse,  -fui,  — ,  intr.,  be  at 
hand,  be  close  by. 

sub-traho,  -trahere,  -traxi,  -tractum, 
tr.,  draw  from  under;  take  away. 

sub-veho,  -vehere,  -vexi,  -vectum, 
tr.  [veho,  carry],  bring  up,  trans- 
port. 

succedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessum, 
intr.  [sub+cedo],  go  under;  suc- 
ceed, take  the  place  of;  with- 
draw. 

successor,  -oris,  m.  [succedo],  suc- 
cessor. 

successus,  -us,  m.  [succedo],  suc- 
cess. 

succido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisum,  tr. 

[sub+caedo],  cut  down,  fell, 
sucus,  -i,  m.,  juice,  sap. 
sudor,   -oris,  m.,   perspiration. 
Suebi,  -orum,  m.  pi,  the  Suebi,  a 

people    of    Germany     comprising 

various  tribes. 

Suebus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  the  Suebi, 
Suebic. 

sui,  reflexive  pron.,  of  himself, 
herself,  itself,  themselves. 

Sulla,  -ae,  m.,  see  Cornelius. 

Sullanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Sulla; 
subst.,  Sullani,  -orum,  w.  pi.,  the 
adherents  of  Sulla. 

sum,  esse,  fui,  futurus,  intr.,  be, 
exist. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


69 


summa,  -ae,  /.  [summus],  chief 
place,  supremacy;  sum,  total. 

summoveo,  -movere,-movi,-motum, 
tr.  [sub+moveo],  drive  away, 
remove. 

summus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  {superl.  of 
superus),  highest;  utmost,  great- 
est; top  of,  highest  part  of;  suhst., 
summum,  -i,  n.,  the  top. 

sumo,  -ere,  sumpsi,  sumptum,  tr. 
[sub+emo],  take,  take  up. 

sumptuarius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [sump- 
tus],  sumptuary. 

sumptus,  -us,  m.  [sumo],  expense, 
cost . 

supellex,  -lectilis, /.,  domestic  uten- 
sils, furniture. 

superbe,  adv.  [superbus],  haughtily, 
arrogantly. 

superbia,  -ae,  /.  [superbus],  pride, 
haughtiness. 

superbus,  -a,  -um,  ad.j.,  haughty, 
proud;  subst.,  Superbus,  -i,  vi., 
the  Proud,  an  epithet  applied  to 
the  second  king  Tar  quia  as  a 
cognomen. 

superior,  -ius,  adj.  (comp.  of  supe- 
rus), higher;  previous,  preceding; 
superior. 

supero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  //•.  [supe- 
rus], defeat,  overcome. 

super-sum,  -esse,  -fui,  — ,  intr.,  be 
left  over,  survive,  remain. 

superus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [super,  above], 
upper,  higher;  Mare  Superum, 
the  upper  sea,  i.e.  the  Adriatic. 

super-vivo,  -vivere,  -vixi,  — ,  intr., 
outlive,  survive. 

suppeto,  -petere,  -petivi  or  -petii, 
-petitum,  intr.  [sub+peto],  be  at 
hand,  be  available. 

suppleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etum,  tr.  [sub+ 
pleo,  fill],  hll  up,  fill  out,  recruit. 

suppliciter,  adv.  [supplex,  suppliant], 
as  suppliants,   submissively. 

supplicium,  -i,  n.  [supplex,  sup- 
pliant], punishment. 


suppono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -positum, 
tr.  [sub+pono],  put  under. 

supporto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [sub+ 
porto],  convey,  bring  up. 

supra,  adv.  [superus],  above,  be- 
fore. 

supremus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  (superl.  of 
superus),  highest;  last. 

suscipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptum,  tr. 
[sub+capio],  undertake. 

siispendo,  -pendere,  -pendi,  -pen- 
sum,  tr.  [sub+pendo],  hang  up, 
suspend. 

suspicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  -spectum, 
tr.    [sub+specio,    look],    suspect. 

suspicio,  -onis,/.  [compare  suspicio], 
suspicion,  distrust. 

suspicor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  tr.  [com- 
pare suspicio],  suspect. 

sustineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  -tentum,  tr. 
[sub+teneo],  hold  up,  sustain, 
withstand. 

suus,  -a,  -um,  reflexive  adj.  [compare 

sui],  his,  her,  its,  their,  his  own, 

her  own  etc. 
Symplegades,  -um,  /.,  the  Symple- 

gades,  the  clashing  rocks. 
Syphax,  -acis,  m.,  Syphax,  a  king  of 

Numidia. 
Syracusae,  -arum,  /.  pi.,  Syracuse, 

a  city  in  Sicily. 
Syria,  -ae, /.,  Syria. 


tabemaculum,  -i,  n.  [tabema,  hut], 

tent. 
tabula,  -ae, /.,  board,  plank;  tablet, 

hst,  record, 
taceo,  -ere,  tacui,  tacitum,  intr.  and 

tr.,  be  silent,  be  silent  about, 
tacitus,  -a,  -um,  adj.    [p.    part,  of 

taceo],  silent,  still, 
taedium,  -i,  n.  [taedet,  it  wearies], 

weariness,  loathing. 
Taenarum,    -i,    n.,    Taenarum,    a 

promontory  of  Laconia,  in  Greece. 


70 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


talaris,  -e,  adj.  [talus,  ankle],  of  the 
ankles;  subst.,  talaria,  -ium,  n.  pL, 
winged  sandals. 

talis,  -e,  adj.,  such,  of  such  a  kind. 

tarn,  adv.,  so. 

tamen,  adv.,  nevertheless,  still,  yet, 
however. 

tametsi,  conj.  [for  tamen-etsi], 
although. 

tam-quam,  adv.,  as  if,  just  as  if. 

Tanaquil,  -ills,  /.,  Tanaquil,  wife  of 
Tarquinius  Priscus. 

tandem,  adv.,  at  length,  at  last, 
finall}'. 

tango,  -ere,  tetigi,  tactum,  tr.,  touch. 

tantopere,  adv.  [tanto+opere],  so 
greatly. 

tantum,  adv.  [ace.  n.  of  tantus],  so 
greatly;  this  much,  only. 

tantus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  so  great,  so 
large;  tantus  .  .  .  quantus,  as  large 
.  .  .  as;  subst.,  tanti,  7i.,  gen.,  of  so 
much  value,  worth  so  much, 
worth  while. 

tardo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [tardus, 
slow],  hinder,  retard. 

Tarentum,  -i,  n.,  Tarentum,  a  dty 
in  southern   Italy,   now    Taranto. 

Tarpeius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Tarpeian; 
mons  Tarpeius,  the  Tarpeiaji 
Rock,  on  the  Capitoline  Hill  in 
Rome. 

Tarquinia,  -ae,  /.,  Tarquinia,  sister 
of  king  Tarquinius  Superbus. 

Tarquinii,  -orum,  w.  pi.,  Tarquinii, 
a  city  of  Elruria. 

Tarquinius,  -i,  m.,  Tarquinius, 
Tarquin:  (/)  Tarquinius  Priscus, 
fifth  king  of  Rome;  {2)  L,  Tarquin- 
ius, son  of  Priscus  aiid  afterwards 
king  himself  with  the  added  name 
Superbus;  {S)  Arruns Tarquinius, 
son  of  Priscus;  (4)  Sextus  Tar- 
quinius, son  of  Superbus. 

Tartarus,     -I,     ???.,     Tartarus,     the 

inferyial  regions. 

taurus,  -i,  m.,  bull. 


tectum,  -i,  n.[p.  part,  of  tego],  roof, 
house,  abode. 

tego,  -ere,  texi,  tectum,  tr.,  cover, 

protect. 
telum,  -i,  n.,  weapon,  missile, 
temerarius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [temere], 

rash,  heedless,  inconsiderate. 
temere,  adv.,  rashly,  heedlessly. 
temperantia,    -ae,    /.     [temperans, 

moderate],  seK-control,  discretion, 
tempera,     -are,     -avi,     -atum,     tr. 

[tempus],  restrain,  abstain  from, 

refrain  from. 

tempestas,  -atis,  /.  [tempus],  storm, 

weather. 
templum,  -i,  n.,  temple. 

tempto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [intens. 
of  tendo],  try,  make  trial  of. 

tempus,  temporis,  n.,  time. 

tendo,    -ere,    tetendi,    tentum,    tr., 
stretch,  aim,  direct. 

teneo,  -ere,  tenui,  — ,  tr.,  hold, 

tenuis,  -e,  adj.,  slight,  thin;  shallow, 

ter,  adv.  [tres],  three  times,  thrice, 

tergum,  -i,  n.,  back. 

terminus,  -i,  m.,  boundary,  end. 

temi,  -ae,  -a,  distrib.  num.  adj.  [ter], 
three  each. 

terra,  -ae, /.,  the  earth,  land. 

terrenus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [terra],  of 
earth,  earthen. 

terreo,  -ere,  terrui,  territum,  tr., 
frighten,  terrify. 

terribilis,  -e,  adj.  [terreo],  dreadful, 

terrible. 
terror,    -oris,    m.    [terreo],    terror, 

fright. 

tertius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [ter],  third. 

testamentum,  -i,  n.  [tester,  call  to 
witness],  a  (last)  will. 

testimonium,  -i,  n.  [testis],  evidence, 
proof. 

testis,  -is,  m.  andf.,  witness. 

testudo,  -dinis,  /.  [testa,  shell,  hard 
covering],  tortoise;  covered  col- 
umn (a  military  term). 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


71 


Teuton!  {-es),gen.  Teutonum,  m.  pi, 

the  Tc'itons,   a  German    people. 
theatnim,  -i,  n.,  theatre. 
Thebae,   -arum,  /.    pL,   Thebes,    a 

Greek  city,  in  Boeotia. 
Thebanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Thebes, 

Theban;  subst.,  Thebani,  -orum, 

w.  pi.,  the  Thebans. 
Thermodon,  -ontis,  m.,  the  Thermo- 

don,  a  river  of  Pontus,  in  Asia 

Minor. 
Theseus,     -ei,     m.,     Theseus,     an 

Athenian  hero. 
Thessalia,  -ae,  /.,  Thessaly. 
Thracia,  -ae,  /.,  Thrace. 
Tiberis,  -is,  m.,  the  Tiber,  a  river 

of  Italy. 
Ticinus,  -i,  ?n.,  the  Ticinus,  a  river  of 

northern     Italy,     now    called    the 

Ticino. 
Tigranes,  -is,  m.,  Tigranes,  a  king  of 

Armenia. 

Tigurinus,    -a,    -um,    adj.,    of    the 

Tigurini;  subst.,  Tigurini,  -orum, 

m.  pi.,  the  Tigurini,  a  division  of 

the  Helvetii. 
timeo,  -ere,  timui,  — ,  tr.  and  intr., 

fear, 
timidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [timeo],  timid, 

cowardly, 
timor,  -oris,  m.  [timeo],  fear. 
tingo,  -ere,  tinxi,  tinctum,  tr.,  dip, 

dye. 
Tiryns,  Tirynthis,  /.,  Tiryns,  a  city 

of  Argolis,  in  Greece. 

toga, -ae,/.,  toga. 

togatus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [toga],  clad  in 
the  toga. 

tolero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  endure, 
withstand. 

tollo,  -ere,  sustuli,  sublatum,  tr., 
hft,  elevate,  raise;  elate;  remove. 

Tolosates,  -ium,  m.  pi.,  the  Tolo- 
sates,  the  people  of  Tolosa,  in 
Gaul. 

torpeo,  -ere,  — ,  — ,  intr.,  be  in- 
active, languish. 


torve,  adv.   [torvus,  stern],  sternly, 

fiercely. 
tot,  indecl.  adj.,  so  manj'. 
totidem,     indecl.     adj.     [tot+idem], 

just  as  many,  the  same  number  of. 

totiens,  adv.  [tot],  so  many  times,  so 

often, 
totus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  the  whole  of,  all. 
tracto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [freq.  of 

traho],  handle,  treat. 
trado,     -dere,     -didi,     -ditum,     tr. 

[trans+do],     dehvcr     over,     sur- 
render, 
traduco,  -ducere,    -duxi,    -ductum, 

tr.  [trans -i-duc6],  lead  across, 
tragula,  -ae,  /.,   a  dart,   a   javelin 

thrown  by  a  strap, 
traho,     -ere,     traxi,     tractum,     tr., 

draw,  drag, 
trajicio,  -jicere,  -jecl,   -jectum,  tr. 

and   intr.    [trans+jacio],    hurl    a- 

cross;  pierce. 
trajectus,  -us,  m.  [trajicio],  crossing 

over,  passage, 
trano,  -nare,  -navi,  — ,  tr.  and  intr. 

[trans+no,    swim],    swim    across, 
tranquillitas,   -atis,  /.    [tranquillus], 

stillness;  a  calm  {at  sea). 
tranquillus,    -a,    -um,    adj.,    cahn, 

still. 
trans,  prep,  with  ace,  across,  on  the 

other  side  of. 
trans-eo,  -ire,  -ii   (-ivi),  -itum,  tr. 

and  intr.,  cross7  go  over, 
trans-figo,  -figere,  -fixi,  -fLxum,  tr., 

pierce,  transfix. 

transilio,  -silire,  -silui,  — ,  tr.  and 
intr.  [trans+saiio,  leap],  leap  over. 

trans-porto,  -are,  -avi,   -atum,   tr., 
carry  over,  transport. 

trans-veho,  -vehere,  -vexi,  -vectum, 
//•.,  convey  across,  carry  over. 

trans- versus,   -a,   -um,   adj.,   lying 
across,  cross  {as  an  adjective). 

Trasumennus,  -i,  m.,  Trasumennus, 
a  lake  in  Etruria. 


72 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


Trebia,  -ae,  m,,  Trebia,  a  river  in 

northern  Italy. 
tres,  tria,  gen.  trium,  num.  adj.,  three. 
Treveri,  -orum,  w.  -pi.,  the  Treveri, 

a  'people  of  Belgic  Gaul.    Compare 

modern  Treves. 
Triboci,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  the  Triboci, 

a  German  tribe. 
tribunus,     -i,     7n.     [tribus,     tribe], 

tribune,  title  of  a  Roman  official. 
tribuo,    -ere,    tribui,    tributum,    tr. 

[tribus,  tribe],  assign,  bestow. 

tributum,  -i,  n.   {p.  part,  of  tribuo, 

assign],  tribute,  payment. 
triduum,  -i,  n.  [tres+dies],  a  period 

of  three  days,  three  days. 
triennium,    -i,    n.    [tres+annus],    a 

period  of  three  years,  three  years' 

time, 
trigeminus,    -a,    -um,    adj.    [tres+ 

geminus,    born    together],    born 

three  at  a  birth;  suhst.,  trigemini, 

-orum,  m.  pi.,  triplets. 

triginta,  indecl.  Jium.,  thirty. 

trini,  -ae,  -a,  distrib.  num.  [tres], 
three  each;  three-fold,  triple. 

triplex,  -ids,  adj.  [tres+plico,  fold], 

threefold,  triple. 
tristis,  -e,  adj.,  dejected,  depressed, 

sad. 
tristitia,   -ae,  /.    [tristis],  dejection, 

sadness. 

triumpho,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr. 
[triumphus],  celebrate  a  triumph, 
triumph. 

triumphus,  -i,  w.,  a  triumphal  pro- 
cession, triumph. 

Troja,  -ae,  /.,  Troy,  a  city  in  Asia 
IVIinor. 

Trojanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Troy, 
Trojan;  suhst.,  Trojani,  -orum, 
m.  pi.,  the  Trojans. 

Troucillus,  -i,  m.,  see  Valerius. 

trucido,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  ir., 
slaughter,  massacre. 

truncus,  -i,  m.,  trunk  {of  a  tree); 
trunk,  body. 


tu,  gen.  tui,  pers.  pron.,  you. 

tuba,  -ae, /.,  trumpet. 

tueor,  -eri,  tutus  sum,  tr.,  gaze  upon; 
watch  over,  protect. 

tugurium,  -i,  n.,  hut,  cottage. 

Tulin^i,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  the  Tuhngi, 
a  German  people  on  the  Rhine. 

Tullia,  -ae,  /.,  Tullia,  name  of  a 
woman  or  girl;  especially,  the  two 
daughters  of  King  Servius  Tidlius. 

Tullius,  -i,  m.,  see  Cicero  a7id 
Servius. 

tum,  adv.,  then,  at  that  time. 

tumultus,  -us,  m.,  confusion,  dis- 
turbance, uprising. 

tumulus,  -i,  7n.,  mound,  hillock. 

Tunes,  -etis,  m..  Tunes  {now 
Tunis),  a  town  of  northern  Africa. 

turba,  -ae,  /.,  crowd,  mob;  con- 
fusion, tumult. 

turbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [turba], 

disturb,     confound,     throw    into 
confusion. 

turbo,  turbinis,  m.  [compare  turbo, 
disturb],  w^hirlwind,  hurricane. 

Tumus,  -i,  m.,  (1)  Turnus,  king  of 
the  Rutuli;  {2)  Turnus  Herdonius, 
of  Aricia. 

turpis,  -e,  adj.,  unseemly,  shameful, 
disgraceful. 

turris,  turris,  -ium,  /.,  tower. 

Tusculanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Tus- 
culum,  (a  city  of  Latium). 

tutor,   -oris,    m.,    [tueor],   defender; 

guardian.  '  ""-^v^ 

tutus,    -a,    -um,    adj.     [p.    part,    oy 

tueor],  safe;  subst.,  tutum,  -i,  7i.,  / 

safety,  place  of  safety. 

tuus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [tu],  your,  yours 
{referring  to  one  person). 

tyrannus,  -i,  ?n.,  tyrant. 

U 

ubi,  adv.,  when,  where. 

Ubii,  -orum,  ?«.  pi.,  the  Ubii,  a 
German  tribe. 


A   JUNIOR   LATIN   READER 


73 


ulciscor,  -i,  ultus  sum,  tr.,  take 
vengeance  on,  avenge. 

ullus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  any. 

ulterior,  -ius,  corn-par.  adj.,  farther. 

ultimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  (superl.  of 
ulterior),  farthest,  most  distant, 
last;  subst.,  n.,  ad  ultimum,  at 
last. 

ultor,  -oris,  m.   [ulciscor],  avenger. 

ultra,  prep,  with  ace,  beyond. 

ultro,  adv.,  beyond;  of  one's  own 
accord,  voluntarily. 

umbra,  -ae, /.,  shadow. 

umerus,  -i,  m.,  upper  arm,  shoulder. 

umquam,  adv.,  ever. 

una,  adv.  [unus],  at  the  same  time, 
together,  along. 

unda,  -ae,  /.,  wave. 

unde,  adv.,  from  which  place, 
whence. 

iindecimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [undecim, 
eleven],  eleventh. 

undeviginti,  indecl.  num.  [iinus+ 
de+viginti],  nineteen. 

undique,  adv.,  from  all  parts,  on  all 
sides,   all  around,   everywhere. 

unguentum,  -i,  n.  [ungo,  anoint], 
ointment. 

universus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [iinus+ 
versus],  all  together,  all. 

unus,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj.,  one. 

urbanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [urbs],  of  a 
city,  urban;  subst.,  urbani,  -orum, 
m.,  pi.,  inhabitants  of  a  city. 

urbs,  urbis,  -ium, /.,  city. 

urged,  -ere,  ursi,  — ,  tr.,  press,  press 
hard,  urge,  distress. 

uro,  -ere,  ussi,  ustum,  tr.,  burn. 

usquam,  adv.,  any  place,  anywhere. 

usque,  adv.,  all  the  way,  even,  all 
the  time,  until. 

usurpo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  make 
use  of,  use. 

usus,  -us,  m.  [utor],  use;  practice, 
experience. 


ut,  adv.  and  conj.;  as  adv.,  as,  when; 
as  conj.,  that,  in  order  that,  so 
that. 

uter,  utris,  m.,  a  vessel  of  skin, 
leather  bottle. 

uter,  -tra,  -trum,  pron.,  which  (of 
two) . 

uterque,  utraque,  utrumque,  pron., 
each  (of  two). 

utilis,  -e,  adj.  [utor],  useful,  ex- 
pedient. 

utinam,  adv.  [uti  (=ut)+nam],  oh 
that,  I  wish  that,  would  that. 

utor,  uti,  usus  sum,  intr.,  use,  make 
use  of,  enjoy. 

utrimque,   adv.    [uterque],   on   both 

sides. 

utnim,  adv.  [neut.  of  uter],  whether, 
used  in  double  indirect  questions. 
uxor,  -oris.  /.,  wife. 


vaco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr.,  be 
empty,  be  unoccupied. 

vacuus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [vaco],  vacant, 
empt}'. 

vadum,  -i,  n.,  ford,  shallow. 

vae,  inter j.,  woe! 

vagitus,  -us,  m.  [vagio,  to  cry], 
waihng,  crying. 

vagor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  intr.  [vagus, 
strolling],  range,  rove. 

valeo,  -ere,'  valui,  valiturus,  intr., 
be  strong,  have  power,  be  valid. 

Valerius,  -i,  m.;  (/)  C.  Valerius 
Troucillus,  a  Gallic  leader;  C. 
Valerius  Procillus,  a  Gallic  friend 
of  Julius  Caesar. 

validus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [valeo],  strong. 

valles,  vallis,  -ium,/.,  valley. 

vallum,  -i,  n.  [vallus,  stake],  ram- 
part, wall. 

Vangiones,  -um,  m.  pi.,  the  Van- 
giones,  a  German  tribe. 

varius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  various,  dif- 
ferent. 

vas,  vasis,  n.,  vessel,  utensil. 


74 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN  READER 


vasto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [vastus, 
waste,  desert],  lay  waste. 

vaticinatio,  -onis,  /.  [vaticinor,  fore- 
tell], prophecy. 

-ve,  enclitic  conj.,  or, 

vectigal,  -alls,  n.,  revenue,  tax. 

vegetus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  lively, 
animated. 

vehementer,  adv.  [vehemens,  ve- 
hement, violent],  violently;  very 
much,  greatly. 

veho,  -ere,  vexi,  vectum,  tr.,  bear, 
carry,  bring. 

Veiens,  gen.  -e'ntis,  adj.,  of  Veii, 
Veientian;  subst.,  Veientes,  -ium, 
m.  pi.,  the  people  of  Veii,  the 
Veientians. 

Veii,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  Veii,  a  city  of 
Etruria  not  Jar  from  Rome. 

vellus,  velleris,  n.,  fleece,  pelt. 

velo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [velum, 
veil],  cover,  envelop,  veil. 

velociter,  adv.   [velox],  swiftly. 

velox,  gen.  -ocis,  adj.,  swift,  speedy. 

venatio,  -onis,  /.  [venor],  hunting, 
the  chase. 

vendo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditum,  tr. 
[venum,  sale,+do],  sell. 

venenum,  -i,  n.,  drug,  poison. 

veneratio,  -onis,  /.  [veneror,  rever- 
ence], deep  respect,  reverence. 

venia,  -ae,  /.,  pardon. 

venio,  -ire,  veni,  ventum,  intr., 
come. 

venor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  intr.,  hunt. 

venter,  -tris,  m.,  belly. 

ventus,  -i,  m.,  wind. 

Verbigenus,   -i,   m.,   Verbigenus,   a 

division  of  the  Helvetii. 
verbum,  -i,  n.,  word. 
vere,  adv.  [verus],  truly. 
verecundia,  -ae,  /.  [compare  vereor], 

shame,  sense  of  shame, 
vereor,  -eri,  veritus  sum,  tr.,  fear. 
vergo,  -ere,  — ,  — ,  intr.,  be  inclined, 

slope. 


vergobretus,  -i,  m.,  vergobret,  title 
of  the  chief  magistrate  of  the 
Haedui. 

ver5,  adv.  [verus],  in  fact,  certainly; 
but  in  fact,  however. 

versor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  iyitr.  [dep., 
andfreq.  o/ verto],  occupy  oneself, 
engage,  conduct  oneself. 

versus,  -us,  w.  [verto],  Une;  verse. 

verto,  -ere,  verti,  versum,  tr.,  turn. 

verus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  true. 

vescor,  -i,  — ,  — ,  intr.,  feed  upon. 

Vesontio,  -onis,  m.,  Vesontio,  a  city 
of  the  Sequani,  now  Besangon. 

vesper,  -eri,  m.,  evening. 

Vesta,  -ae,  /.,  Vesta,  Roman  goddess 
of  the  hearth. 

Vestalis,  -e,  adj.,  of  Vesta,  Vestal; 
subst.,  /.,  a  priestess  of  Vesta,  a 
vestal  virgin. 

vester,  vestra,  vestrum,  adj.  [vos], 
your,  yours  {referring  to  more 
than  one  person). 

vestibulum,    -i,    n.,    entrance,    ves- 
tibule, 
vestigium,  -i,  n.,  footstep,  track, 
vestis,  -is,  /.,  garment,  clothing. 

vestitus,  -us,  7n.  [vestio,  to  clothe], 

clothing, 
veteranus,    -a,    -um,    adj.    [vetus], 

veteran. 
veto,  -are,  vetui,  vetitum,  tr.,  forbid, 
vetus,  gen.  veteris,  adj.,  old. 
vexo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  harass, 
via,  -ae, /.,  road,  street,  way. 
viator,  -oris,  m.  [via],  traveller. 

vicinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [vicus], 
neighboring. 

vicis,  /.  gen.  {no  nom.),  change;  in 
vicem,  in  turn. 

victima,  -ae,/.,  victim  {for  sacrifice). 
victor,  -oris,  m.  [vinco],  victor,  con- 
queror; as  adj.,  victorious. 

victoria,  -ae,  /.   [victor],  victory, 
victus,    -us,    m.    [vivo],    means    of 
living,  provisions;  mode  of  living. 


A  JUNIOR  LATIN   READER 


75 


vicus,  -i,  m.,  quarter,  street;  village. 
video,  -ere,  vidi,  visum,  tr.,  see. 
videor,  -eri,  visus  sum,  intr.  [pass. 

0/ video],  seem,  appear, 
vigilantia,  -ae,  /.   [vigilans,  watch- 
ful], watchfulness,  vigilance. 
vigUia,    -ae,    /.    [vigil,    awake],    a 
watching;  a  watch  (as  a  division 
of  time) . 
viginti,  indecl.  num.,  twenty. 
vnicus,  -i,  m.  [villa],  steward,  baihff. 
villa,  -ae,/.,  villa,  country  house. 
viminalis,    -e,    adj.    [vimen,    osier, 
willow],  of  osier;  Viminahs  Collis, 
the  Viminal  Hill,  in  Rome. 
vincio,  -ire,  vinxi,  vinctum,  tr.,  bind, 

fasten. 
vinco,  -ere,  vici,  victum,  tr.,  conquer, 

defeat. 
vinculum,  -i,  n.  [vincio],  bond,  fetter, 
vinum,  -i,  n.,  wine, 
violo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  violate. 
vir,  viri,  m.,  man,  a  male  person. 
Virgo,   virgmis,  /.,    young   woman, 

maiden,  virgin. 
viritim,  adv.  [vir],  man  by  man,  to 

each  man. 
virtus,    -utis,    /.    [vir],    manliness, 

courage,  bravery,  virtue, 
vis  (see  App.  5),  /.,  force,  violence; 

pi.,  strength, 
viso,  -ere,  visi,  visum,  tr.  [/reg.  of 

video],  go  to  see,  visit. 
vita,  -ae,  /.,  hfe. 
vitium,  -i,  n.,  fault,  vice, 
vito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  avoid. 
vivo,  -ere,  vixi,  victum,  intr.,  live, 
vivus,  -a,  -um,  adj.   [vivo],  Hving, 

alive, 
vix,  adv.,  scarcely,  with  difficulty. 
Voccio,  -onis,  w.,  Voccio,  king  of 

Noricum. 
voco,   -are,   -avi,   -atum,   tr.   [vox], 
call,  summon. 


Vocontii,  -orum,  in.,  the  Vocontii, 

ail  Alpine  Gallic  tribe. 
Volcanus,   -i,   m.,   Vulcan,    the   god 

of  fire. 
volo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr.,  fly. 
volo,    velle,    volui,    tr.,    wish,    be 

willing. 
Volsci,   -drum,   m.   pi,   the  Volsci, 

a  people  of  Latium. 
volucris,    -is,    /.    [volucer,    flying], 

bird. 
voluntarius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [voluntas], 
voluntary;    subst.,    voluntani, 
-orum,  m.  pi.,  volunteers, 
voluntas,  -atis, /.  [volo,  wish],  wish, 

approval,  sanction,  good-will, 
voluptas,    -atis,    /.,    pleasure,    en- 
joyment. 
vos,  pi.  o/tu,  you. 

voro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  devour, 
voveo,  -ere,  vovi,  votum,  tr.,  vow, 

promise  solemnly. 
vox,  vocis,  /.  voice,  cry,  utterance, 

word . 
vulgaris,  -e,  adj.  [vulgus],  ordinary, 

common, 
vulgo,     adv.      [vulgus],      generally, 

everywhere, 
vulgus,   -i,   n.,   the  multitude,    the 

public, 
vulnero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  [vul- 

nus],  wound, 
vulnus,  vulneris,  n.,  wound, 
vultur,  vulturis,  jn.,  vulture, 
vultus,  -us,  m.,  face,  features,  ex- 
pression. 

X 
Xanthippus,  -i,  m.,  Xanthippus,  a 
Lacedaemonian  general. 

Z 

Zama,    -ae,   /.,    Zana,    a    town   of 

Numidia. 
Zetes,   -ae,    w.,    Zetes,    one   of  the 

Argonaids. 


INDEX 

This  index  refers  to  the  syntactical  material  to  be  found  in  the  Lessons 
of  this  book,  pp.  57-125,  in  the  Notes  to  the  selections  for  reading,  and  in 
the  Grammatical  Appendix.  In  the  case  of  the  Notes  references  are 
made  only  to  a  few  typical  occurrences  of  the  principle  involved. 
Numerals  refer  to  section  numbers  in  the  Appendix,  to  line  numbers  in 
the  Perseus,  Hercules,  and  The  Argonauts,  to  section  and  line  in  the 
stories  from  Roman  History,  and  to  chapter  and  line  in  Caesar. 


Ablative  : 

absolute,  App.  75;  Arg.  29;  126; 

R.  7,  2;  10,  34;  C.  2,  2;  5,  6. 
of  accompaniment,  App.  70;  Her. 

342. 
of  accordance,  Her.  391,  523;  R. 

6,  17;  C.  14,  3. 
of  agent,  App.  66. 
of  attendant  circumstance,  C.  18, 

23. 
of  cause,  App.  78;  Per.  83;  R.  5, 

19;  C.  31,  19. 
of  comparison,  Lesson  XX;  App. 

67;  R.  24,  10;  26,  98. 
with  de  or  ex  for  gen.  of  the  whole, 

App.  43,  a;  Her.  380;  Arg.  6. 
of  degree  of  difference,  App,  74; 

Her.   265;  R.    19,   21;    C.    41, 

14. 
of  description,  App.  77;  Per.  36; 

Her.   122;  Arg.  256;  C.  6,   11. 
with  dignus,  R.  23,  6;  24,  57. 
of  manner,  App.  71;  Per.  42;  Arg. 

261;  C.  36,  10. 
of  means,  App.  72;  Her.  165.  '^ 
of  place  in  which.  Lesson  II;  R. 
•    23,  1;  C.  39,  17.  \ 

of  place  from  which.  Lesson   II; 

App.  65;  R.  27,  44. 
of  respect,  App.  76;  Per.  55;  R. 

1,  20;  C.  5,  3. 
of  route,  Lesson  XXXI;  App.  73; 

Arg.  136. 
of  separation,  App.  64;  Her.  47; 

R.  11,  5;  C.  1,  13. 
of  time,  App.  69;  Per.  50;  C.  12, 

12. 
with  idor  etc.,  App.  79;  Her.  193; 

Arg.  35;  C.  16,  5. 


Accusative  : 

of  direct  object,  App.  57. 

of  duration  of  time,  App.  58;  Per. 

18;  Her.  392. 
of  extent  (amount),  Arg.  121;  R. 

27,  103. 
of  extent  (space),  App.  59;  Arg. 

40;  C.  38,  1. 
of  place  to  which,  App.  60;  Arg. 

16. 
with  prepositions,  App.  61. 
with  proximus,  C.  54,  3. 
as  subject  of  an  infinitive,  App. 

62. 
governed    b}^    trans    in    composi- 
tion, App.  63,  a;  R.  26,  71. 
two    accusatives    with    verbs    of 
naming,  etc.,  App.  63;  Per.  10; 
R.  1,  22. 
two  accusatives  with  volo,  C.  34, 
5. 
Adjectives  : 
^  adherent,  App.  82. 
with  adverbial  force,  App.  86;  R 
j     1,  20;  6,  25. 

'^comparative  and  superlative, 
V    meaning  of,  App.  87. 
denoting  a  part.  Lesson  XXXIII; 
App    85;  R.  13,  17;  C.  22,  1; 
24,  3. 
predicate,  App.  83. 
substantive  use,  App.  84;  Per.  1; 
Her.  85;  R.  13,  19. 
Adversative  clauses:  see  cum  and 

quamquam. 
Agreement: 

of  adjectives,  App.  38,  1;  adj.  at- 
tracted to  agreement  with  pred- 
icate noun,  Her.  103. 


76 


INDEX 


77 


Agreement:     (continued) 
of  appositives,  App.  39. 
of  rolative  pronouns,  App.  38,  2; 

R.   12,   15. 
of  verbs,  App.  40;  R.  14,  6;  17, 
32;  C.  1,5. 
Antecedent,   included   in   relative 

clause,  R.  5,  39. 
Apposition,  App.  39. 

causa,  abl.  with  dependent  gen.,  R. 
4,17. 

Causal  clauses:  see  cwn  and  qiwd. 

coepl,  passive  of  with  passive  infini- 
tive, C.  47,  2. 

Commands: 

in  indirect  discourse,   App.    116, 

(2)- 
negative,  with  7ioIi  and  infinitive. 

Lesson  XXXIV;  App.  115;R.  9, 
38;  C.  13,  13;  with  ne  and  sub- 
junctive, App.  115,  a;  with  care 
and  subjunctive,  App.  115,   b. 
Comparatives,  with    no   influence 
on  case  of  noun,  R.  26,  124  and 
143. 
Conditions,  contrarv  to  fact.  Les- 
son XXX;  App."  114;  R.  13,  9; 
C.  14,  4. 
less  vivid,   Lesson  XXIX;  App. 

113;  R.  23,  67. 
more  vivid.  Lesson  XXIX,  App. 

112. 
non-committal,    Lesson    XXXI, 
App.  111. 
consuesco,  force  of  tenses,  Her.  32. 
cum,  enclitic  use  of,  App.  136,  a; 

Her.  91. 
cum    clauses,    adversative,    Lesson 
XII;  App.  101;Arg.  12;R.  1,23. 
causal,    Lesson    XI;    App.     100; 

Arg.  28. 
descriptive.    Lesson    XIII;    App. 
102;  Arg.  8;R.  1,  5;  25,  63. 
cum  pj'imum,   with   perfect   indie, 

Her.  208;  R.  3,  11. 
cum  inversum,  Arg,  109,  342;  R.  18, 
31. 

Dative  : 

with  adjectives,  App.  50;  Per.  21; 
Her.  43;  R.  5,  1;C.  1,  9. 


Dative  :     (continued) 

of  agent,  Lesson  XV;  App.  56; 
Arg.  244;  C.  32,  13. 

with  compound  verbs,  App.  55; 
Per.  33;  68;  Her.  37;  Arg.  298; 
R.  20,  14. 

indirect  object,  App.  49;  Per.  55; 
R.  3,  13. 

with  obviam  Ire,  R.  25,  22;  27,  67. 

of  possession,  Lesson  XXVIII; 
App.  52;  R.  2,  6;  C.  34,  10. 

of  purpose,  Lesson  X;  App.  53; 
Arg.  44;  R.  9,  19;  C.  18,  27. 

of  reference,  Lesson  X;  App.  54; 
Arg.  226;  R.  9,  19;  for  posses- 
sive gen.,  Arg.  293;  R.  27,  88. 

of  separation,  C.  17,  9. 

with  special  verbs,  App.  51;  Her. 
23;  255;  C.  9,  8. 
Description,    relative    clauses    of, 

Lesson  XXIII;  App.  99. 
Descriptive    clause    of    situation, 

see  cum. 
domiis,  locative  of.  Lesson  I.;  de- 
clension of,  Lesson  I. 
dum,  with  present  indicative  in  a 
clause    of   situation.    Per.    46; 
Her.  328;  R.  3,  14;  C.  27,  6. 

eisi,  with  indicative,  R.  9,  22. 

Fear,   clauses  of,   Lesson    XXIV; 
App.  96. 

Genitive  : 

of  description,  App.  44;  Her.  120; 

185. 
explanatory,  R.  25,  24;  26,  9. 
of  indefinite  value,  C.  20,  14. 
of  material,  App.  47. 
of  measure,  App.  44,  a;  Her.  186; 

Arg.  40;  C.  5,  7. 
objective,  App.  45;  R.  6,  8;  8,  19; 

C.  4,  3. 
of  possession,   App.  42. 
with  potior,  C.  3,  21. 
subjective,  App.  46. 
with  verbs  of  remembering  and 

forgetting,     Lesson     XXXV; 

App.  48;  C.  13,  11;  14,  6. 
of  the  whole,  App.  43;  Her.  286; 

R.  13,  24;  C.  20,  4. 


78 


INDEX 


Gerund,  App.  122,  124. 

ablative  of,    App.    122,    d;   Her. 

529;  549;  Arg.  27;  R.  11,  52. 
ccusative  of,  with  ad,  App.  122, 

c;  Her.  238. 
genitive  of,  App.  122,  a;  Her.  97, 

504;  C.  52,  6. 
Gerundive,  Lesson   XVHI;   App. 

123,  124. 
ablative,  Arg.  27. 
accusative  of,  with  ad,  Arg.  44; 

R.  9,  14;  C.  1,  8. 
after  curd,  etc.,  C.  13,  2;  19,  2. 
genitive  of,  Arg.  160;  R.  11,  85; 

18,12. 
genitive  with  mei,  tui,  etc.,  C.  44, 

18. 

Imperative,  use  of,  App.  107. 

future.  Lesson  32. 
Impersonal  verbs: 
licet,  Lesson  IX. 
oportet.  Lesson  IX;  App.  109;  R. 

27,  106. 
passive  of  intransitives  used  im- 
personally. Lesson  XVII;  Arg. 
75;  244;  R.  10,  11;  22,  90;  C. 
7,  13. 
Indicative  mood,  use  of,  App.  88. 
Indirect  discourse,  App.  116. 
commands  in.  Lesson  XVI;  App. 

116,  2;  C.  7,  18. 
subordinate    clauses    in,    Lesson 
XVI;  Arg.  31;  R.  17,  51;  C.  7, 
10. 
Indirect   questions,    Lesson  XIV; 
App.  104;  Arg.  38;  R.  11,  54; 
23,  68  (double);  C.  12,  2. 
Infinitive  : 

complementary,   App.    108. 

as  object  of  hahed,  Arg.  5. 

as   subject,    App.    109;  Per.   23; 

Her.  469. 
with  passive  of  cogo.  Her.  474. 
with    subject    accusative,    App. 
110;  object  of  cupio,  R.  6.  2; 
patior,  R.  13,  2;  prohibed,  Her. 
343;  of  yoZo,  R.  5,  51. 
as  subject,  App.  109;   Her.   464; 
R.  16,  5;  C.  33,  13. 
Informal  indirect  discourse,  App. 
106;  Arg.  142;  R.  14, 10;  C.  16, 1. 


ja77i    dudum,    use   of    tenses   with, 

Per.  24;  R.  12,  1. 
licet,  use  of,  Lesson  IX. 

Locative  case,  Lesson  I;  App.  81; 

R.  6,  7;  11,  85. 
7nille,  use  of  in  sing,  and  pi..  Her. 

181. 

noli,    in    negative    commands',    see 

Commands. 
Nominative  : 

as  subject,  App.  41. 
as  predicate,  App.  41,  a;  Per.  2. 
Noun  clauses: 

of  desire.  Lesson  XXII;  App.  94; 

Arg.  20;  129;  R.  7,  29;  20,  36. 

of  fact,  Lesson  VII;  App.  95;  Arg. 

21;  R.  24,  10;  C.  13,  17. 
of  fear.  Lesson  XXIV;  App.  96; 

Arg.  15. 
clause  with  ne  dependent  on  peri- 
culum,  App.  96,  b;  R.  19,  26. 

odi,  force  of  tenses.  Her.  3. 
oportet,    use   of.    Lesson    IX;    App. 
109;  R.  27,  106. 

Participles: 

uses  of.  Lessons  XXV;  App.  117- 

121. 
equal  to  coordinate  verb,  R.  9, 

29;  10,  37;  24,  65. 
future    active,    App.    120;    Arg. 

320;  R.  27,  45. 
future  passive,  Lesson  XV;  App. 

121;  Arg.  132;  R.  5,  53. 
perfect  of  deponent  verbs  as  pas- 
sive, C.  11,  9. 
perfect  of  deponent  verbs  with 

present  force.   Her.   331;  Arg. 

15;  C.  32,  5. 
perfect  with  habeo,  C.  15,  3;  18,  9; 

44,  37. 

perfect     translated     by    English 

noun,  R.  3,  15;  5,  21. 
perfect    equivalent     to     relative 

clause,  R.  3,  19;  4,  11. 
present  as  substantive,  Her.  536; 

Arg.  260. 
patior,  with  infinitive  and  ace.  as 

object,  R.  13,  2. 
with  noun  clause  as  object,   C. 

45,  3. 


INDEX 


79 


Place  constructions,   with   preposi- 
tions, Lesson  II;  App.  65,  68. 
without  prepositions,  Lesson  II; 

App.  65;  C.  39,  17. 
place  to  which.  Lesson  II;  App. 
60;  Arg.  17;  R.  8,  15. 
PosTPOsiTivES,    enim,    Lesson    II; 

Per.  7;  tamen,  Per.  9. 
postquam,   with   perfect  indicative. 
Per.  12. 

with  past  perfect  indicative,  Her. 
127. 
Prepositions,     cases    with,    App. 
136-138. 
position  of  monosyllabic  preposi- 
tion   between    adjective    and 
noun,  App.  139;  Her.  73. 
Purpose,  Lessons  XIX,  XX;  App. 
91,   92;  ut,  Arg.    62;  ne,  Arg. 
159;  qui,  Arg.  17;  R.  5,  4;  quo, 
C.  8,  4. 

quam,  force  of  with  superlative.  Her. 

351;  Arg.  220. 
quamquam,  with  indicative,  R.  5,  19, 
quidem,  with  concessive  force.  Her. 

346;  R.  11,  14. 
quin,  with  subjunctive,  after  verb 

of    doubting,    App.    103;   Arg. 

113;  C.  3,  17. 
quisquam,  use  of,  Lesson  IV. 
quod  causal,  with  subjunctive,  Arg. 

252;  R.  10,  12. 
quod,  noun  clause  of  fact,  C.  14,  5; 

19,  1;  44,  19. 
gwod,  ="as  to  the  fact,"  C.  36,  12. 

Reflexive   use   of   passive   voice, 

Her.  301;  R.  7,  40. 
Relative   clauses : 

causal,  with  subjunctive,  R.  23, 

54;  27,  29. 
descriptive,  Lesson  XXIII;  App. 

99;  C.  6,  1. 
of  purpose,  see  Subjunctive. 
relative  clause  preceding  antece- 
dent, Arg.  59;  R.  21,  11. 
Relative    pronoun    translated    as 
personal      or      demonstrative. 
Her.  478;  Arg.  87. 
Result,  clauses  of.  Lesson  V;  App. 
93;  Arg.  48;  70;  R.  22,  93. 


Sequence  of  tenses.  Lesson  VIII; 

App.  134,  135;  Arg.  185. 
simul   atque,    with    perfect    indica- 
tive, Per.  102;  Her.  374. 
Subjunctive  : 

anticipatory.  Lesson  XXVIII; 
App.  97;  Arg.  138;  R.  19,  6;  C. 
11,  15. 

by  attraction,  Lesson  XXXV; 
App.  105;  Arg.  20;  C.  36,  2. 

in  negative  commands,  after 
cave,  App.  115,  b;  with  ne,  App. 
115,  a. 

in  conditions,  contrary  to  fact, 
Lesson  XXX;  App.  114;  R.  13, 
9;  C.  14,  4;  less  vivid,  Lesson 
XXIX;  App.  113;  R.  23, 
67. 

cum,  adversative.  Lesson  XII; 
App.  101;  Arg.  12;  R.  1,  23;  cau- 
sal, Lesson  XI;  App.  100;  Arg. 
28;  descriptive  clause.  Lesson 
XIII;  App.  102;  Arg.  8;  R.  1, 
5;  25,  63. 

of  desire  or  will,  Lesson  XXVI; 
App.  89;  R.  7,  15;  25,  29;  26,  34. 

of  entreaty,  Arg.  293. 

in  clause  of  fear,  Lesson  XXIV; 
App.  96;  Arg.  15. 

in  indirect  questions,  Lesson  XIV; 
App.  104;  Arg.  38;  R.  11,  54; 
23,  68  (double);  C.  12,  2. 

in  indirect  discourse.  Lesson  XVI; 
App.  116;  Arg.  31. 

informal  indirect  discourse,  App. 
106;  Arg.  142;  R.  14,  10;  C. 
16,  1. 

in  noun  clauses,  of  desire,  Lesson 
XXII;  App.  94;  Arg.  20;  R.  7, 
29;  20,  36;  of  fact.  Lesson  VII: 
App.  95;  Arg.  21;  R.  24,  10;  C. 
13,  17;  of  fear.  Lesson  XXIV; 
App.  96;  Arg.  15. 

optative,  Lesson  XXVII;  App. 
90;  R.  4,  9;  18,  26. 

potential,  R.  18,  36;  24,  26;  C. 
6,  4;  28,  7. 

proviso,  App.  98. 

in  clauses  of  purpose.  Lessons 
XIX,  XX;  App.  91,  a,  92;  uf, 
Arg.  62;  ?ie,  Arg.  159;  qui,  Arg. 
17;  R.  5,  4;  quo,  C.  8. 


80 


INDEX 


Subjunctive:    (continued) 
in  clause  with  quln  after  verb  of 

doubting,  App.  103;  Arg.  113; 

C.  3,  17. 
quod  causal,  Arg.  252;  R.  10,  12. 
in  relative  causal  clauses,  R.  23, 

54;  27,  29. 
in    relative    descriptive    clauses, 

Lesson  XXIII;  App.  99;  C.  6, 

1. 
in   clauses   of  result,    Lesson   V; 

App  93;  Arg.  48;  70;  R.  22,  93. 
Supine,  Lesson  XXI;  App.  125, 126; 
in  -um,  R.  27,  117;  C.  11,  4;  in 
-ti,  R.  23,  68;  C.  3,  15. 

Tenses: 

force  of,  App.  127-133. 

force  of  with  jam  dudum,   etc.. 

Per.  24;  R.  12,  1;  25,  46;  26,  60. 
force  of  tenses  of  consuesco  and 

odi,  Her.  3;  32, 
future  indicative    =    imperative, 

Her.  540. 


Tenses:     (continued) 

imperfect  with  ubi  in  clause  of 

situation.    Her.    208. 
past    perfect    with    postquam    in 

clauses  of  situation,  Her.   127. 
perfect  indicative  with  postquam, 

ubi,  cum  prlmum,  simul  atque, 

Per.  12;  Her.  208;  Arg.  276. 
present,  historical,  Per.  64;  R.  5, 

37. 
present   indicative   with   dum  in 

clauses   of   situation.   Per.   46; 

63;  Her.   328. 
repeated  or  habitual  action,  im- 
perfect and    past  perfect,  Per. 

40;  Her.  18;  44;  109. 
sequence  of  tenses,  Lesson  VIII; 

App.   134,   135;  Arg.   185. 

ubi  prlmum,  with  perfect  indicative, 
Arg.  276. 

Wishes,  mood  and  tenses  in,  Les- 
son XXVII;  App.  90. 


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